Ƙarshe da Ƙarshe: Ƙarshen Kimiyya. Shin wannan karshen hanya ne ko kuwa matattu ne kawai?

Higgs boson? Wannan ka'idar ce ta 60s, wanda yanzu an tabbatar da shi kawai ta hanyar gwaji. Tashin nauyi? Wannan shine tunanin Albert Einstein na ƙarni. John Horgan ya yi irin waɗannan abubuwan a cikin littafinsa The End of Science.

Littafin Horgan ba shine na farko ba kuma ba shine kaɗai ba. An rubuta da yawa game da "ƙarshen kimiyya". Bisa ga ra'ayoyin da aka samu sau da yawa a cikinsu, a yau muna tsaftacewa ne kawai da gwaji don tabbatar da tsohuwar ka'idoji. Ba mu gano wani abu mai mahimmanci da sabbin abubuwa a zamaninmu ba.

shingayen ilimi

Shekaru da yawa, masanin ilimin halitta da physicist na Poland yayi mamaki game da iyakokin ci gaban kimiyya. Prof. Michal Tempcik. A cikin littattafai da labaran da aka buga a cikin jaridu na kimiyya, ya yi tambaya - shin nan gaba kadan za mu cimma irin wannan cikakken ilimin da ba a buƙatar ƙarin ilimi? Wannan yana nufin, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, zuwa Horgan, amma Pole ya ƙare ba game da ƙarshen kimiyya ba, amma game da lalata al'adun gargajiya.

Abin sha'awa shine, ra'ayin ƙarshen kimiyya ya kasance kamar yadda, in ba haka ba, a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. Musamman halayen su ne muryoyin masana kimiyya waɗanda za a iya tsammanin ƙarin haɓakawa kawai ta hanyar gyara wuraren ƙima na ƙima a cikin adadin da aka sani. Nan da nan bayan waɗannan maganganun sai Einstein da ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam ya zo, juyin juya hali a cikin nau'i na Planck's quantum hypothesis da aikin Niels Bohr. A cewar Prof. Tempcik, halin da ake ciki a yau bai bambanta da abin da ya kasance a ƙarshen karni na XNUMXth ba. Yawancin abubuwan da suka yi aiki shekaru da yawa suna fuskantar matsalolin ci gaba. A lokaci guda, kamar a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, yawancin sakamakon gwaji sun bayyana ba zato ba tsammani kuma ba za mu iya bayyana su sosai ba.

Cosmology na dangantaka ta musamman sanya shinge a tafarkin ilimi. A daya bangaren, na gaba daya shi ne, sakamakon wanda har yanzu ba za mu iya tantancewa daidai ba. A cewar masu ilimin tauhidi, ana iya ɓoye abubuwa da yawa a cikin maganin equation na Einstein, wanda kaɗan ne kawai aka sani a gare mu, alal misali, sararin samaniya yana lanƙwasa kusa da taro, karkatar da hasken hasken da ke wucewa kusa da Rana. ya ninka ninki biyu kamar haka daga ka'idar Newton, ko kuma gaskiyar cewa lokaci yana tsawaitawa a filin gravitational da kuma gaskiyar cewa lokacin sararin samaniya yana lanƙwasa da abubuwa na daidaitaccen taro.

Niels Bohr da Albert Einstein

Da'awar cewa za mu iya ganin kashi 5% na sararin samaniya ne kawai saboda sauran makamashin duhu ne kuma duhu duhu yawancin masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da abin kunya. Ga wasu, wannan babban ƙalubale ne - duka ga waɗanda ke neman sabbin hanyoyin gwaji, da kuma ra'ayoyi.

Matsalolin da ke fuskantar ilimin lissafi na zamani suna zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya ta yadda, sai dai idan mun ƙware hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman ko kuma samar da sababbi, masu sauƙin fahimtar metatheories, za mu ƙara yarda da cewa akwai daidaiton lissafin lissafi, kuma suna yi. , wanda aka lura a gefen littafin a cikin 1637, an tabbatar da shi ne kawai a cikin 1996 akan shafuka 120 (!), Yin amfani da kwamfutoci don ayyukan rage ma'ana, kuma an tabbatar da su ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya da zaɓaɓɓun masana lissafin duniya guda biyar. Bisa ijma’insu, hujjojin daidai ne. Masana ilmin lissafi suna ƙara cewa ba za a iya magance manyan matsalolin da ke cikin filin su ba tare da babban ƙarfin sarrafa manyan kwamfutoci, waɗanda har yanzu ba su wanzu ba.

A cikin mahallin ƙananan yanayi, yana da koyarwa Tarihin binciken Max Planck. Kafin gabatar da hasashen kididdigar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɗa rassan biyu: thermodynamics da electromagnetic radiation, wanda ya samo asali daga ma'auni na Maxwell. Ya yi shi da kyau. Dabarun da Planck ya bayar a ƙarshen karni na 1900 sun yi bayani da kyau yadda aka lura da rarrabuwar zafin radiation dangane da tsawonsa. Koyaya, a cikin Oktoba XNUMX, bayanan gwaji sun bayyana waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta da ka'idar thermodynamic-electromagnetic Planck. Planck ya daina kare tsarinsa na gargajiya kuma ya zaɓi sabuwar ka'idar da ya kamata ya kafa kasancewar wani yanki na makamashi (quantum). Wannan shine farkon sabon ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, kodayake Planck da kansa bai yarda da sakamakon juyin juya halin da ya fara ba.

Samfuran da aka shirya, menene na gaba?

Horgan, a cikin littafinsa, ya yi hira da wakilan ƙungiyar farko ta kimiyyar kimiyya, irin su Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, Richard Feynman, Francis Crick, Richard Dawkins da Francis Fukuyama. Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan tattaunawa sun kasance mai faɗi, amma - wanda ke da mahimmanci - ba ɗaya daga cikin masu shiga tsakani ya ɗauki tambayar ƙarshen kimiyyar da ba ta da ma'ana.

Akwai irin su Sheldon Glashow, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nobel a fagen ɓangarorin farko kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na abin da ake kira. Daidaitaccen Samfurin Ƙananan Ƙanananwanda ba ya maganar ƙarshen koyo, amma na koyo a matsayin sadaukarwar nasarar kansa. Misali, zai yi wahala masana kimiyya su hanzarta maimaita irin wannan nasarar kamar "tsara" Model. Don neman wani sabon abu mai ban sha'awa, masana kimiyyar lissafi sun sadaukar da kansu ga sha'awar ka'idar kirtani. Duk da haka, tun da a zahiri ba za a iya tabbatar da hakan ba, bayan buɗaɗɗen sha'awa, rashin tausayi ya fara mamaye su.

Standard model kamar yadda Rubik's Cube

Dennis Overbye, sanannen mashahurin masanin kimiyya, ya gabatar a cikin littafinsa wani misali mai ban dariya na Allah a matsayin mawaƙin dutsen dutsen sararin samaniya wanda ya halicci sararin samaniya ta hanyar kunna gitarsa ​​mai girman girman XNUMX-girma. Ina mamakin ko Allah ne ya inganta ko ya kunna kiɗa, marubucin ya tambaya.

yana bayyana tsari da juyin halitta, shi ma yana da nasa, yana ba da cikakken bayani mai gamsarwa tare da daidaiton ƴan guntun daƙiƙa ɗaya daga wancan. irin wurin farawa. Duk da haka, shin muna da damar isa ga dalilai na ƙarshe kuma na farko na asalin Halittarmu da kuma bayyana yanayin da ya kasance a lokacin? A nan ne ilmin sararin samaniya ya hadu da daula mai cike da hazaka inda ake yin sautin fa'ida na ka'idar superstring. Kuma, ba shakka, shi ma ya fara samun hali na "tauhidi". A cikin dozin ko fiye da shekaru da suka gabata, dabaru na asali da yawa sun bayyana game da farkon lokacin, ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa da abin da ake kira. jimla cosmology. Koyaya, waɗannan ka'idodin hasashe ne kawai. Yawancin masana kimiyyar sararin samaniya suna da ƙima game da yuwuwar gwajin gwaji na waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma suna ganin wasu iyakoki zuwa iyawar fahimtarmu.

A cewar masanin kimiyya Howard Georgi, ya kamata mu riga mun gane ilimin sararin samaniya a matsayin kimiyya a cikin tsarinta na gabaɗaya, kamar daidaitaccen ƙirar ɓangarorin farko da quarks. Ya ɗauki aikin a kan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, tare da tsutsotsinsa, jarirai da sararin samaniya, a matsayin nau'i mai ban mamaki. labari na kimiyyamai kyau kamar kowane tatsuniyoyi na halitta. Wani ra'ayi na daban yana da waɗanda suka yi imani da gaske ga ma'anar aiki a kan ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga kuma suna amfani da dukkan basirarsu don wannan.

Ayarin yaci gaba.

Wataƙila yanayin "ƙarshen kimiyya" shine sakamakon babban tsammanin da muka sanya a kai. Duniyar zamani tana buƙatar "juyin juya hali", "nasara" da kuma tabbataccen amsoshi ga manyan tambayoyi. Mun yi imanin cewa kimiyyarmu ta ci gaba sosai don a ƙarshe tsammanin irin waɗannan amsoshi. Duk da haka, kimiyya bai taba bayar da ra'ayi na ƙarshe ba. Duk da haka, tsawon ƙarni yana ciyar da ɗan adam gaba kuma koyaushe yana samar da sabon ilimi game da komai. Mun yi amfani kuma muna jin daɗin tasirin ci gabanta, muna tuka motoci, tashi da jirage, amfani da Intanet. Wasu batutuwa da suka gabata mun rubuta a cikin "MT" game da ilimin lissafi, wanda, a cewar wasu, ya kai ga ƙarshe. Yana yiwuwa, duk da haka, cewa ba mu da yawa a "ƙarshen kimiyya" kamar a ƙarshen rashin daidaituwa. Idan eh, to dole ne ku koma kadan kuma ku bi wani titi.