Motar sulke mai haske BA-64
Abubuwa
Motar sulke mai haske BA-64
Direban yana gaban tsakiyar motar ne, bayansa kuma akwai wani dakin fada, sama da wani budadden hasumiya mai dauke da mashin DT. Shigar da makamin ya sa an yi harbin kan masu adawa da jiragen sama da na iska. Don sarrafa motar mai sulke, direban zai iya amfani da wani shingen gilashin da za a iya maye gurbinsa, biyu daga cikin tubalan iri ɗaya an saka su a bangon hasumiya. Yawancin motocin an sanye su da tashoshin rediyo 12RP. A ƙarshen 1942, an sabunta motar sulke na zamani, yayin da aka faɗaɗa waƙarta zuwa 144b, kuma an ƙara masu ɗaukar girgiza biyu zuwa ga dakatarwar gaba. An samar da ingantaccen motar sulke na BA-64B har zuwa 1946. A yayin da ake samarwa, an ɓullo da bambance-bambancen sa tare da motar dusar ƙanƙara da masu tallan titin jirgin ƙasa, bambance-bambancen tare da babban bindiga mai girman gaske, hari mai ban tsoro da nau'in ma'aikata.
Yin la'akari da ƙwarewar da aka samu a cikin 30s na ƙirƙirar chassis biyu na axle da uku don motoci masu sulke, mazauna Gorky sun yanke shawarar kera motar sulke mai sulke mai haske ga sojojin da ke aiki bisa ga tuƙi mai ƙafa biyu. Gaz-64. Ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1941, aikin zane ya fara. Injiniya F.A.Lependin ne ya aiwatar da tsarin na'urar, GM Wasserman an nada shi a matsayin babban mai zane. Motar sulke mai sulke, na waje da kuma ta fuskar iya karfin fada, ta sha bamban da na baya-bayan nan na wannan ajin. Dole ne masu zanen kaya suyi la'akari da sababbin dabarun fasaha da fasaha don motoci masu sulke, wanda ya tashi a kan nazarin kwarewar gwagwarmaya. Za a yi amfani da motocin ne domin leken asiri, wajen ba da umarni da sarrafa sojoji a lokacin yakin. a yakin da ake yi da sojojin da ke kai hare-hare ta sama, ga jerin gwanon motocin rakiya, da kuma na tsaron jiragen sama na tankokin yaki a kan tafiya. Har ila yau, sanin ma'aikatan ma'aikata tare da Jamus sun kama SdKfz 221 sulke mota, wanda aka kai ga GAZ a ranar 7 ga Satumba don cikakken nazari, kuma yana da wani tasiri a kan ƙirar sabuwar motar. Zane da kera mota mai sulke ya ɗauki kimanin watanni shida - daga Yuli 17, 1941 zuwa 9 ga Janairu, 1942. Ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1942, Marshal na Tarayyar Soviet K. E. Voroshilov ya bincika sabuwar motar sulke. Bayan nasarar kammala gwaje-gwajen masana'anta da na soja, an gabatar da motar sulke ga membobin Politburo na kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Bolsheviks na All-Union a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1942. Kuma a lokacin rani na wannan shekarar, an aika da rukunin farko na motoci masu sulke zuwa sojojin Bryansk da Voronezh fronts. Don ƙirƙirar motar sulke na BA-64 ta hanyar yanke shawara na Majalisar Wakilan Jama'a na Tarayyar Soviet na Afrilu 10, 1942, V.A. Grachev aka bayar da Jihar Prize na Tarayyar Soviet.
Mota mai sulke An yi BA-64 bisa ga tsarin gargajiya tare da injin gaba, tuƙi na gaba da duk abin hawa, tare da daskararrun axles da aka dakatar a gaba a kan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa huɗu na kwata-elliptical, kuma a baya - akan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa biyu na Semi-elliptical. A saman wani m misali frame daga GAZ-64, multifaceted duk-welded jiki da aka saka, Ya sanya daga birgima karfe zanen gado da kauri daga 4 mm zuwa 15 mm. An siffanta shi da mahimman kusurwoyi na karkata faranti na sulke zuwa jirgin sama a kwance, ƙananan girma da nauyi gabaɗaya. Bangaren kwandon sun ƙunshi bel guda biyu na faranti na sulke na kauri na 9 mm, waɗanda, don haɓaka juriya na harsashi, an samo su ta yadda tsayin daka da giciye na ƙwanƙwal ɗin sun kasance trapezoid guda biyu naɗe da sansanoni. Don shiga da fita motar, ma'aikatan suna da kofofi biyu da suke buɗewa baya da ƙasa, waɗanda ke cikin ƙananan sassan dama da hagu na direban. An rataye murfin sulke a ƙarshen tarkacen jirgin, wanda ke kare wuyan mai cika tankin gas. Jirgin BA-64 ba shi da riveted gidajen abinci - haɗin gwiwa na zanen sulke sun kasance santsi har ma. Hinges na kofofi da ƙyanƙyashe - na waje, welded ko a kan raƙuman ruwa masu tasowa. An gudanar da shiga cikin injin ta saman murfin sulke na sashin injin da ke buɗe baya. Duk ƙyanƙyashe, kofofi da rufofi an kulle su daga waje da ciki. Bayan haka, don inganta yanayin aiki na direba, an gabatar da iskar iska a saman murfin murfin kuma a gaban murfin murfin sulke. A kan farantin sulke na gefen hagu na ƙasa a gaban ƙofar (nan da nan a bayan reshe), an haɗa jack ɗin dunƙule na inji tare da matsi guda biyu.
Direban motar mai sulke yana cikin sashin kula da ke tsakiyar motar, kuma bayansa, dan sama ne, kwamandan. ya yi a matsayin mai harbin bindiga. Direban zai iya lura da hanya da filin ta hanyar na'urar kallon madubi tare da wani shingen gilashin da za a iya maye gurbinsa na nau'in "triplex", wanda aka sanya a cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen farantin gaba kuma an kiyaye shi daga waje ta hanyar rufewa mai sulke. Bugu da ƙari, a kan wasu na'urori, an shigar da hatches na gefe a cikin sassan gefe na sama na sashin kulawa, wanda direba ya buɗe idan ya cancanta. A bayan motar mai sulke da ke kan rufin kwandon, an sanya wani hasumiya mai jujjuyawar madauwari, wanda aka yi ta hanyar walda daga farantin sulke mai kauri 10 mm kuma yana da siffar dala mai tsautsayi. A gaban mahaɗin hasumiya tare da ƙugiya an kiyaye shi ta hanyar kariya mai kariya - parapet. Daga sama, hasumiya ta bude kuma, a kan samfurori na farko, an rufe shi tare da tarkon nadawa. Wannan ya ba da damar lura da abokan gaba na iska da kuma harbe shi daga makamai masu linzami. An shigar da hasumiya a jikin wata mota mai sulke akan ginshiƙin mazugi. An yi jujjuyawar hasumiya da hannu ta hanyar ƙoƙarin kwamandan bindigar, wanda zai iya juya shi kuma ya dakatar da shi a matsayin da ake buƙata ta amfani da birki. A bangon bangon hasumiyar akwai madogarar harbin da aka harba a kasa, kuma an sanya na'urorin lura guda biyu a bangon gefenta, daidai da na'urar duba direban.
BA-64 yana dauke da bindiga mai lamba 7,62mm DT. V mota mai sulke A karon farko, an yi amfani da na'urar shigar da makami na duniya, wanda ya ba da harbin madauwari daga turret na wuraren da aka hari a kasa a nesa mai nisan mita 1000 da kuma hare-haren iska da ke yawo a tsayin mita 500. bindigar na iya hawa sama. rack daga madaidaicin rungumar turret kuma a gyara shi a kowane matsakaicin tsayi. Don harba makamin iska, an ba da bindigar mashin tare da abin gani na zobe. A cikin jirgin sama a tsaye, bindigar na'urar an yi niyya ne a cikin yanki daga -36 ° zuwa + 54 °. Alburusai na motar sulke dai ya kunshi harsashi har guda 1260, dauke da su a cikin mujallu 20, da kuma gurneti 6. Yawancin motocin masu sulke an sanye su da gidajen rediyon RB-64 ko 12-RP masu nisan kilomita 8-12. An ɗora eriyar bulala a tsaye a bangon baya (dama) na hasumiya kuma ta yi sama da 0,85 m sama da ƙarshenta. An shigar da wani ɗan ƙaramin daidaitaccen daidaitaccen injin GAZ-64 a cikin rukunin injin BA-64, wanda zai iya aiki akan mai da mai mai ƙarancin daraja, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga aikin motar sulke a yanayin layin gaba. Injin carburetor mai sanyaya ruwa mai silinda huɗu ya haɓaka ƙarfin 36,8 kW (50 hp), wanda ya ba motar sulke damar tafiya akan tituna tare da matsakaicin saurin 80 km / h. Dakatar da motar mai sulke ya ba da ikon motsawa akan tituna da ƙazanta da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayi har zuwa 20 km / h. Tare da cikakken tankin mai, wanda karfinsa ya kai lita 90, jirgin BA-64 zai iya tafiya kilomita 500, wanda ya shaida isassun ikon cin gashin kansa na abin hawa. Jirgin BA-64 ya zama motar sulke ta farko ta cikin gida tare da tuƙi mai tuƙi, godiya ga wanda ya yi nasarar cin nasara kan gangara sama da digiri 30 akan ƙasa mai ƙarfi, mai zurfi har zuwa mita 0,9 da gangara mai santsi tare da gangara har zuwa digiri 18. Motar ba kawai ta yi tafiya mai kyau a kan ƙasar noma da yashi ba, amma kuma cikin ƙarfin gwiwa ta tashi daga ƙasa mai laushi bayan tsayawa. Siffar siffa ta ƙwanƙwasa - manya-manyan rataye a gaba da bayanta sun sauƙaƙa wa abin hawa mai sulke don shawo kan ramuka, ramuka da mazurari. A 1942 shekara mota mai sulke BA-64 ya samu ci gaba dangane da zamani na tushe na'ura GAZ-64. Motar sulke mai sulke, mai suna BA-64B, tana da waƙar da aka faɗaɗa zuwa 1446 mm, ƙara girman faɗi da nauyi gabaɗaya, ƙara ƙarfin injin zuwa 39,7 kW (54 hp), ingantaccen tsarin sanyaya injin da kuma dakatarwar gaba tare da masu ɗaukar girgiza guda huɗu maimakon. biyu.
An fara a cikin bazara na 1943, samar da BA-64B ya ci gaba har zuwa 1946. A cikin 1944, samar da BA-64B, bisa ga rahoton NPO, a hankali ya kai motoci 250 a kowane wata - 3000 a kowace shekara (tare da walkie-talkie - 1404 raka'a). Duk da babban koma bayansa - ƙananan wuta - an yi nasarar amfani da motoci masu sulke na BA-64 wajen gudanar da saukar jiragen sama, binciken bincike, domin rakiya da kuma yaƙi da rundunonin sojoji. Yin amfani da BA-64 a cikin fadace-fadacen tituna ya zama nasara, inda wani muhimmin al'amari shine ikon yin wuta a saman benaye na gine-gine. BA-64 da BA-64B sun shiga cikin kame garuruwan Poland, Hungarian, Romania, Austria, a cikin guguwar Berlin. Gabaɗaya, a cewar sojojin, an karɓi motocin 8174 masu sulke BA-64 da BA-64B daga masana'antun, waɗanda 3390 na kayan aikin rediyo ne. Motocin 62 masu sulke na ƙarshe masana'antu ne suka kera su a cikin 1946. A cikin duka, tsawon lokacin daga 1942 zuwa 1946, masana'antun sun samar da motocin sulke 3901 BA-64 da 5209 BA-64 B. BA-64 ya zama na karshe wakilin na sulke motoci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet Army. A ƙarshen yaƙin, ƙungiyoyin bincike suna ƙara fafatawa akan masu keken hannu da kuma bin diddigin masu sulke masu sulke na MZA ko rabin hanya M9A1. A cikin Sojojin Soviet bayan yakin, an yi amfani da motocin sulke na BA-64B (babu kunkuntar ma'auni BA-64s) an yi amfani da su azaman motocin horar da yaƙi har zuwa 1953. A wasu ƙasashe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Jamus ta Gabas) an yi amfani da su da yawa. A cikin 1950s, an haɓaka sigar BA-64 da aka inganta a cikin GDR, wanda ya karɓi nadi SK-1. Gina kan tsawaita Robur Garant 30K chassis, a zahiri ya yi kama da BA-64 sosai. Motoci masu sulke na SK-1 sun shiga aiki tare da jami'an 'yan sanda da masu tsaron kan iyaka na GDR. An aika da manyan motoci masu sulke na BA-64B zuwa Yugoslavia. DPRK da China. Karanta kuma mota mai sulke BA-20 Gyaran motar BA-64 mai sulke
Motar mai sulke BA-64 |
A ƙarshen Oktoba 1942, BA-64B da aka gyara ya sami nasarar wucewa gwajin gwajin, yana tabbatar da yuwuwar aikin da aka yi - lissafin da aka yarda ya riga ya kasance 25 °. In ba haka ba, girman bayanan bayanan da aka shawo kan motar sulke na zamani. a zahiri bai canza ba idan aka kwatanta da motar sulke na BA-64.| Yaƙin nauyi | 2,4 T |
| Girma: | |
| Length | 3660 mm |
| nisa | 1690 mm |
| tsawo | 1900 mm |
| Crew | 2 mutane |
| Takaita wuta | 1 х 7,62 mm DT inji gun |
| Harsashi | zagaye 1074 |
| Ajiye: | |
| goshin goshi | 12 mm |
| hasumiya goshin | 12 mm |
| nau'in injin | Carburetor GAZ-MM |
| Matsakaicin iko | 50 h.p. |
| Girma mafi girma | 80 km / h |
| Tanadin wuta | 300-500 km |
Sources:
- Motocin sulke na Maxim Kolomiets Stalin. Zamanin zinare na motoci masu sulke [Yaki da mu. Tarin tanki];
- Kolomiets MV Armor akan ƙafafun. Tarihin Soviet sulke mota 1925-1945;
- M. Baryatinsky. Motoci masu sulke na USSR 1939-1945;
- I.Moshchansky, D.Sakhonchik "'Yancin Austria" (Soja Chronicle No. 7, 2003);
- Gidan Buga na Militari 303 "Ba-64";
- E. Prochko. Motar sulke BA-64. Amphibian GAZ-011;
- G.L. Kholyavsky "The Complete Encyclopedia na Duniya Tankuna 1915 - 2000".
- A.G. Solyankin, M. V. Pavlov, I. V. Pavlov, I. G. Zheltov. Motoci masu sulke na cikin gida. karni na XX. 1941-1945;
- Zaloga, Steven J.; James Grandsen (1984). Tankunan Soviet da motocin yaƙi na yakin duniya na biyu;
- Alexander Lüdeke: tankunan da aka kama na Wehrmacht - Burtaniya, Italiya, Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka 1939-45;
- Mota mai sulke BA-64 [Autolegends na USSR No. 75].
