M1 Abrams

Samfuran tankin MVT-70 tare da shigar da izgili na tsarin sarrafa wuta da kuma bindiga daga baya ba tare da injector supercharger ba, tare da tsarin tsabtace iskar gas mai huhu.

A lokacin yakin cacar baka, M48 Patton shine babban tankin Amurka da yawancin abokansa, sannan kuma ci gaban M60. Abin sha'awa, duka nau'ikan motocin yaƙi an yi su ne a matsayin motocin wucin gadi waɗanda za a maye gurbinsu da sauri da ƙirar ƙira, mafi na zamani, waɗanda aka gina ta amfani da mafi kyawun fasahar da ake da su. Duk da haka, wannan bai faru ba, kuma lokacin da aka dade ana jira "manufa" M1 Abrams a ƙarshe ya bayyana a cikin XNUMXs, Cold War ya kusan ƙare.

Tun da farko an dauki tankokin na M48 a matsayin mafita na wucin gadi a Amurka, don haka ya kamata nan da nan ta fara samar da wani sabon tanki mai albarka. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1951, Shugaban Makamai, Tankuna da Fasahar Mota na lokacin, Ordnance Tank and Vehicle Command (OTAC), wanda ke Detroit Arsenal, Warren kusa da Detroit, Michigan ne ya ba da umarni irin wannan karatun. A lokacin, wannan umarni yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Rundunar Sojan Amurka, wanda ke Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, amma an sake masa suna US Army Materiel Command a 1962 kuma ya koma Redstone Arsenal kusa da Huntsville, Alabama. OTAC ya ci gaba da zama a Detroit Arsenal har zuwa yau, kodayake a shekarar 1996 ta canza suna zuwa shugaban manyan makamai, tankuna da motoci - US Army Tanks and Weapons Command (TACOM).

A can ne aka ƙirƙiri hanyoyin ƙirar sabbin tankuna na Amurka, kuma a can galibi ana ba masu ƙira da takamaiman shimfidu da mafita dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a nan. An ƙera tankunan tankuna a Amurka ta wata hanya dabam dabam fiye da, misali, jiragen sama. A cikin yanayin tsarin jirgin sama, an bayyana abubuwan da ake buƙata dangane da aikin da ake so da kuma iyawar gwagwarmaya, duk da haka, masu zane-zane daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bar ɗakin daɗaɗɗa mai yawa a zabar tsarin tsarin, kayan da aka yi amfani da su da ƙayyadaddun bayanai. mafita. Dangane da tankunan tankuna, an ƙera ƙirar farko na motocin yaƙi a hedkwatar Makamai, Tankuna da Motoci (OTAC) a Detroit Arsenal kuma injiniyoyin injiniya na sabis na fasaha na Sojojin Amurka ne suka aiwatar da su.

Tunanin farko na studio shine M-1. Babu wani hali da ya kamata a rikice tare da M1 Abrams na baya, har ma da rikodin waƙa ya bambanta. A cikin yanayin aikin, an rubuta sunan M-1 ta hanyar dash, kuma a cikin yanayin tankin da aka karɓa don sabis, an karɓi shigarwar da aka sani daga sunayen makaman sojan Amurka - M tare da lamba ba tare da dash ba kuma ba tare da izini ba. hutu, ko sarari, kamar yadda za mu ce a yau.

Hotunan samfurin M-1 suna kwanan watan Agusta 1951. Menene za a iya inganta a cikin tanki? Kuna iya ba shi makamai masu ƙarfi da sulke masu ƙarfi. Amma ina yake kaiwa? To, wannan ya kawo mu kai tsaye zuwa sanannen Jamus "Mouse", wani m zane Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus, yin la'akari 188 ton 44. Makamashi da 55 mm KwK128 L / 20 gwangwani, irin wannan tanki yana da babban gudun 2,16 km / h kuma ya kasance. murfin gudu, kuma ba tanki ba. Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don yin abin da ba zai yiwu ba - don gina tanki tare da makamai masu karfi da makamai, amma tare da nauyin ma'auni. Ta yaya zan iya samu? Sai kawai saboda matsakaicin raguwa a cikin girman tanki. Amma yadda za a yi haka, muna ɗauka cewa mun ƙara diamita na turret daga 48 m ga M2,54 zuwa XNUMX m don sabon na'ura, don haka mafi iko makamai shiga cikin wannan turret? Kuma hanyoyin da suka dace, kamar yadda ake ganin a lokacin, an samo su - don sanya hasumiya a wurin direba.

A cikin aikin M-1, gaban turret ya mamaye fuselage na gaba, kama da Soviet IS-3. An yi amfani da wannan hanya a cikin IS-3. Tare da babban diamita na hasumiya, direban ya matsa gaba, an dasa shi a tsakiya, kuma aka watsar da mashin din, wanda ya iyakance ma'aikatan jirgin zuwa mutane hudu. Direba yana zaune a cikin "grotto" ya tura gaba, saboda haka an rage tsawon bangarorin tanki da kasa, wanda ya rage nauyin su. Kuma a cikin IS-3, direban yana zaune a gaban turret. A cikin ra'ayin Amurka, ya kamata ya ɓoye a bayan gaban hasumiya kuma ya sa ido kan yankin ta hanyar periscopes a cikin fuselage a gefen takardar gaba, kuma ya dauki wurinsa, kamar sauran ma'aikatan jirgin, ta hanyar ƙyanƙyashe a ciki. hasumiyar. A cikin wurin da aka ajiye, dole ne a mayar da hasumiya a baya, kuma a cikin yankewar da ke karkashin bayan hasumiya akwai wani mabuɗin budewa, wanda idan ya bude, ya ba direban hanya kai tsaye. Makamin na gaba yana da kauri na 102 mm kuma yana a kusurwar 60 ° zuwa tsaye. Makamin tanki a matakin ci gaba ya kasance daidai da makaman samfurin T48 (daga baya M48), watau, ya ƙunshi bindigar bindigar 139 mm T90 da gunkin coaxial 1919 mm Browning M4A7,62. Gaskiya ne, ba a yi amfani da fa'idodin diamita mafi girma na tushe na hasumiya ba, amma a nan gaba za a iya sanya makamai masu ƙarfi a kai.

Hoton yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin samfura huɗu na tankin T95 mai ban sha'awa a cikin sigarsa ta asali tare da bindigar santsi mai tsayi 208mm T90.

Injin Continental AOS-895 ya kamata ya tuka tankin. Injin dambe ne mai ɗan ƙaramin silinda 6 tare da fanka don yaɗa iska mai sanyaya kai tsaye sama da shi. Saboda gaskiyar cewa an sanyaya iska, ya ɗauki ƙasa kaɗan. Yana da girman aiki na kawai 14 cm669, amma godiya ga ingantaccen cajin, ya kai 3 hp. da 500 rpm. Dole ne a haɗa injin ɗin tare da nau'i biyu na atomatik (ƙasa / hanya) General Motors Allison CD 2800 gearbox sanye take da bambancin wuta akan ƙafafu biyu, watau. tare da haɗaɗɗen hanyar tuƙi (wanda ake kira Cross-drive). Wani abin sha'awa shi ne, irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki, wato injin da ke da watsawa da tsarin watsa wutar lantarki, an yi amfani da shi ne a kan tankin haske na M500 Walker Bulldog da kuma bindigar kariya ta M41 Duster mai sarrafa kanta da aka kera bisa tushensa. Sai dai cewa M42 ya yi nauyi kasa da tan 41, wanda ya yi injin 24 hp. ya ba shi iko mai yawa, kuma bisa ga lissafin, M-500 ya kamata ya auna nauyin ton 1, don haka ba za a iya musanta cewa ya fi girma ba. PzKpfw V Panther na Jamus yana da nauyin tan 40, da injin 45 hp. ya ba shi gudun 700 km / h a kan hanya da 45-20 km / h a cikin filin. Yaya sauri motar Amurka mai sauƙi da injin 25 hp zata kasance?

Don haka me yasa aka shirya amfani da injin AOC-895 maimakon injin Continental AV-12 mai 1790-Silinda daga tankin M48 tare da 690 hp? Lalle ne, a cikin dizal version na AVDS-1790 wannan engine kai 750 hp. Babban abu shi ne cewa engine AOC-895 ya fi karami da haske, da nauyi ne 860 kg a kan 1200 kg ga 12-Silinda version. Karamin injin ya sake ba da damar gajarta kwandon, wanda, bi da bi, yakamata ya sake rage nauyin tanki. Koyaya, a cikin yanayin M-1, waɗannan madaidaitan ɗimbin, a fili, ba za a iya kama su ba. Bari mu kalli wannan zabin. Tiger PzKpfw VI na Jamus mai nauyin ton 57 yana da injin 700 hp kamar PzKpfw V Panther. A cikin yanayinsa, nauyin wutar lantarki yana da kusan 12,3 hp. da ton. Don ƙirar M-1, ƙarfin nauyin ƙididdigewa shine 12,5 hp. kowace ton, wanda kusan iri ɗaya ne. Tiger ya ci gaba da gudun kilomita 35 a kan babbar hanya, kuma har zuwa 20 km / h a kan hanya. Ana sa ran sigogi iri ɗaya daga aikin M-1, wannan injin ɗin zai sami ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai kama da haka.

A cikin Maris 1952, an gudanar da taro na farko, mai suna "Tambaya Mark", a Detroit Arsenal, wanda yayi la'akari da fa'ida da rashin amfani na mafita daban-daban a cikin ƙirar tankuna masu ban sha'awa. An riga an nuna ƙarin ayyuka biyu, M-2 da M-3, masu nauyin tan 46 da tan 43, a wurin taron.