Moon, Mars da sauransu

'Yan sama jannati NASA sun fara gwajin sabbin tufafin sararin samaniya da hukumar ta ke shirin yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyukan wata mai zuwa a wani bangare na shirin Artemis da aka tsara na shekaru masu zuwa (1). Har yanzu akwai wani kyakkyawan shiri don saukar da ma'aikatan jirgin, maza da mata, a Silver Globe a cikin 2024.

An riga an san cewa wannan karon ba game da shi ba ne, amma da farko game da shirye-shirye sannan kuma gina abubuwan more rayuwa don yin amfani da hasken rana da albarkatunsa a nan gaba.

Kwanan nan, hukumar ta Amurka ta sanar da cewa, tuni hukumomin sararin samaniya takwas na kasa suka sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya mai suna Artemis Accords. Jim Bridentine, shugaban NASA, ya sanar da cewa wannan shi ne farkon babban kawancen kasa da kasa don binciken duniyar wata, wanda zai tabbatar da "lafiya da wadata a sararin samaniya nan gaba." Wasu kasashe za su shiga cikin yarjejeniyar a watanni masu zuwa. Baya ga NASA, hukumomin sararin samaniya na Australia, Canada, Italiya, Japan, Luxembourg, UAE da kuma Birtaniya sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Indiya da China, wadanda kuma suke da tsare-tsaren leken asiri, ba sa cikin jerin. duniya azurfa i shirin bunkasa hako ma'adinan sararin samaniya.

Bisa ga ra'ayoyin na yanzu, wata da kewayenta za su taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin tsaka-tsaki da tushen kayan aiki don irin wannan balaguron. Idan za mu je duniyar Mars a cikin shekaru goma na hudu na wannan karni, kamar yadda NASA, China da sauransu suka sanar, ya kamata shekaru goma na 2020-30 ya zama lokacin shiri sosai. Idan ba a ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka dace ba, to Ba za mu tashi zuwa Mars ba a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.

Asalin shirin shine Moon saukowa a 2028amma mataimakin shugaban kasa Mike Pence ya yi kira da a dauki shekaru hudu don inganta shi. 'Yan sama jannati za su tashi Jirgin sama na Orionwanda zai dauki rokokin SLS da NASA ke aiki akai. Ko wannan shine ainihin kwanan wata ya rage a gani, amma a fannin fasaha akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke faruwa a kusa da wannan shirin.

Misali, NASA kwanan nan ta gina sabon tsarin saukowa gaba ɗaya (SPLICE) wanda yakamata ya sa duniyar Mars ta yi ƙasa da ƙasa. SPLICE yana amfani da tsarin sikanin Laser yayin zuriya, wanda ke ba ku damar tsayawa kan hanya da gane saman ƙasa. Hukumar na shirin gwada na’urar nan ba da jimawa ba da makamin roka (2), wanda aka sani cewa mota ce da za a iya kwato bayan ta tashi a sararin samaniya. Maganar ƙasa ita ce ɗan takara mai dawowa da kansa ya sami wuri mafi kyau don ƙasa.

2. Sabon Shepard yana sauka kasa

Bari mu yi kamar haka shirin mayar da mutane zuwa duniyar wata tun daga shekarar 2024 za a yi nasara. Menene na gaba? A shekara mai zuwa, wani tsari mai suna Habitat ya kamata ya isa Moongate, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin tsarin zane, wanda muka rubuta game da yawa a cikin MT. NASA Gateway, tashar sararin samaniya a kunne wata zagayawa (3) gina tare da abokan tarayya na duniya, za a fara a baya. Amma ba zai kasance har sai 2025 lokacin da aka isar da rukunin mazaunin Amurka zuwa tashar za a fara aiki na gaske na tashar. Ayyukan da ke gudana a halin yanzu ya kamata su ba da damar kasancewar 'yan sama jannati huɗu a lokaci guda a cikin jirgin, kuma jerin masu saukar da wata da aka tsara ya kamata su juya Ƙofar zuwa cibiyar ayyukan sararin samaniya da kayayyakin more rayuwa don balaguro zuwa duniyar Mars.

3. Tashar Sararin Samaniya Ta Kewaye Wata - Yin Ta'aziyya

Toyota akan wata?

Hukumar Bincike Kan Jiragen Sama ta Japan (JAXA) ce ta ruwaito wannan. yana shirin fitar da hydrogen daga ajiyar kankara na wata (4) don amfani da shi azaman tushen mai, a cewar Jafan Times. Manufar ita ce a rage kudin da ake kashewa a shirin binciken wata a kasar a tsakiyar shekaru 20, ta hanyar samar da hanyar samar da mai a cikin gida maimakon jigilar manyan kaya. mai daga ƙasa.

Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Japan na da niyyar yin aiki tare da NASA wajen samar da kofar wata da aka ambata a sama. Tushen man fetur, wanda aka samar a cikin gida bisa ga wannan tunanin, zai ba da damar jigilar 'yan sama jannati zuwa tashar daga saman wata kuma akasin haka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da su don sarrafa motoci da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa a saman. JAXA ta yi kiyasin cewa ana bukatar kusan tan 37 na ruwa don samar da isasshiyar man da za a yi jigilar zuwa Moongate.

JAXA kuma ta bayyana ƙirar motar mai taya shida. hydrogen man fetur Kwayoyin abin hawa mai sarrafa kansa ya ƙera tare da haɗin gwiwar Toyota a bara. An san Toyota a matsayin majagaba na fasahar hydrogen. Wanene ya sani, watakila a nan gaba za mu ga wata rovers tare da tambarin sanannen alamar Jafananci.

Kasar Sin tana da sabon makami mai linzami da babban buri

Ba da ƙarancin tallan duniya ga ayyukanku China na kera sabon makami mai linzamiwanda zai kai 'yan sama jannatin su zuwa wata. An kaddamar da sabuwar motar harba tauraron ne a taron sararin samaniyar kasar Sin na shekarar 2020 a birnin Fuzhou na gabashin kasar Sin a ranar 18 ga Satumba. An kera sabuwar motar harba kumbon ne domin harba kumbo mai nauyin ton 25. Tukin roka ya kamata ya ninka har sau uku fiye da na makamin dogon Maris na 5 na kasar Sin. Roka dole ne ya zama kashi uku, kamar sanannun rokoki. Delta IV Heavy i Falcon Tashinkuma kowanne daga cikin sassa uku yakamata ya zama mita 5 a diamita. Na'urar harba makaman, wanda har yanzu bai samu suna ba, amma ana kiransa da "roka 921" a kasar Sin, tsayinsa ya kai mita 87.

Har yanzu China ba ta sanar da ranar gwajin jirgin ko saukar wata ba. Babu makami mai linzami da Sinawa ke da su ya zuwa yanzu, haka ma Shenzhou orbiterrashin iya biyan buƙatun saukowar wata. Hakanan kuna buƙatar filin ƙasa, wanda babu shi a China.

Kasar Sin ba ta amince da shirin sanya 'yan sama jannati a duniyar wata ba a hukumance, amma ta fito fili game da irin wadannan ayyuka. Roka da aka gabatar a watan Satumba wani sabon abu ne. A baya can, mun yi magana game da ra'ayi. roka dogon Maris 9wanda zai yi kama da girman rokar Saturn V ko SLS da NASA ta gina. Koyaya, irin wannan katon roka ba zai iya yin jigilar gwajin sa na farko ba har sai a kusa da 2030.

Fiye da 250% ƙarin manufa

A cewar wani binciken da Euroconsult da aka buga a watan Afrilun 2020 mai taken "Hanyoyin Binciken Sararin Samaniya", hannun jarin jama'a na duniya a binciken sararin samaniya ya kusan dala biliyan 20 a shekarar 2019, wanda ya karu da kashi 6 bisa dari idan aka kwatanta da bara. Kashi 71 na su suna kashe Amurka. Ana hasashen tallafin binciken sararin samaniya zai karu zuwa dala biliyan 30 nan da 2029 godiya ga Binciken wata, bunƙasa sufuri da ababen more rayuwa. Ana sa ran kusan ayyuka 130 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, idan aka kwatanta da manufa 52 a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata (5). Don haka abubuwa da yawa za su faru. Rahoton bai yi hasashen karshen aikin tashar sararin samaniyar kasa da kasa ba. Yana jira shi hawan tashar sararin samaniya ta kasar Sin da kofar wata. Euroconsult ya yi imanin cewa saboda yawan sha'awar wata, farashin ayyukan Martian na iya faɗuwa. Ya kamata a ba da kuɗin wasu ayyuka a daidai matakin daidai da na da.

5. Shirin kasuwancin sararin samaniya na shekaru goma masu zuwa

A halin yanzu . Tuni a cikin 2021, za a sami cunkoso da yawa a duniyar Mars da kewayenta. Wani rover na Amurka, Juriya, shine saboda ƙasa da gudanar da bincike. A cikin jirgin kuma rover din akwai samfurori na sabbin kayan tufafin sararin samaniya. NASA yana so ya ga yadda abubuwa daban-daban ke amsawa ga yanayin Martian, wanda zai taimaka wajen zaɓar masu dacewa don marsonauts na gaba. Rover mai ƙafafu shida kuma na ɗauke da wani ƙaramin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Ingenuity da yake shirin ɗauka. jirage na gwaji a cikin yanayin duniyar Mars.

Binciken zai kasance a cikin kewayawa: Sinawa Tianwen-1 kuma mallakar United Arab Emirates Hope. Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai na cewa, binciken na kasar Sin ma yana da na'ura mai saukar ungulu da rover. Idan duk aikin ya yi nasara, a shekara mai zuwa za mu sami jirgin ruwan Mars na farko wanda ba na Amurka ba a saman. Jar Duniya.

A cikin 2020, rover na hukumar Turai ESA bai fara zama wani ɓangare na shirin ExoMars ba. An jinkirta ƙaddamarwa zuwa 2022. Babu cikakkun bayanai da suka nuna cewa Indiya kuma tana son aika rover a matsayin wani bangare na shirin. Mangalyan Mission 2 an shirya don 2024. A cikin Maris 2025, binciken JAXA na Japan zai shiga duniyar Mars zuwa nazarin watannin Mars. Idan aikin kewaya duniyar Mars ya yi nasara, jirgin zai dawo duniya tare da samfurori a cikin shekaru biyar.

Elon Musk's SpaceX kuma yana da tsare-tsare na Mars kuma yana shirin aika da wata manufa ta musamman a can a cikin 2022 don "tabbatar da wanzuwar ruwa, gano barazanar, da kafa makamashi na farko, hakar ma'adinai, da ababen more rayuwa." Musk ya kuma bayyana cewa yana son SpaceX ya jigilar shi a cikin 2024. jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a duniyar Marsa, wanda babban burinsa shi ne "gina ma'ajiyar mai da kuma shirya jiragen da za a yi amfani da su nan gaba." Yana jin ɗan ban mamaki, amma gamammen ƙarshe daga waɗannan sanarwar ita ce: SpaceX zai gudanar da wani nau'i na aikin Martian a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Yana da daraja ƙarawa cewa SpaceX kuma ta sanar da ayyukan wata. Wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Japan, mai zane kuma mai taimakon jama'a Yusaku Maezawa ya kamata ya yi jirgin yawon bude ido na farko da zai zagaya duniyar wata a shekarar 2023, kamar yadda ya kamata a fahimta, a cikin babban roka na Starship da ake gwadawa yanzu.

Zuwa asteroids da manyan watanni

Da fatan shekara mai zuwa ita ma za ta shiga sararin samaniya. James Webb Space Telescope (6) wanda ya kamata ya zama magaji Hubble telescope. Bayan an dauki tsawon lokaci ana jinkiri da koma baya, an samu nasarar kammala manyan gwaje-gwajen na bana. A shekara ta 2026, ya kamata a harba wani muhimmin na'urar hangen nesa ta sararin samaniya - Planetary Transits and Oscillation of Stars (PLATO) na Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai, wanda babban aikinsa shi ne.

6. Webb Space Telescope - Kallon gani

A cikin mafi kyawun yanayin, Hukumar Binciken Sararin Samaniya ta Indiya (ISRO) za ta tura rukunin farko na 'yan sama jannatin Indiya zuwa sararin samaniya tun daga 2021.

Lucy, wani ɓangare na shirin NASA's Discovery, an shirya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 2021. Bincika Trojan asteroids shida da babban bel asteroid.. Ganyen Trojans guda biyu a sama da gangaren Jupiter ana tsammanin duhun duhu ne wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa iri ɗaya da taurarin waje waɗanda ke kewaya kusa da Jupiter. Masana kimiyya suna fatan sakamakon wannan manufa zai canza fahimtarmu da yiwuwar rayuwa a duniya. Don haka, ana kiran aikin Lucy, ɗan burbushin halittu wanda ya ba da haske game da juyin halittar ɗan adam.

A cikin 2026, za mu yi nazari sosai Likitanci, daya daga cikin abubuwa goma mafi girma a cikin bel na asteroid, wanda, a cewar masana kimiyya. nickel irin core protoplanet. An tsara ƙaddamar da aikin don 2022.

A daidai wannan shekarar ta 2026, ya kamata a fara aikin Dragonfly zuwa Titan, wanda manufarsa ita ce sauka a saman duniyar wata ta Saturn a shekarar 2034. Wani sabon abu a cikinsa shine zane don gwajin ƙasa da jarrabawa jirgin sama na mutum-mutumiwanda zai motsa daga wuri zuwa wuri kamar yadda ya bayyana. Wataƙila wannan shawarar ta kasance saboda rashin tabbas a cikin ƙasa a kan Titan da kuma tsoron cewa rover akan ƙafafun zai yi sauri ya daina motsi. Wannan manufa ce ba kamar kowa ba, domin inda aka nufa ya bambanta da wanda muka sani. tsarin hasken rana jiki.

Yana yiwuwa manufa zuwa wani wata na Saturn, Enceladus, zai fara a cikin rabin na biyu na XNUMXs. Wannan ra'ayi ne kawai a yanzu, ba takamaiman manufa tare da kasafin kuɗi da tsari ba. NASA ta yi hasashen cewa wannan zai zama farkon aikin zurfafa sararin samaniya a wani bangare ko gaba ɗaya daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.

A baya-bayan nan, binciken JUICE (7), wanda ESA ta sanar a cikin 2022, zai isa wurin bincikensa. Ana sa ran isa ga tsarin Jupiter a cikin 2029 kuma ya isa ga kewayawar Ganymede shekaru hudu bayan haka. mafi girman wata a tsarin hasken rana da kuma bincika wasu watanni a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Callisto kuma mafi ban sha'awa a gare mu Turai. Tun da farko an yi niyya ne don zama haɗin gwiwar Turai da Amurka. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, Amurka za ta ƙaddamar da binciken ta na Europa Clipper don gano Turai a tsakiyar XNUMXs.

7. JUICE Ofishin Jakadancin - Kallon gani

Mai yiyuwa ne kwata-kwata sabbin ayyuka za su bayyana a cikin jadawalin NASA da sauran hukumomi, musamman wadanda aka yi niyya Venus. Wannan ya faru ne saboda binciken da aka yi na kwanan nan na abubuwan da ke nuna yiwuwar wanzuwar halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin duniya. A halin yanzu NASA tana tattaunawa akan sauye-sauyen kasafin kuɗi waɗanda zasu ba da izinin sabon manufa gaba ɗaya ko ma da yawa. Venus ba ta da nisa sosai, don haka ba za a iya zato ba.