Yaushe jakunkunan iska na farko a mota suka bayyana kuma wanene ya ƙirƙira su
Abubuwa
Tarihin aikace-aikacen ya fara ne a cikin 1971, lokacin da Ford ya gina wurin shakatawa inda aka yi gwajin haɗari. Bayan shekaru 2, General Motors ya gwada ƙirƙira akan Chevrolet 1973, wanda aka sayar wa ma'aikatan gwamnati. Don haka Oldsmobile Tornado ta zama mota ta farko tare da zaɓin jakan iska na fasinja.
Tun daga lokacin da aka haifi ra'ayi na farko zuwa bayyanar jakunkunan iska a cikin motoci, shekaru 50 sun shude, kuma bayan haka ya ɗauki sauran shekaru 20 a duniya don gane tasiri da mahimmancin wannan na'urar.
Wane ne ya zo tare da
Likitan hakori Arthur Parrott da Harold Round ne suka kirkiro "jakar iska" ta farko a cikin shekarun 1910. Likitoci sun yi jinyar wadanda yakin duniya na farko ya rutsa da su, tare da lura da abin da ya biyo bayan fadan.
Na'urar, kamar yadda wadanda suka kirkira suka dauka, ta hana raunin jawur, an sanya su a cikin motoci da jiragen sama. An shigar da aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1919, an karɓi takardar kanta a cikin 1920.
Plaque commemorating Round and Parrott's patent
A cikin 1951, Bajamushe Walter Linderer da Ba'amurke John Hedrick sun nemi takardar haƙƙin mallaka don jakar iska. Dukansu sun sami takardar a cikin 1953. Ci gaban Walter Linderer ya cika da iska mai matsa lamba lokacin da yake bugun motar mota ko lokacin da aka kunna da hannu.
Tarihin samfurin
An fara kirgawa a cikin 1950, lokacin da injiniyan sarrafawa John Hetrick, wanda ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka, ya yi hatsari tare da matarsa da 'yarsa. Iyalan dai ba su samu mummunan rauni ba, amma wannan lamari ne ya sa aka nemi na’urar da za a tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar fasinjojin idan wani hatsari ya faru.
Neman ƙwarewar aikin injiniya, Hetrick ya fito da samfurin matashin kariya don motoci. Zane-zanen jaka ce mai hurawa da aka haɗa da silinda mai matsewar iska. An shigar da samfurin a cikin sitiyarin, a tsakiyar dashboard, kusa da akwatin safar hannu. Zane ya yi amfani da shigarwa na bazara.
Samfuran matashin kariya don motoci
Ka'idar ita ce kamar haka: zane yana gano tasiri, yana kunna bawuloli a cikin silinda na iska da aka matsa, daga abin da ya shiga cikin jaka.
Farkon aiwatarwa a cikin motoci
Tarihin aikace-aikacen ya fara ne a cikin 1971, lokacin da Ford ya gina wurin shakatawa inda aka yi gwajin haɗari. Bayan shekaru 2, General Motors ya gwada ƙirƙira akan Chevrolet 1973, wanda aka sayar wa ma'aikatan gwamnati. Don haka Oldsmobile Tornado ta zama mota ta farko tare da zaɓin jakan iska na fasinja.
Oldsmobile Tornado
A cikin 1975 da 1976, Oldsmobile da Buick sun fara samar da bangarorin gefe.
Me yasa kowa bai so amfani da shi ba
Gwaje-gwaje na farko na matashin kai ya nuna karuwar rayuwa a wasu lokuta. An yi rikodin ƙananan adadin mace-mace har yanzu: matsalolin ƙira tare da bambance-bambancen iska da aka matsa a wasu lokuta sun kai ga mutuwa. Ko da yake a fili akwai ƙarin ƙari fiye da minuses, masana'antun, jihar da masu amfani sun amince na dogon lokaci ko ana buƙatar matashin kai.
Shekaru 60 da 70s lokaci ne da adadin wadanda suka mutu a hatsarin mota a Amurka ya kai mutum dubu 1 a mako. Jakunkuna na iska ya zama kamar sifa mai ci gaba, amma amfani da yaɗuwar ya sami cikas ta hanyar ra'ayoyin masu kera motoci, masu siye, da yanayin kasuwa na gaba ɗaya. Wannan lokaci ne na damuwa don ƙirƙirar motoci masu sauri da kyau waɗanda za su yi sha'awar matasa. Babu wanda ya damu da aminci.
Lauya Ralph Nader da littafinsa "Unsafe a kowace gudun"
Duk da haka, yanayin ya canza bayan lokaci. Lauya Ralph Nader ya rubuta littafin "Unsafe at Any Speed" a cikin 1965, yana zargin masu kera motoci da yin watsi da sabbin fasahohin tsaro. Masu zanen kaya sun yi imanin cewa shigar da kayan aikin tsaro zai lalata hoton a tsakanin matasa. Kudin motar ma ya karu. Wadanda suka kirkiro har ma sun kira matashin kai mai haɗari ga fasinjoji, wanda wasu lokuta suka tabbatar.
Gwagwarmayar Ralph Nader tare da masana'antar kera motoci ta daɗe na dogon lokaci: manyan kamfanoni ba sa son ba da gudummawa. Belin ba su isa ba don ba da kariya, don haka masana'antun sun ci gaba da yin tozarta amfani da matashin kai don kiyaye samfuran su yin tsada.
Abubuwan ci gaba a tarihin ci gaba
Tun da Allen Breed ya kirkiro tsarin firikwensin, hauhawar farashin jaka ya zama babban ci gaba. A cikin 1964, injiniyan Jafananci Yasuzaburo Kobori ya yi amfani da ƙaramin fashewa don hauhawar farashin kayayyaki mai sauri. Tunanin ya sami karbuwa a duk duniya kuma an ba shi takardar haƙƙin mallaka a cikin ƙasashe 14.
Allen Breed
Sensors wani ci gaba ne. Allen Breed ya inganta nasa ƙirar ta hanyar ƙirƙira na'urar lantarki a cikin 1967: a hade tare da ƙananan fashewar, an rage lokacin haɓakawa zuwa 30 ms.
A cikin 1991, Breed, wanda ya riga ya sami ingantaccen tarihin ganowa a bayansa, ya ƙirƙira matashin kai tare da yadudduka biyu. Lokacin da na'urar ta harba, sai ta kumbura, sannan ta saki iskar gas, ta zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi.
An ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyoyi uku:
- ƙirƙirar nau'ikan nau'ikan gini: a gefe, gaba, don gwiwoyi;
- gyare-gyaren na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke ba ku damar aika buƙatu da sauri kuma mafi daidai da amsa ga tasirin muhalli;
- inganta matsa lamba da kuma jinkirin busa tsarin.
A yau, masana'antun suna ci gaba da inganta kunnawa, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da dai sauransu, a cikin yakin don rage yiwuwar rauni a cikin haɗari na hanya.
