Adadin kayan aikin tsaro na kwamfuta - makoma ta ƙarshe ko ƙusa a cikin akwatin gawa? Lokacin da muke da miliyoyin qubits

A gefe guda kuma, ƙididdigar quantum da alama hanya ce ta “cikakkiya” da kuma “marasa rugujewa” da za ta hana kowa yin kutse cikin kwamfutoci da bayanai. A gefe guda kuma, akwai kuma fargabar cewa "miyagun mutane" ba za su yi amfani da fasahar ƙididdiga ba bisa ga kuskure ...

A 'yan watannin da suka gabata, a cikin wasiku kan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, masana kimiyya daga kasar Sin sun gabatar da mafi sauri jimla bazuwar lamba janareta (kwamba bazuwar lamba janareta, QRNG) aiki a ainihin lokaci. Me yasa yake da mahimmanci? Domin ikon samar da (ainihin) lambobin bazuwar shine mabuɗin ɓoyewa.

Mafi Tsarukan QRNG a yau yana amfani da kayan aikin photonic da na lantarki masu hankali, amma haɗa irin waɗannan abubuwan cikin haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira ya kasance babban ƙalubale na fasaha. Tsarin da ƙungiyar ta ɓullo da ita yana amfani da indium germanium photodiodes da na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto wanda aka haɗa tare da tsarin silicon photonic (1) ciki har da tsarin ma'aurata da attenuators.

Haɗin waɗannan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa yana ba da izini QR HAUSA a kan gano sigina daga tushen adadin entropy tare da ingantaccen martani mai mahimmanci. Da zarar an gano sigina na bazuwar, ana sarrafa su ta hanyar matrix ɗin ƙofar da za a iya tsarawa wanda ke fitar da lambobi bazuwar gaske daga ɗanyen bayanai. Na'urar da ta haifar za ta iya samar da lambobi a kusan gigabits 19 a cikin daƙiƙa guda, sabon rikodin duniya. Ana iya aika lambobin bazuwar zuwa kowace kwamfuta ta hanyar kebul na fiber optic.

Ƙirƙirar adadi bazuwar lambobi yana cikin zuciyar cryptography. Na'urar samar da lambar bazuwar al'ada yawanci sun dogara da algorithms da aka sani da masu samar da lambar bazuwar, waɗanda, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, ba bazuwar gaske ba ne don haka suna iya yin rauni. Sama na'urorin ƙididdiga na gani da gaske bazuwar kamfanoni irin su Quantum Dice da IDQuantique suna aiki da sauransu. An riga an fara amfani da kayayyakinsu na kasuwanci.

wanda ke tafiyar da yadda abubuwa na zahiri ke aiki akan mafi ƙarancin ma'auni. Ma'auni daidai da bit 1 ko bit 0 shine qubit. (2), wanda kuma zai iya zama 0 ko 1, ko kuma ya kasance a cikin abin da ake kira superposition - duk wani haɗin 0 da 1. Yin lissafi akan nau'i biyu na gargajiya (wanda zai iya zama 00, 01, 10, da 11) yana buƙatar. matakai hudu.

yana iya yin lissafi a duk jihohin hudu a lokaci guda. Wannan ma'auni mai girman gaske - qubits dubu zai kasance ta wasu hanyoyi mafi ƙarfi fiye da na'urar kwamfuta mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Wani ra'ayi na ƙididdigewa wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ita ce rudanisaboda haka ana iya danganta qubits ta yadda za a siffanta su ta hanyar jimla ɗaya. Nan take ma'aunin daya daga cikinsu ya nuna halin dayan yake ciki.

Haɗin kai yana da mahimmanci a cikin cryptography da sadarwar ƙididdiga. Koyaya, yuwuwar ƙididdige ƙididdigewa ba ta ta'allaka ne cikin hanzarin kwamfuta ba. Maimakon haka, yana ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida a cikin wasu nau'ikan matsaloli, kamar ƙididdige lambobi masu yawa, waɗanda za su sami babban tasiri ga tsaro na yanar gizo.

Aiki mafi gaggawa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga shine ƙirƙirar isassun qubits masu jure kuskure don buɗe yuwuwar lissafin ƙididdiga. Haɗin kai tsakanin qubit da muhallinsa yana ƙasƙantar da ingancin bayanai a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Ware qubits daga muhallinsu, misali ta hanyar sanyaya su zuwa yanayin zafi kusa da sifili, yana da wahala da tsada. Amo yana ƙaruwa yayin da adadin qubits ke ƙaruwa, yana buƙatar ingantattun dabarun gyara kuskure.

A halin yanzu ana tsara su daga ƙofofin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya, waɗanda ƙila za a yarda da su ga ƙananan kwamfutoci masu ƙima, amma ba su da amfani idan ya zo ga dubunnan qubits. Kwanan nan, wasu kamfanoni irin su IBM da Classiq suna haɓaka mafi ƙarancin yadudduka a cikin tarin shirye-shiryen, kyale masu haɓakawa su gina ƙaƙƙarfan aikace-aikacen ƙira don magance matsalolin duniya na gaske.

Masu sana'a sunyi imanin cewa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da mummunan nufi na iya amfani da su fa'idodin ƙididdiga masu yawa haifar da sabuwar hanyar cin zarafi tsaro na yanar gizo. Za su iya yin ayyukan da za su yi tsada sosai akan kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Tare da kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa, dan gwanin kwamfuta zai iya yin nazari da sauri cikin sauri tare da ƙaddamar da sabbin hare-hare akan ɗimbin hanyoyin sadarwa da na'urori.

Ko da yake a halin yanzu da alama ba zai yuwu ba a halin yanzu na ci gaban fasaha na yanzu, ba da daɗewa ba za a sami bullar ƙididdiga ta ƙididdiga ta gabaɗaya a cikin gajimare a matsayin kayan more rayuwa a matsayin dandamalin sabis, yana ba da dama ga masu amfani da yawa.

Komawa cikin 2019, Microsoft ya sanar da cewa zai gabatar da shi Ƙididdigar lissafi a cikin girgijen Azure na ku, ko da yake wannan zai iyakance amfani da su don zaɓar abokan ciniki. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan samfurin, kamfanin yana ba da mafita ga ƙididdiga kamar Masu warwarewa i algorithms, software mai yawa, kamar na'urar kwaikwayo da kayan aikin kimanta albarkatu, da kuma kayan aikin ƙididdigewa tare da gine-ginen qubit iri-iri waɗanda za su iya yin amfani da su ta hanyar hackers. Sauran masu ba da sabis na lissafin gizagizai sune IBM da Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Yaƙin algorithms

Classic sifar dijital dogara ga hadadden tsarin lissafi don canza bayanai zuwa rufaffiyar saƙon don ajiya da watsawa. Ana amfani da shi don ɓoyewa da ɓoye bayanan. dijital key.

Don haka, maharin yana ƙoƙarin karya hanyar ɓoyewa don sata ko canza bayanan da aka kare. Babbar hanyar yin hakan ita ce a gwada duk maɓallan da za a iya tantancewa wanda zai warware bayanan zuwa hanyar da mutum zai iya karantawa. Ana iya aiwatar da tsarin ta amfani da kwamfuta ta al'ada, amma yana buƙatar ƙoƙari da lokaci mai yawa.

Suna wanzuwa a halin yanzu manyan nau'ikan boye-boye guda biyu: mAna amfani da maɓalli iri ɗaya don ɓoyewa da ɓoye bayanan; har da asymmetric, wato tare da maɓalli na jama'a wanda ya haɗa da maɓallan da ke da alaƙa da lissafi, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana samuwa a bainar jama'a don ba da damar mutane su ɓoye saƙo ga mai maɓallin biyu, ɗayan kuma mai shi yana ɓoye a ɓoye don ɓoye bayanan. sako.

W boye-boye na simmetric Ana amfani da maɓalli iri ɗaya don ɓoyewa da ɓoye bayanan da aka bayar. Misali na simmetric algorithm: Madaidaicin Rubutun Babba (AES). AES algorithm, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta karbe, yana goyan bayan manyan girma guda uku: 128-bit, 192-bit, da 256-bit. Ana amfani da algorithms na simmetric don ayyuka masu girma kamar ɓoye manyan bayanan bayanai, tsarin fayil, da ƙwaƙwalwar abu.

W asymmetric boye-boye Ana rufaffen bayanan da maɓalli ɗaya (wanda aka fi sani da maɓalli na jama'a) kuma ana ɓoye shi da wani maɓalli (wanda aka fi sani da maɓalli na sirri). Yawanci amfani Rivest algorithm, Shamira, Adleman (RSA) misali ne na algorithm asymmetric. Ko da yake suna da hankali fiye da ɓoyayyen ɓoye, asymmetric algorithms suna magance matsalar rarraba maɓalli, wanda shine matsala mai mahimmanci a cikin ɓoyewa.

Sirrin maɓalli na jama'a ana amfani da shi don amintaccen musayar maɓallan maɓalli da don tantancewa ta dijital ko sanya hannu kan saƙonni, takardu, da takaddun shaida waɗanda ke haɗa maɓallan jama'a tare da ainihin masu riƙe su. Lokacin da muka ziyarci amintaccen gidan yanar gizon da ke amfani da ka'idojin HTTPS, mai binciken mu yana amfani da bayanan sirri na jama'a don tantance takaddun gidan yanar gizon da saita maɓalli mai ma'ana don ɓoye hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa da daga gidan yanar gizon.

Domin a aikace duk aikace-aikacen intanet suna amfani da duka biyun simmetric cryptographyи jama'a key cryptographyduka siffofin dole ne su kasance lafiya. Hanya mafi sauƙi don fasa lambar ita ce gwada duk maɓallai masu yuwuwa har sai kun sami ɗaya mai aiki. Kwamfutoci na yau da kullun za su iya yi, amma yana da wahala sosai.

Misali, a watan Yulin 2002, kungiyar ta sanar da cewa sun gano mabudin simmetric-bit 64, amma sun bukaci kokarin mutane 300. mutane fiye da shekaru hudu da rabi suna aiki. Maɓalli sau biyu tsawon tsayi, ko 128 bits, zai sami mafita fiye da 300 sextillion, adadin wanda aka bayyana a matsayin 3 da sifili. Ko da supercomputer mafi sauri a duniya Zai ɗauki tiriliyan shekaru don nemo maɓallin da ya dace. Duk da haka, wata dabarar ƙididdiga ta ƙididdigewa da ake kira Grover's algorithm tana hanzarta aiwatar da aiki ta hanyar juya maɓalli 128-bit zuwa cikin kwamfuta ƙididdiga daidai da maɓallin 64-bit. Amma kariyar yana da sauƙi - dole ne a tsawaita makullin. Misali, maɓalli 256-bit yana da kariya iri ɗaya daga harin ƙididdigewa kamar maɓalli 128-bit akan harin da aka saba.

Sirrin maɓalli na jama'a duk da haka, wannan matsala ce mafi girma saboda yadda lissafin ke aiki. Popular kwanakin nan algorithms boye-boye key jama'aake kira RSA, Diffiego-Hellman i elliptical curve cryptography, suna ba ku damar farawa da maɓallin jama'a kuma ku lissafta maɓalli na sirri ta hanyar lissafi ba tare da yin duk hanyoyin da za a iya ba.

za su iya karya hanyoyin ɓoyewa wanda tsaro ya dogara ne akan ƙididdige ƙididdiga ko logarithms masu hankali. Misali, ta yin amfani da hanyar RSA da ake amfani da ita sosai a kasuwancin e-commerce, ana iya ƙididdige maɓalli mai zaman kansa ta hanyar ƙididdige lamba wanda shine samfuran manyan lambobi guda biyu, kamar 3 da 5 don 15. Har yanzu, ɓoyayyen maɓalli na jama'a ya kasance ba a karyewa. . Bincike Peter Shore a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts fiye da shekaru 20 da suka wuce ya nuna cewa karya ɓoyewar asymmetric yana yiwuwa.

zai iya fashe har zuwa 4096-bit key nau'i-nau'i a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan ta amfani da wata dabara mai suna Shor's algorithm. Koyaya, wannan shine manufa kwamfutoci masu yawa na gaba. A halin yanzu, mafi girman adadin da aka ƙididdige akan kwamfutar ƙididdiga shine 15 - jimlar 4 rago.

Ko da yake simmetric algorithms Algorithm na Shor baya cikin haɗari, ƙarfin ƙidayar ƙididdiga ta tilasta haɓaka maɓalli masu girma dabam. misali manyan kwamfutoci masu yawa suna aiki akan algorithm na Grover, wanda ke amfani da dabarun ƙididdigewa don bincika bayanan bayanai da sauri, na iya samar da haɓaka aikin ninki huɗu a cikin hare-haren ƙarfi da ƙarfi a kan algorithms ɓoyayyun alamomi kamar AES. Don kare kai daga harin ƙarfi, ninka girman maɓalli don samar da matakin kariya iri ɗaya. Don algorithm na AES, wannan yana nufin amfani da maɓallan 256-bit don kiyaye ƙarfin tsaro na 128-bit na yau.

Na yau RSA boye-boye, wani nau'i na boye-boye da ake amfani da shi sosai, musamman lokacin watsa bayanai masu mahimmanci ta hanyar Intanet, yana dogara ne akan lambobi 2048-bit. Masana sun kiyasta cewa kwamfuta kwatance zai ɗauki kusan qubits miliyan 70 don karya wannan ɓoyewar. Ganin haka a halin yanzu mafi girman kwamfutoci masu yawa ba su wuce qubits ɗari ba (duk da cewa IBM da Google suna da shirin kai miliyan guda nan da shekarar 2030), mai yiwuwa ya dau lokaci mai tsawo kafin wata barazana ta gaske ta bayyana, amma yayin da ake ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a wannan fanni, ba za a iya kawar da cewa irin wannan kwamfutar ba za ta iya. za a gina a cikin shekaru 3-5 masu zuwa.

Misali, Google da Cibiyar KTH a Sweden an ba da rahoton cewa kwanan nan sun sami "hanya mafi kyau" zuwa kwamfutoci masu yawa na iya yin lissafin da ya saba wa lambar, rage yawan albarkatun da suke buƙata ta hanyar umarni mai girma. Takardar tasu, wadda aka buga a cikin MIT Technology Review, ta yi iƙirarin cewa kwamfutar da ke da qubits miliyan 20 za ta iya fashe lambar 2048-bit a cikin sa'o'i 8 kawai.

Post-quantum cryptography

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana kimiyya sun yi aiki tuƙuru don haɓakawa boye-boye na "quantum-amin".. Masanin kimiyya na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa Cibiyar Kula da Ma'auni da Fasaha ta Amurka (NIST) ta riga ta yi nazarin sabbin dabaru 69 masu yuwuwa da ake kira "post-quantum cryptography (PQC)". Duk da haka, wannan wasiƙar ta yi nuni da cewa tambayar da ake yi na fasa fasahar zamani ta hanyar kwamfutoci na ƙididdigewa ta ci gaba da yin hasashe har yanzu.

3. An gina ɗaya daga cikin ƙirar ƙirƙira na tushen raga.

A kowane hali, bisa ga rahoton 2018 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna ta kasa, "dole ne a haɓaka da aiwatar da sabbin kayan aiki a yanzu, ko da kwamfyuta mai ƙididdigewa da ke iya karya bayanan sirri na yau ba a gina shi cikin shekaru goma." . Kwamfutocin kwamfutoci masu karya lamba na gaba na iya samun ikon sarrafawa sau dubu ɗari da rage yawan kuskure, wanda zai sa su iya yaki da ayyukan tsaro na zamani.

Daga cikin mafita da ake kira "post-quantum cryptography" an san su, musamman, Kamfanin PQShield. Kwararrun tsaro za su iya maye gurbin algorithms na al'ada na al'ada tare da algorithms na cibiyar sadarwa. (Lattice-based cryptography) waɗanda aka ƙirƙira tare da tsaro a zuciya. Waɗannan sababbin hanyoyin suna ɓoye bayanai a cikin rikitattun matsalolin lissafi da ake kira lattices (3). Irin waɗannan sifofin algebra suna da wahalar warwarewa, suna ba da damar masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo don amintar da bayanai ko da a fuskar kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi.

A cewar wani mai bincike na IBM. Cecilia Boscini, cryptography na tushen hanyar sadarwa na mesh zai hana yawan hare-hare na kwamfuta a nan gaba, da kuma samar da tushen cikakken boye-boye na homomorphic (FHE), wanda ke ba masu amfani damar yin lissafi akan fayiloli ba tare da duba bayanan ba ko fallasa su ga masu kutse.

Wata hanya mai ban sha'awa ita ce rarraba maɓallin maɓalli (Yin inganci). Rarraba maɓallan QKD jimla (4) yana amfani da abubuwan al'ajabi na injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa (kamar haɗakarwa) don samar da musanyar sirri gaba ɗaya na maɓallan ɓoyewa kuma yana iya yin gargaɗi game da kasancewar "avesdropper" tsakanin maki biyu na ƙarshe.

Da farko, wannan hanyar tana yiwuwa ne kawai akan fiber na gani, amma yanzu Quantum Xchange ya haɓaka hanyar aika ta Intanet shima. Misali, an san gwaje-gwajen da kasar Sin ta yi wa KKK ta tauraron dan adam da ke da nisan kilomita dubu da dama. Baya ga kasar Sin, majagaba a wannan yanki sun hada da KETS Quantum Security da Toshiba.

4. Ɗayan samfurin rarraba maɓalli na ƙididdigewa, QKD