Ƙarshen alamar RAF Tornado ya shiga tarihi

Tornado GR.4A (a gaba) mai lamba ZG711 ya shiga cikin Shirin Jagorancin Dabarun da ke Florennes a Belgium a cikin Fabrairu 2006. Jirgin ya bata

a cikin wannan shekarar sakamakon yajin tsuntsu.

Tornado ya kasance farkon mayaka-bam na Rundunar Sojan Sama (RAF) tsawon shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. Na'ura ta ƙarshe na wannan nau'in daga jiragen yaƙi a cikin Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Biritaniya an janye shi a ranar 31 ga Maris na wannan shekara. A yau, ayyukan Tornado suna ɗaukar nauyin aikin Eurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 da Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning jiragen sama masu yawa.

Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Sama na Royal Netherlands, Laftanar Janar Berti Wolf, ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri a cikin 1967 da nufin maye gurbin F-104G Starfighter da sabon ƙira mai ƙima da bama-bamai, wanda masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama ta Turai za ta haɓaka. Bayan haka, Burtaniya, Belgium, Netherlands, Italiya da Kanada sun shirya wani shiri na kera jirgin yaki da yawa (MRCA).

An kammala karatun buƙatun MRCA a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 1969. Sun mai da hankali kan iyawar yajin aiki don haka sabon jirgin ya kasance mai kujeru biyu da injin tagwaye. A halin yanzu, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Holland na buƙatar wani haske, injin guda ɗaya, jiragen sama masu yawa tare da sayayya mai araha da farashin aiki. Saboda sabani, buƙatun da ba su dace ba, Netherlands ta janye daga shirin MRCA a cikin Yuli 1969. Hakazalika, Belgium da Kanada sun yi haka, amma Tarayyar Jamus ta shiga cikin shirin a maimakon haka.

A lokacin yakin cacar baka, an daidaita jirgin Tornado GR.1 don daukar bama-bamai na dabara na WE 177. A kasa: ALARM makami mai linzami.

Ƙoƙarin abokan haɗin gwiwar ya mayar da hankali ne kan samar da wani jirgin sama da aka tsara don kai hari a wuraren da aka kai hari a ƙasa, gudanar da bincike, da kuma ayyuka a fagen tsaro na iska da kuma goyon bayan dabara ga dakarun sojojin ruwa. An binciko ra'ayoyi daban-daban, gami da madadin injuna guda ɗaya na jirgin sama kafaffen fiffike.

Sabuwar ƙungiyar MRCA da aka kafa ta yanke shawarar gina samfura; Waɗanda ya kamata su kasance jirage masu amfani da kujeru biyu masu amfani da makamai masu yawa na jiragen sama, gami da makami mai linzami da za su jagorance su daga iska zuwa iska. Samfurin farko na irin wannan jirgin ya tashi a Manching a Jamus a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1974. An inganta shi don yajin aikin ƙasa. An yi amfani da samfura tara a gwaje-gwajen, sannan kuma an yi amfani da wasu jirage guda shida na gwaji. A ranar 10 ga Maris, 1976, an yanke shawara don fara samar da yawan jama'a na Tornado.

Har sai da haɗin gwiwar Panavia (wanda British Aerospace ya kirkira, Jamus Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm da Italiyanci Aeritalia) suka gina jirgin farko na farko da aka fara samarwa, MRCA an sake masa suna Tornado. Ya fara farawa a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 1977.

Sigar farko ta Rundunar Sojojin Sama ana kiranta Tornado GR.1 kuma ta ɗan bambanta da jirgin saman IDS na Jamus-Italian Tornado. An isar da jirgin fasinja na farko na Tornado GR.1 zuwa Cibiyar horar da Tornado ta kasa da kasa (TTTE) a RAF Cottesmore a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1980.

Sashen ya horar da ma'aikatan Tornado ga dukkan kasashe ukun abokan hulda. Tawagar layin farko na RAF sanye take da Tornado GR.1 ita ce A'a. IX (Bomber) Squadron, wanda ke aiki da dabarun dabarun Avro Vulcan. A cikin 1984, an ba da cikakken izini tare da sabbin kayan aiki.

Ayyuka da dabara da fasaha fasali

Tornado jirgin sama ne mai amfani da injin tagwayen injuna wanda aka inganta don kawar da ƙasa mai ƙasa da bama-bamai a cikin zurfin tsaron abokan gaba, da kuma jiragen bincike. Domin jirgin ya yi aiki mai kyau a ƙananan tsayi a cikin ayyukan da ke sama, an ɗauka cewa dole ne ya sami babban gudu na supersonic da kuma motsa jiki mai kyau da kuma motsa jiki a ƙananan gudu.

Don jirage masu sauri a wancan zamanin, ana zabar reshen delta. Amma wannan nau'in fuka-fuki ba shi da tasiri don yin motsi mai kaifi a cikin ƙananan gudu ko a ƙananan tsayi. Dangane da ƙananan tsaunuka, muna magana ne game da babban ja da irin wannan reshe a manyan kusurwoyi na kai hari, wanda ke haifar da saurin asarar sauri da motsa kuzari.

Maganin matsalar samun kewayon gudu da yawa lokacin yin motsi a ƙananan tudu don Tornado ya zama reshe na geometry mai canzawa. Daga farkon aikin, an zaɓi irin wannan nau'in reshe don MRCA don inganta haɓakawa da ja da raguwa a cikin sauri daban-daban a ƙananan tsayi. Domin ƙara radius na aiki, jirgin an sanye shi da na'urar nadewa don samar da ƙarin man fetur a cikin jirgin.

A cikin 2015, Tornado GR.4 mai lambar serial ZG750 ya sami aikin fenti na 1991 na Gulf War wanda aka sani da "Desert Pink". Don haka, an yi bikin cika shekaru 25 na yaƙin sabis na irin wannan jirgin a cikin jirgin saman Burtaniya (Royal International Air Tattoo 2017).

Baya ga bambance-bambancen mayaƙa-bam, RAF ta kuma sami bambance-bambancen tsayin tsayi na mayaƙin Tornado ADV tare da kayan aiki da makamai daban-daban, wanda a cikin nau'insa na ƙarshe ya ƙunshi sunan Tornado F.3. An yi amfani da wannan sigar a cikin tsarin tsaron iska na Burtaniya tsawon shekaru 25, har zuwa 2011, lokacin da jirgin Eurofighter Typhoon multirole ya maye gurbinsa.

halayyar mutum

Gabaɗaya, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Air Force tana da jiragen Tornado 225 a cikin nau'ikan hare-hare daban-daban, galibi a cikin nau'ikan GR.1 da GR.4. Amma game da bambance-bambancen Tornado GR.4, wannan shine bambance-bambancen na ƙarshe da ya rage a sabis tare da RAF (kofin farko na wannan bambance-bambancen an isar da shi ga Rundunar Sojan Sama na Biritaniya a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 1997, an ƙirƙira su ta haɓaka samfuran farko), don haka a cikin wannan labarin za mu mayar da hankali kan bayanin wannan nau'i na musamman.

An yi gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare na Tornado GR.4 mai fafutuka-bam, har yanzu yana kara karfin fada. Don haka, Tornado GR.4 a cikin nau'insa na ƙarshe ya bambanta da waɗannan Tornados waɗanda aka gina su da farko daidai da dabara da bukatun fasaha da aka bunkasa a ƙarshen 4s. Jirgin sama na Tornado GR.199 yana sanye da injunan Turbo-Union RB.34-103R Mk 38,5 kewaya turbojet tare da matsakaicin matsa lamba na 71,5 kN da 27 kN a afterburner. Wannan yana ba ku damar ɗaukar nauyi tare da matsakaicin nauyin nauyin 950 1350 kuma ku isa gudu har zuwa 1600 km / h a ƙananan tsayi da XNUMX km / h a babban tsayi.

Nisan tafiyar jirgin yana da nisan kilomita 3890 kuma ana iya ƙara shi ta hanyar mai a cikin jirgin; kewayo a cikin aikin yajin aiki na yau da kullun - 1390 km.

Dangane da aikin da aka yi, Tornado GR.4 na iya ɗaukar Paveway II, III da IV Laser da bama-bamai na tauraron dan adam, Brimstone iska zuwa ƙasa, makamai masu linzami na dabara na Storm Shadow, da ƙananan makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa iska. Bayanin makami mai linzami na ASRAAM. Jirgin na Tornado GR.1 na dindindin yana dauke da bindigogi biyu na Mauser BK 27 mai tsawon mm 27 tare da zagaye 180 a kowace ganga, wanda aka rushe a cikin nau'in GR.4.

A cikin lokacin farko na sabis, Tornado GR.1 fighter-Bombers na RAF sun sanya duhu kore da launin toka kama.

Baya ga makamai, jirgin na Tornado GR.4 yana ɗaukar ƙarin tankunan mai tare da damar 1500 ko 2250 lita akan majajjawa na waje, Litening III optoelectronic sa ido da tankin jagora, tankin bincike na gani na Raptor, da kuma tsangwama na rediyo mai aiki na Sky Shadow. tsarin. tanki ko fitarwa na anti-radiation da thermodestructive harsashi. Matsakaicin girman nauyin dakatarwar jirgin sama ya kai kilogiram 9000.

Tare da waɗannan makamai da kayan aiki na musamman, mayaƙan Tornado GR.4 na iya kai hari ga duk maƙasudin da za a iya samu a fagen fama na zamani. Don yaƙar abubuwa da sanannun matsayi, ana amfani da bama-bamai na dangin Paveway na Laser da tauraron dan adam ko makamai masu linzami na dabara na Storm Shadow (don maƙasudin mahimmanci ga abokan gaba).

A cikin ayyukan da suka haɗa da bincike mai zaman kansa da kuma tunkarar maƙasudin ƙasa ko kuma kusa da ayyukan tallafi na iska don sojojin ƙasa, Tornado yana ɗaukar haɗin bama-bamai na Paveway IV da makami mai linzami na iska zuwa ƙasa tare da tsarin homing dual-band (laser da radar mai aiki) tare da na'urar gani-lantarki don dubawa da nufin tankuna Litening III.

RAF Tornadoes sun sami nau'ikan kamanni iri-iri tun shigar da sabis. Sigar GR.1 ta zo a cikin tsarin kamanni wanda ya ƙunshi koren zaitun da tabo masu launin toka, amma a cikin rabin na biyu na shekaru casa’in wannan launin ya canza zuwa launin toka mai duhu. A lokacin da ake gudanar da ayyuka a Iraki a 1991, wani ɓangare na Tornado GR.1 ya sami launin ruwan hoda da yashi. A wani yakin da aka yi da Iraki a shekara ta 2003, Tornado GR.4 ya yi launin toka mai haske.

An tabbatar a cikin yaƙi

A lokacin da ya daɗe yana hidima a Rundunar Sojan Sama, Tornado ya shiga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa na makamai. Jirgin sama na Tornado GR.1 ya yi baftisma na wuta a lokacin yakin Gulf a 1991. Kimanin 60 RAF Tornado GR.1 mayaka-bama-bamai ne suka shiga cikin Operation Granby (haɗin gwiwar Burtaniya a Operation Desert Storm) daga Muharraq tushe a Bahrain da Tabuk da Dhahran a Saudi Arabia. Arabiya. Arabiya.

Biritaniya "Tornado", wanda aka bambanta da launi na "Arctic", ya shiga cikin tsari a cikin darussan a Norway. Wasu daga cikinsu an sanye su da tiren leƙen asiri tare da na'urar daukar hoto ta layi da ke aiki a cikin kyamarar infrared da na iska.

A lokacin yaƙin Iraqi na ɗan gajeren lokaci amma mai tsanani na 1991, an yi amfani da Tornado don hare-haren ƙananan tudu a kan sansanonin jiragen saman Iraqi. A lokuta da dama, an yi amfani da sabon tsarin sa ido na gani-lantarki da kuma harsashi TIALD (mai ƙididdige ƙirar laser ta iska) wanda shine farkon amfani da manyan makamai a kan Tornado. Sama da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 1500 ne aka yi jigilarsu, inda aka yi asarar jirage shida.

Mayakan Tornado F.18 3 sun kuma shiga cikin Operation Garkuwan Desert Shield da Desert Storm don samar da kariya ta iska ga Saudiyya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, guguwar Birtaniyya ta kasance kusan kullum tana shiga tashin hankali, inda aka fara amfani da shi a yankin Balkan a matsayin wani bangare na aiwatar da dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Bosnia da Herzegovina, da kuma arewacin Iraki da kudancin Iraki.

Har ila yau, mayakan na Tornado GR.1 sun shiga cikin Operation Desert Fox, wani harin bama-bamai na kwanaki hudu a Iraki daga 16 zuwa 19 ga Disamba 1998 da sojojin Amurka da na Birtaniya suka yi. Babban dalilin tashin bama-baman dai shi ne gazawar kasar Iraki wajen yin aiki da shawarwarin kudurorin MDD da kuma hana gudanar da bincike daga hukumar ta UNSCOM.

Wani aikin yaki da Royal Air Force Tornado ya taka rawa a cikinsa shine Operation Telek, gudunmawar Burtaniya ga Operation Freedom Iraqi a 2003. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da GR.1 Tornado da ba a canza su ba da kuma GR.4 Tornado da aka riga aka inganta. Ƙarshen ya sami daidaitattun hare-hare iri-iri a kan maƙasudin ƙasa, gami da isar da makamai masu linzami na Storm Shadow. Ga na ƙarshe, ya kasance farkon faɗa. A lokacin Operation Telic, jirgin sama daya ya rasa, bisa kuskure wani na’urar kakkabo jiragen Amurka Patriot ya harbo shi.

Da zarar Tornado GR.4 ya kammala aiki a Iraki, a cikin 2009 an aika su zuwa Afghanistan, inda mayakan Harrier suka "hutu". Kasa da shekaru biyu daga baya, Birtaniya, tare da Afganistan Tornado har yanzu a Kandahar, ya sake aika wani Tornado zuwa cikin Bahar Rum. Tare da jirgin Eurofighter Typhoon mai tushe a Italiya, Tornado GR.4 daga RAF Marham ya shiga cikin Operation Unified Protektor a Libya a 2011.

Aiki ne na tilastawa yankin hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa domin kawo karshen hare-haren da dakarun gwamnatin Libiya ke kaiwa dakarun adawa da ke da nufin kifar da gwamnatin kama-karya ta Muammar Gaddafi. Tashar Tornado ta tashi da nisan kilomita 4800 daga tashinsa zuwa kasa, jirgin yaki na farko da ya tashi daga kasar Burtaniya tun karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Shiga Burtaniya a cikin Operation Unified Defender an sanya masa suna Ellamy |.

Lalacewa

An yi hasarar samfurin P-08 a lokacin gwaji, ma'aikatan jirgin sun damu da hazo kuma jirgin ya fado a cikin Tekun Irish kusa da Blackpool. Gabaɗaya, a cikin sabis na shekaru 40 a cikin RAF, an yi asarar motoci 78 daga cikin 395 da suka shiga sabis. Kusan daidai kashi 20 cikin ɗari. Ana siyan guguwa, akan matsakaita biyu a shekara.

A mafi yawan lokuta, abubuwan da ke haifar da hatsarori sun kasance nau'o'in rashin aikin fasaha iri-iri. Jiragen sama 18 ne suka rasa rayukansu a wani karon da aka yi a tsakiyar iska, sannan wasu karin Tornados uku sun yi asarar lokacin da ma'aikatan suka rasa iko da motar yayin da suke kokarin gujewa karon tsakiyar iska. Bakwai ne suka rasa rayukansu a harin tsuntsaye sannan hudu kuma an harbe su a lokacin da ake gudanar da Operation Desert Storm. Daga cikin 142 Tornado GR.4 fighter-bombers da ke aiki tare da RAF tsakanin 1999 da 2019, goma sha biyu sun rasa. Wannan kusan kashi 8,5 ne. runduna, matsakaicin Tornado GR.4 guda ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu, amma ba a rasa jirgin ko ɗaya ba a cikin shekaru huɗu na sabis.

karshen

RAF GR.4 Tornados an inganta su akai-akai da haɓakawa, wanda a hankali ya ƙara ƙarfin yaƙi. Godiya ga wannan, Tornadoes na zamani sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda suka fara aiki a cikin Rundunar Sojan Sama na Biritaniya. Wadannan jiragen sun yi sa'o'i sama da miliyan guda kuma su ne na farko da RAF ta yi ritaya. Mafi kyawun makamai na Tornado, makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa iska na Brimstone da makami mai linzami na dabara na Storm Shadow, yanzu suna ɗaukar jirgin sama mai yawa na Typhoon FGR.4. Jirgin sama na Typhoon FGR.4 da F-35B Lightning yana ɗaukar ayyukan mayaƙan Tornado, ta hanyar amfani da ƙwarewar dabarar shekaru arba'in da ma'aikatan jirgin da ma'aikatan ƙasa na waɗannan injuna suka samu.

Tornados guda biyu GR.4 kafin tashin jirgin na gaba yayin aikin motsa jiki na Frisian Flag a cikin 2017 daga tushe na Dutch Leeuwarden. Wannan shi ne karo na ƙarshe da Tornado na Biritaniya GR.4 ya shiga cikin Red Flag na shekara-shekara daidai da motsa jiki na Amurka.

Ƙungiyar Burtaniya ta ƙarshe da za a yi amfani da ita tare da Tornado GR.4 ita ce A'a. IX (B) Squadron RAF Marham. Daga shekarar 2020, tawagar za ta kasance tana sanye da kayan kariya na RG.1 jiragen sama marasa matuki. Har yanzu Jamusawa da Italiya suna amfani da mayaƙan Tornado. Su ma Saudiyya ce kadai ke da irin wannan na’ura da ba Turawa ba. Duk da haka, duk abubuwa masu kyau sun zo ƙarshe. Sauran masu amfani da Tornado kuma suna shirin janye jiragensu irin wannan, wanda zai faru nan da shekarar 2025. Sa'an nan "Tornado" a karshe zai shiga cikin tarihi.