Fitaccen jarumin RAF Supermarine Spitfire, sashi na 2

A halin yanzu ana adana kwafin Spitfire XVIIE a cikin jirgin. Jirgin yana cikin jirgin yakin tunawa da Biritaniya kuma yana dauke da lambar lambar 74 Squadron RAF.

Lokacin da samfurin, mai suna K5, ya tashi a ranar Maris 1936, 5054, lokacin da ba a san sunan Spitfire ba tukuna, kuma lokacin da mai zane Reginald Mitchell ya fara kashe kansa a hanji a hankali, an riga an san cewa jirgin sama mai girma zai bayyana. Duk da haka, abin da ya biyo baya, cewa wannan jirgin ya yi shawagi a cikin yakin duniya na biyu, ba tare da rasa wani abu mai yawa ba, ba kowa ya yi tsammani ba.

Samfurin bai yi tashinsa na biyu nan take ba. An maye gurbin mai gyaran kafa mai tsafta tare da ingantacce don babban gudu, an shigar da kayan saukarwa, kuma an buɗe kayan saukarwa da kanta. An sanya jirgin a kan ɗagawa kuma an gwada injin tsabtace dabaran. Samfurin da Spitfire I na farko na jerin 174 suna da abin hawa na ruwa mai iya jurewa tare da famfon matsa lamba na hannu don ninkawa da tsawaita jirgin ƙasa. An fara da raka'a 175, an maye gurbinsa da famfo mai sarrafa injin tare da matsakaicin matsa lamba na 68 ATM (1000 psi). Hakanan an sami sakin gaggawa na kayan saukarwa daga silinda na carbon dioxide da ke cikin kokfit a gefen tauraro. Lever na musamman da aka yiwa alama "gaggawa kawai" ya haifar da huda guda ɗaya na bawul na silinda na musamman da aka rufe da sakin kayan saukarwa tare da matsewar carbon dioxide, ba tare da yuwuwar janye kayan saukarwa ba bayan sakin gaggawa.

Da farko, masu zanen kaya sun gabatar da alamun haske kawai don saki da kuma toshe kayan saukarwa, amma bisa ga buƙatun matukan jirgi, siginar injin ya bayyana, abin da ake kira. sojoji a kan fuka-fuki (kananan sanduna suna fitowa sama da saman reshe). A kan duk Spitfires, an yi amfani da tsarin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa kawai don ja da baya da kuma shimfida kayan saukarwa. Flaps, birki na ƙafafu, sake loda ƙananan makamai, da kuma bayan gyare-gyare, an kuma canza compressor zuwa manyan kaya ta hanyar tsarin huhu. An saka wani kwampreta a cikin injin, wanda ya samar da 21 ATM (300 psi) na iska mai matsa lamba. Tare da bawul na musamman, an rage wannan zuwa 15 ATM (220 psi) don flaps, makamai da kwampreso, kuma zuwa 6 atom (90 psi) don birki na dabaran. Juyawar jirgin a kasa an yi shi ne ta hanyar birki na daban, watau. danna fedar sitiyari har zuwa hagu da danna birki na hagu kawai.

Komawa ga chassis, K5054 yayi amfani da sled na baya, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da dabaran akan daidaitaccen Spitfire I. A daya hannun, kada kada a kan samfurin ya karkata 57° kawai don saukowa. Fara a kan Spitfire (duk gyare-gyare) an yi ba tare da flaps ba. Tunda jirgin yana da tsaftataccen layin iska mai tsafta da isasshe babban kamala (matsayin ɗagawa zuwa ja da ƙima), K5054 ya matso kusa da saukowa tare da wani kusurwa mara zurfi, yayin da jirgin ya yi sauri a kan gangara mai tsayi. Da zarar an daidaita shi, sai ya kasance yana "tasowa" tare da ƙarancin saurin gudu, ko da lokacin da injin ɗin ya ɓace. Saboda haka, a kan samar da jirgin sama, an ba da shawarar ƙara karkatar da flaps zuwa 87 °, yayin da suka yi wani babban birki aiki. Lallai kaddarorin saukarwa sun inganta.

Sigar farko, Spitfire IA, tana dauke da bindigogin Browning milimita takwas 7,7 tare da karfin harsashi na zagaye 300 a kowace kilomita kuma injin Merlin II ko na III mai karfin 1030 hp ne ke sarrafa shi.

Bayan da aka duba hanyar da ake janyewa da janye kayan saukarwa, jirgin ya sake shirin tashi. A ranakun 10 da 11 ga Maris, an yi tashin jirage na biyu da na uku a kai tare da janye kayan saukar jiragen. A wancan lokacin, Air Marshal Hugh Dowding ya ziyarci filin jirgin saman Eastleigh Corporate kusa da Southampton, wanda a lokacin mamba ne na Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Ma'aikatar Sama a matsayin "Mamban Samar da Jiragen Sama da Bincike", a ranar 1 ga Yulin 1936 ne kawai ya dauki nauyin kula da jiragen sama. sabuwar kafa RAF Fighter Command . Ya yi matukar farin ciki da jirgin, ya fahimci babban ƙarfinsa, ko da yake ya soki ra'ayi mara kyau daga jirgin saman. A cikin K5054, matukin jirgin ya zauna a ƙasa, a ƙarƙashin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka rubuta a cikin jita-jita na hump a bayan kokfit, wasan kwaikwayon bai riga ya sami yanayin "kodi" na Spitfire ba.

Ba da da ewa, farawa daga Maris 24, ƙarin jiragen sama a kan K5054 da C. Mazaunin (Laftanar) George Pickering ya yi, wanda aka sani da yin madaukai a kan jirgin ruwa na Walrus, wani lokaci ya kaddamar da shi, ga Mitchell ta damuwa, daga tsawo na 100 m. Ya kasance. matukin jirgi mai kyau, kuma samfurin sabon mayakin bai yi masa wahala ba. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1936, an ba K5054 takardar shedar gwajin jirgi, don haka kowane jirgin ba gwaji ba ne. Hakan ya baiwa wasu matukan jirgi damar tuka shi.

A lokacin gwaje-gwajen, an gano matsalolin da injin da ke kusa da samfurin da ba ya son farawa, don haka bayan jirage da yawa an maye gurbinsa da wani. Ainihin Merlin C ya samar da 990 hp. Bayan maye gurbin injin, gwajin samfurin, musamman dangane da aikin jirgin, ya ci gaba da ƙarfi biyu. A lokacin gwaji, ba a sami wani babban lahani ba, sai dai an cika maƙalar rudar kuma an motsa shi da sauƙi fiye da kima a kowane sauri. Gudun samfurin ya kasance kusan 550 km / h, kodayake ana tsammanin ƙarin, amma Mitchell ya yi imanin cewa saurin zai haɓaka tare da haɓakar da aka tsara. A farkon Afrilu, an kai K5054 zuwa Farborough don gwajin resonance resonance. Ya bayyana cewa flutter kuma ya faru kadan a baya fiye da yadda ake tsammani, don haka saurin nutse samfurin ya iyakance zuwa 610 km / h.

K9 ya koma Eastleigh a ranar 5054 Afrilu kuma an kai shi wurin kula da shi washegari don gyare-gyaren da aka ba da shawarar bayan gwajin farko. Da farko, an rage ma'auni na ƙaho na rudder, an canza siffar ƙarshen stabilizer a tsaye, an ƙara yawan wurin da ake amfani da iska zuwa carburetor, kuma an ƙarfafa cakudin injin. . . Da farko an yi wa jirgin fentin shuɗi mai haske. Godiya ga aikin da masu zane-zane daga Derby, daga Rolls-Royce (motoci), an sami santsi na musamman.

Ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1936, bayan gyare-gyare, Geoffrey K. Quill ya sake ɗaukar jirgin zuwa iska. Ya bayyana cewa jirgin, bayan mafi kyawun daidaita sitiyarin, yanzu ya fi jin daɗin tashi. Ƙarfin da ke kan ƙafar ƙafar ya ɗan fi girma fiye da na hannun, yana taimakawa wajen kula da daidaitawa mai kyau. Lever ɗin sarrafawa ya zama mai ƙarfi duka a cikin madaidaicin (ailerons) da kuma madaidaiciya (lif) a cikin manyan gudu, wanda ya kasance na al'ada.

A lokacin gwaje-gwaje a ranar 14 ga Mayu a cikin nitse mai gudun kilomita 615, sakamakon girgizar da ke ƙarƙashin reshe na hagu, kayan saukarwa sun tashi, wanda ya bugi bayan fuselage. Duk da haka, barnar ba ta da yawa kuma an gyara sauri. A halin da ake ciki, RAF ta fara dannawa don aika samfurin don gwadawa da wuri-wuri a Martlesham Heath, sannan wurin da aka kafa Gwajin gwajin Jirgin sama da Armament (A&AEE; kusa da Ipswich, kimanin kilomita 120 arewa maso gabashin London). wanda a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1939 aka koma Boscombe Down.

Ko da bayan zane-zane da gyarawa, K5054 ya kai babban gudun kilomita 540 a cikin matakin jirgin. Ya juya, duk da haka, cewa propeller ne mai laifi, tikwici wanda ya wuce saurin sauti, ya rasa tasiri. Duk da haka, a wancan lokacin, an ƙirƙira sababbi, tare da ingantaccen bayanin martaba da ɗan ƙaramin diamita, godiya ga wanda, a ranar 15 ga Mayu, an sami saurin tashi a kwance na 560 km / h. Wannan tabbataccen ci gaba ne kuma a sarari sama da kilomita 530/h wanda guguwar Hawker ta samu, wanda a zahiri ya fi sauƙi ga yawan amfanin ƙasa. Koyaya, Mitchell yanzu ya yanke shawarar cewa za a iya tura jirgin zuwa A&AEE a Martlesham Heath don gwaji. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, jirgin ya kai tsayin mita 9150, bayan haka an mayar da shi cikin rataye don shirya don canja wuri.

Tun da babu isassun bindigogin Browning, maimakon haka suna da ballast a cikin fikafikan jirgin da ke kwaikwayon su, amma hakan ya sa ba a iya gwada makaman ba. Sai dai ma'aikatar sufurin jiragen sama a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu ta amince da isar da wani samfurin a wannan fom. A ƙarshe, a ranar 26 ga Mayu, Joseph "Mutt" Summers ya ba da K5054 ga Martlesham Heath.

Gwajin RAF

Ya kasance al'ada ce ta gama gari lokacin da matukin masana'anta ya kai sabon jirgin sama zuwa A&AEE, an fara auna shi kuma an duba shi yayin da matukin jirgin RAF ya shirya tashi, yana nazarin aikinsa. Yawanci, jirgin farko ya faru ne kimanin kwanaki 10 bayan bayarwa. Duk da haka, a game da K5054, ma'aikatar sufurin jiragen sama ta sami umarnin a kai shi cikin iska. Abin da ya sa, bayan isowa, jirgin ya sake mai, kuma "Mutt" Summers ya nuna kyaftin. J. Humphrey Edwards-Jones ya sami matsayi na sauyawa daban-daban a cikin gidan kuma ya ba shi umarni.

Jirgin farko na sabon jirgin an yi shi ne a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1936, a wannan rana aka kawo samfurin zuwa Martlesham Heath. Shi ne matukin jirgin RAF na farko da ya fara tuka jirgin samfurin samfurin. Da ya sauka, aka umarce shi da ya kira ma’aikatar jiragen sama nan take. Manjo Janar (Air Vice-Marshal) Sir Wilfrid Freeman ya tambaya: Ba na so in tambaye ku komai, kuma ba shakka ba ku san komai ba tukuna. Amma ina so in tambaya, me kuke tunani, shin matashin matukin jirgi zai iya sarrafa irin wannan na'ura mai ci gaba da fasaha? Wannan shi ne babban abin da ke damun Rundunar Sojan Sama - shin jirgin ya yi matukar ci gaba? Edwards-Jones ya amsa da amin. Matukar dai an umurci matukin jirgin yadda ya kamata wajen amfani da na'urorin saukarwa da za a iya janyewa. To, wani sabon abu ne, matukan jirgin dole ne su saba da tsawaita kayan saukarwa kafin saukarwa, da kuma filaye don sauƙaƙe hanyar da sauri.

Rahoton hukuma ya tabbatar da wadannan abubuwan. Ya ce K5054 shine: mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi don matukin jirgi, ba shi da babban lahani. Rudders suna da daidaitattun daidaito don samar da cikakkiyar daidaituwa tsakanin motsa jiki da kwanciyar hankali na dandalin harbi. Tashi da saukarwa daidai ne kuma mai sauƙi. Jirgin farko na K5054 a A&AEE ya yanke shawarar makomar jirgin - a ranar 3 ga Yuni, 1936, Ma'aikatar Air ta ba da umarnin jerin mayaka 310 na wannan nau'in daga Vickers Supermarine, mafi girman oda na nau'in jirgin sama daya sanya a cikin 30s a. kamfanin jiragen sama na Burtaniya. Duk da haka, bayan kwana uku, a ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1936, an karya wannan rikodin da rashin tausayi - 600 mayakan Hurricane daga Hawker shuka. Ta hanyar ba da odar jiragen sama iri biyu masu manufa iri daya, rundunar sojojin sama ta Royal ta kaucewa hadarin gazawar daya daga cikinsu. Spitfire yana da ɗan aiki mafi kyawu, amma kuma ya fi wahalar kera, don haka ana iya isar da guguwar mai ƙarancin aiki zuwa manyan raka'a a lokaci guda, yana haɓaka canjin tsararraki.

A ranar 4 da 6 ga Yuni, an auna saurin K5054, wanda ya kai 562 km / h a tsayin mita 5100. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, an lura da wasu ƙananan lahani yayin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya kamata a kawar da shi don samun cikakken mayaki. Da farko, an biya hankali ga murfin kokfit, wanda za a inganta shi don mafi kyawun sa ido na abokan gaba a lokacin yakin iska, hangen nesa na yanzu ya isa don "al'ada" matukin jirgi na jirgin sama. An kuma lura cewa lif a ƙananan gudu yana aiki da kyau sosai, wanda a lokacin daya daga cikin saukowa kusan ya haifar da bala'i - daya daga cikin matukan jirgi na gwaji ya buga filin filin jirgin sama tare da wutsiya mai tsalle tare da hanci a wani kusurwa na 45 °. zuwa sama. . An ba da shawarar don iyakance kewayon karkatar da rudder, kuma a lokaci guda kiyaye kewayon tafiye-tafiyen sanda don motsin sanda ya juya zuwa ƙarancin motsi. Wani abu kuma shine motsi mai nauyi na shutter radiator a cikin babban sauri, "ƙaƙƙarfan" sitiriyo yayin nutsewa mai sauri, damar samun damar yin amfani da sabis na fasaha na rediyo, da dai sauransu.

Gwaji a Martlesham Heath ya ci gaba har zuwa 16 ga Yuni, 1936, lokacin da Geoffrey Quill ya isa don ɗaukar K5054 zuwa Eastleigh, zuwa masana'anta. Yayin da yake sauka, an gano cewa jirgin ya yi amfani da mai sosai. A fili yake cewa akwai yoyo a wani wuri. Kuma kwanaki biyu bayan haka, ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1936, an shirya wani ƙaramin nuni ga manema labarai da jama'a a Vickers Supermarine. Kamfanin ya so ya tallata samfuransa na baya-bayan nan, wadanda suka hada da samfurin bama-bamai na Wellesley da samfurin Wellington da aka kaddamar kwanan nan, samfurin Walrus amphibious, jiragen ruwa na Straner da Scapa. Shin wannan kamfani ya rasa Nau'in 300, Spitfire na gaba? Geoffrey Quill ya yi tunanin cewa tunda Nau'in 300 yana da tankin mai mai lita 32 kuma jirgin ya kamata ya wuce kusan mintuna 5 kawai, me yasa? Da yawa ba zai zube ba… Mai magana da yawun Rolls-Royce Willoughby "Bill" Lappin yayi magana akan hakan. Ya zama gaskiya...

Ba da jimawa ba Geoffrey Quill ya ja baya akan K5054 fiye da matsa lamba mai ya ragu zuwa sifili. Injin na iya tsayawa a kowane lokaci. Matukin jirgin ya yi da'ira a mafi ƙarancin gudun da ake buƙata don kiyayewa a cikin iska, kuma ya sauka lafiya. An yi sa'a, babu abin da ya faru, ko da yake yana kusa. Bayan an duba injin, sai ya ga cewa bai yi mugun lalacewa ba, amma ana bukatar a canza shi. Bayan an maye gurbinsa, K5054 ya sake yin iska a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1936.