Ta yaya aka ƙididdige ranar Ista tsawon ƙarni?

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku yadda ilimin taurari ke da alaƙa da ilimin lissafi, ƙarni nawa ya ɗauki masana kimiyyar zamani don cim ma nasarorin da masana ilimin taurari na da, da kuma yadda aka gano cewa gogewa da lura sun tabbatar da ka'idar.

Lokacin da muke son duba ranar Easter na gaba a yau, kawai duba kalanda kuma komai zai bayyana nan da nan. Koyaya, saita kwanakin hutu ba koyaushe yana da sauƙi haka ba.

Nisan 14 ko 15?

Easter shi ne hutu mafi mahimmanci na shekara-shekara na Kiristanci. Dukan bishara huɗu sun yarda cewa Ranar Mai Tsarki ita ce Juma’a kuma almajiran sun sami kabarin Kristi babu kowa a ranar Lahadi bayan Idin Ƙetarewa. Ana yin Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa a ranar 15 ga Nisan bisa kalandar Yahudawa.

Masu bishara uku sun ba da rahoton cewa an gicciye Kristi a ranar 15 ga Nisan. St. Yohanna ya rubuta cewa ranar 14 ga Nisan ne, kuma an yi la’akari da na ƙarshe na abubuwan da suka faru. Duk da haka, nazarin bayanan da ake da su bai kai ga zaɓin takamaiman kwanan wata don tashin matattu ba.

Don haka, dole ne a yarda da ƙa'idodin ma'anar ko ta yaya Kwanakin Easter a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Takaddama da gyaran hanyoyin yin lissafin waɗannan kwanakin sun ɗauki ƙarni da yawa. Da farko, a gabashin daular Roma, ana tunawa da gicciye kowace shekara a ranar 14 ga Nisan.

Ranar hutun Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa an ƙayyade shi ne ta matakan wata a kalandar Yahudawa kuma yana iya faɗuwa a kowace rana ta mako. Don haka, idin sha'awar Ubangiji da kuma idin tashin kiyama na iya faɗuwa a kowace rana ta mako.

A Roma, bi da bi, an yi imani cewa tunawa da tashin matattu ya kamata a koyaushe a yi bikin ranar Lahadi bayan Ista. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar ranar 15 ga Nisan ranar gicciye Kristi. A cikin karni na XNUMX AD, an yanke shawarar cewa Lahadin Ista bai kamata ya riga ya yi daidai da lokacin bazara ba.

Kuma duk da haka Lahadi

A shekara ta 313, sarakunan daular Roma ta yamma da ta gabas, Constantine Mai Girma (272-337) da Licinius (a. 260-325), sun ba da Dokar Milan, wadda ta tabbatar da ’yancin addini a Daular Roma, wanda aka fi sani da Kiristoci. (1). A cikin 325, Constantine Mai Girma ya kira majalisa a Nicaea, kilomita 80 daga Konstantinoful (2).

Sam ya shugabance shi a lokaci guda. Ban da tambayoyi masu muhimmanci na tauhidi - kamar ko Allah Uba ya wanzu kafin Ɗan Allah - da kuma ƙirƙirar dokokin canonical. An tattauna batun ranar hutun Lahadi.

An yanke shawarar cewa za a yi bikin Ista a ranar Lahadi bayan “cikakken wata” na farko a cikin bazara, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rana ta goma sha huɗu bayan bayyanar farkon wata bayan sabon wata.

Wannan rana a harshen Latin ita ce wata XIV. Cikakken wata na astronomical yawanci yana faruwa akan Moon XV, kuma sau biyu a shekara har ma akan wata na XVI. Sarkin sarakuna Constantine kuma ya ba da umurni cewa kada a yi bikin Ista a rana ɗaya da Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa.

Idan ikilisiyar da ke Nice ta tsayar da ranar Ista, to ba haka lamarin yake ba. hadaddun girke-girke na kwanan wata na wadannan bukukuwatabbas da kimiyya ta samu ci gaba daban a cikin ƙarnin da suka biyo baya. Hanyar lissafin ranar tashin qiyama ta karɓi lissafin sunan Latin. Ya zama dole a tabbatar da ainihin ranar bukukuwan da ke tafe a nan gaba, domin bikin da kansa ya riga da azumi, kuma yana da mahimmanci a san lokacin da za a fara shi.

rubutaccen rahoto

Hanyoyi na farko lissafin ranar Easter sun kasance bisa tsarin zagayowar shekaru takwas. An kuma ƙirƙiro zagayowar na shekaru 84, wanda ya fi rikitarwa, amma bai fi na baya ba. Amfaninsa shine cikakken adadin makonni. Kodayake bai yi aiki a aikace ba, an yi amfani da shi na dogon lokaci.

Mafi kyawun bayani ya zama zagayowar shekaru goma sha tara na Meton (masanin falaki na Athenia), wanda aka ƙididdige shi kusan 433 BC.

A cewarsa, duk bayan shekaru 19, yanayin wata yana maimaitawa a ranakun watanni masu zuwa na shekara mai zuwa. (Daga baya ya juya cewa wannan ba cikakke ba ne - bambance-bambancen shine kimanin sa'a daya da rabi a kowace zagaye).

Yawancin lokaci ana ƙididdige Ista don zagayowar Metonic guda biyar, wato, tsawon shekaru 95. Ƙididdigar kwanan watan Ista ya ƙara rikitar da gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da aka sani cewa duk shekara 128 kalandar Julian ta karkata da rana ɗaya daga shekara mai zafi.

A cikin karni na huɗu, wannan rashin daidaituwa ya kai kwana uku. St. Theophilus (ya mutu a 412) - Bishop na Alexandria - kidaya Allunan na Easter shekaru ɗari daga 380. St. Cyril (378-444), wanda kawunsa shine St. Theophilus ya kafa kwanakin Babban Lahadi a cikin zagayowar Metonic biyar, farawa daga shekara ta 437 (3).

Duk da haka, Kiristoci na Yamma ba su yarda da sakamakon lissafin masana kimiyya na Gabas ba. Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin kuma ita ce ƙayyade kwanan watan vernal equinox. A cikin Hellenistic part, wannan rana da aka dauke Maris 21, da kuma a cikin Latin - Maris 25. Har ila yau, Romawa sun yi amfani da zagayowar shekara ta 84 sannan kuma Iskandariyawa sun yi amfani da zagayowar Metonic.

A sakamakon haka, wannan ya kai a wasu shekaru zuwa bikin Easter a gabas a wata rana daban-daban fiye da na yamma. Victoria ta Aquitaine ya rayu a karni na 457, yayi aiki a kalandar Easter har zuwa 84. Ya nuna cewa zagayowar shekara goma sha tara ya fi na shekara 532 kyau. Ya kuma gano cewa ranakun Lahadi mai tsarki suna maimaita kowace shekara XNUMX.

Ana samun wannan lambar ta hanyar ninka tsawon shekaru goma sha tara da zagayowar shekara hudu da kuma adadin kwanakin cikin mako guda. Kwanakin tashin qiyama da ya lissafta ba su zo daidai da sakamakon lissafin malaman Gabas ba. An amince da allunansa a Orléans a cikin 541 kuma an yi amfani da su a Gaul (Faransa ta yau) har zuwa lokacin Charlemagne.

Abokai uku - Dionysius, Cassiodorus da Boethius da Anna Domini

Do Ista jirgin lissafi Dionysius Karami (c. 470-c. 544) (4) watsi da hanyoyin Romawa kuma ya bi hanyar da malaman Helenanci daga Kogin Nilu suka nuna, watau ya ci gaba da aikin St. Kirill.

Dionysius ya kawo karshen keɓantawar malaman Alexandria akan iya ranar Lahadi ta tashin kiyama.

Ya lissafta su a matsayin zagayowar Metonic guda biyar daga 532 AD. Ya kuma yi bidi'a. Sa'an nan kuma shekarun sun kasance bisa ga zamanin Diocletian.

Tun da yake wannan sarkin yana tsananta wa Kiristoci, Dionysius ya sami hanya mafi cancanta don nuna shekaru, wato daga haihuwar Kristi, ko kuma anni Domini nostri Jesu Christi.

Wata hanya ko wata, ya ƙididdige wannan kwanan wata ba daidai ba, yana kuskure shekaru da yawa. A yau an yarda da cewa an haifi Yesu tsakanin 2 zuwa 8 BC. Abin sha'awa, a cikin 7 BC. haɗin Jupiter tare da Saturn ya faru. Wannan ya ba sararin sama tasirin wani abu mai haske, wanda za a iya gane shi da Tauraron Baitalami.

Cassiodorus (485-583) ya yi aikin gudanarwa a kotun Theodoric, sa'an nan kuma ya kafa gidan sufi a Vivarium, wanda a lokacin ya bambanta da gaskiyar cewa yana tsunduma cikin ilimin kimiyya da adana rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce daga ɗakunan karatu na birni da tsoffin makarantu. Cassiodorus ya ja hankali kan mahimmancin ilimin lissafi, alal misali, a cikin binciken sararin samaniya.

Bugu da ƙari, a karon farko tun Dionysius yayi amfani da kalmar Anna Domini a shekara ta 562 AD a cikin wani littafi akan tantance ranar Easter, Computus Paschalis. Wannan littafin ya ƙunshi girke-girke mai amfani don ƙididdige kwanan wata bisa ga hanyar Dionysius kuma an rarraba shi cikin kwafi da yawa zuwa ɗakunan karatu. Sabuwar hanyar ƙirga shekaru daga haihuwar Kristi an karɓi sannu a hankali.

Ana iya cewa a cikin karni na 480 an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai, ko da yake, alal misali, a wasu wurare a Spain an karbe shi ne kawai a cikin karni na 525 ta mulkin Theodoric, ya fassara Euclid's geometry, Archimedes' makanikai, Ptolemy's astronomy. , Falsafar Plato da tunanin Aristotle zuwa Latin, kuma ya rubuta litattafai. Ayyukansa sun zama tushen ilimi ga masu bincike na gaba na tsakiyar zamanai.

Celtic Easter

Yanzu mu tafi arewa. A Reims a shekara ta 496, Sarkin Gallic Clovis ya yi baftisma tare da franc dubu uku. Har ma da gaba a cikin wannan shugabanci, a fadin Turanci Channel a cikin Birtaniya tsibiran, Kiristoci na Roman Empire sun rayu da yawa a baya.

Sun rabu da Roma na dogon lokaci, tun lokacin da runduna ta ƙarshe ta Roma ta bar tsibirin Celtic a shekara ta 410 AD. Don haka, a can, a ware, an samar da al'adu da al'adu daban-daban. A cikin wannan yanayi ne Sarkin Celtic Kirista Oswiu na Northumbria (612-670) ya girma. Matarsa, Gimbiya Enflaed na Kent, ta girma a cikin al'adar Romawa da aka kawo zuwa kudancin Ingila a 596 ta wurin wakilin Paparoma Gregory Augustine.

Sarki da sarauniya kowanne ya yi bikin Ista bisa ga al'adar da suka taso. Yawancin lokaci kwanakin hutu sun yarda da juna, amma ba koyaushe ba, kamar yadda suka yi a 664. Abin mamaki ne lokacin da sarki ya riga ya yi bukukuwa a kotu, kuma sarauniya tana ci gaba da azumi da bikin Palm Sunday.

Celts sun yi amfani da hanyar daga tsakiyar karni na 84, bisa ga zagayowar shekaru 14. Lahadi Lahadi na iya faruwa daga wata XIV zuwa wata XX, watau. hutun na iya fadowa daidai rana ta XNUMX bayan sabon wata, wanda aka yi adawa da shi sosai a wajen tsibiran Burtaniya.

A birnin Roma, an gudanar da bikin ne tsakanin wata na 5 da wata na XNUMX. Bugu da ƙari, Celts sun ambaci gicciye Yesu a ranar Alhamis. Dan ma'auratan sarauta ne kawai, ya tarbiyyantar da al'adar mahaifiyarsa, ya sa mahaifinsa ya daidaita ta. Sa'an nan a Whitby, a cikin gidan sufi a Streanaschalch, an yi taron malamai, wanda ya tuna da Majalisar Nicaea ƙarni uku a baya (XNUMX).

Duk da haka, da gaske za a iya zama mafita ɗaya kawai. kin amincewa da al'adun Celtic da kuma biyayya ga Ikilisiyar Romawa. Wani ɓangare na limaman Welsh da Irish sun rage na ɗan lokaci a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsari.

5. Rugujewar Abbey inda aka gudanar da taron majalisar dattawa a Whitby. Mike Peel

Lokacin da ba lokacin bazara ba ne

Bede the Venerable (672-735) ɗan zuhudu ne, marubuci, malami kuma jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa a gidan sufi a Northumbria. Ya rayu nesa da abubuwan al'adu da kimiyya na lokacin, amma ya sami damar rubuta littattafai sittin akan Littafi Mai-Tsarki, labarin kasa, tarihi, lissafi, kiyaye lokaci, da shekarun tsalle.

6. Shafi daga Tarihin Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

Ya kuma yi lissafin ilmin taurari. Zai iya amfani da ɗakin karatu na sama da littattafai ɗari huɗu. Keɓantawar hankalinsa ya ma fi keɓewar ƙasarsa.

A cikin wannan mahallin, kawai za a iya kwatanta shi da ɗan Isidore na Seville (560-636), wanda ya sami tsohon ilimin kuma ya rubuta akan ilmin taurari, lissafi, ƙididdiga, da kuma lokaci-lokaci. lissafin ranar Easter.

Duk da haka, Isidore, ta yin amfani da maimaitawar wasu mawallafa, sau da yawa ba ta da kirkira. Bede, a cikin shahararren littafinsa na wancan lokacin Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, wanda aka yi kwanan watan haihuwar Kristi (6).

Ya bambanta nau'ikan lokaci guda uku: ƙaddara ta yanayi, al'ada da iko, na mutum da na allahntaka.

Ya gaskata cewa lokacin Allah ya fi kowane lokaci girma. Wani daga cikin ayyukansa, De temporum ratione, ba ya misaltuwa cikin lokaci da kalanda na ƴan ƙarni masu zuwa. Ya ƙunshi maimaitawar ilimin da aka sani, da kuma nasarorin da marubucin ya samu. Ya shahara a tsakiyar zamanai kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin ɗakunan karatu sama da ɗari.

Bede ya koma kan wannan batu tsawon shekaru da yawa. lissafin ranar Easter. Ya ƙididdige ranakun bukukuwan kiyama na tsawon shekara 532, daga 532 zuwa 1063. Abin da ke da mahimmanci, bai tsaya a lissafin kansu ba. Ya gina hadadden rana. A cikin 730, ya lura cewa vernal equinox bai faɗi a ranar 25 ga Maris ba.

Ya lura da daidaiton kaka a ranar 19 ga Satumba. Don haka ya ci gaba da lura da shi, kuma lokacin da ya ga equinox na gaba a cikin bazara na 731, ya gane cewa a ce shekara ta ƙunshi kwanakin 365 /XNUMX shine kawai kimanin. Ana iya lura cewa kalandar Julian ta kasance "kuskure" ta kwanaki shida.

Hanyar gwaji ta Bede game da matsalar lissafi ta kasance ba a taɓa samun irinta ba a tsakiyar zamanai kuma ƙarni da yawa kafin lokacinsa. Af, yana da kyau a kara da cewa Bede ya gano yadda ake amfani da magudanan ruwan teku wajen auna matakan da kewayar wata. Abbott Fleury (945–1004) da Hraban Maur (780–856) ne suka kawo rubuce-rubucen Bede, waɗanda suka sauƙaƙa hanyoyin lissafin su kuma suka sami sakamako iri ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, Abbott Fleury ya yi amfani da gilashin sa'a na ruwa don auna lokaci, na'urar da ta fi dacewa da hasken rana.

Ƙarin hujjoji ba su yarda ba

Kulavi na Jamus (1013-54) - wani ɗan coci daga Reichenau, ya bayyana ra'ayin da bai dace ba don lokacinsa cewa gaskiyar yanayi ba ta da ƙarfi. Ya yi amfani da tauraron taurari da na rana, wanda ya kera masa musamman.

Sun yi daidai har ya gano cewa hatta sassan wata ba su yarda da lissafin kwamfuta ba.

Duba yarda da kalandar hutu Matsalolin coci da ilmin taurari sun juya sun zama mara kyau. Ya yi kokarin gyara lissafin Bede, amma abin ya ci tura. Don haka, ya gano cewa gaba ɗaya hanyar kirga ranar Ista ba daidai ba ce kuma bisa kuskuren zato na falaki.

Cewa zagayowar Metonic bai dace da ainihin motsin rana da wata ba Rainer na Paderborn (1140-90) ya gano. Ya lissafta wannan darajar na kwana daya a cikin shekaru 315 na kalandar Julian. Ya yi amfani da lissafi na Gabas a zamanin yau, don tsarin lissafin da ake amfani da shi don ƙididdige ranar Easter.

Ya kuma lura cewa yunƙurin lissafa shekarun duniya daga halittarta ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki kuskure ne saboda kalandar da ba ta dace ba. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX/XNUMX, Conrad na Strasbourg ya gano cewa lokacin hunturu ya koma kwanaki goma daga kafa kalandar Julian.

Duk da haka, tambayar ta taso ko bai kamata a kayyade wannan adadin ba domin a faɗi ranar 21 ga Maris, kamar yadda aka kafa a Majalisar Nicaea. Wannan adadi mai kama da na Rainer na Paderborn Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) na Jami'ar Oxford ya lissafta shi, kuma ya sami sakamakon a rana daya cikin shekaru 304 (7).

A yau mun dauke ta a matsayin rana daya a cikin shekaru 308,5. Grossetest ya ba da shawarar farawa lissafin ranar Easter, tare da ɗaukar ma'aunin vernal equinox a ranar 14 ga Maris. Baya ga ilimin taurari, ya karanci ilmin lissafi da ilmin gani. Ya kasance gaba da lokacinsa ta hanyar gwada ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kwarewa da kuma lura.

Bugu da kari, ya tabbatar da cewa nasarorin da masana ilmin taurari na Girka da na Larabawa suka samu ya zarce na Bede da sauran masana kimiyya na Turai ta tsakiyar zamani. Wani ɗan ƙarami John na Sacrobosco (1195-1256) yana da cikakken ilimin lissafi da ilimin taurari, ya yi amfani da taurari.

Ya ba da gudummawa wajen yaduwar lambobin larabci a Turai. Bugu da ƙari, ya soki kalandar Julian sosai. Don magance wannan, ya ba da shawarar a bar shekara ta tsalle-tsalle a kowace shekara 288 a nan gaba.

Ana buƙatar sabunta kalanda.

Roger Bacon (c. 1214-92) Masanin kimiyya na Ingilishi, mai gani, masanin ilimin halitta (8). Ya yi imanin cewa aikin gwaji ya kamata ya maye gurbin muhawarar ka'idar - don haka, bai isa ba kawai don zana ƙarshe, ana buƙatar kwarewa. Bacon ya annabta cewa wata rana mutum zai kera motoci, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama.

8. Roger Bacon. Hoto. Michael Reeve

Ya shiga gidan sufi na Franciscan a makare, kasancewarsa balagagge malami, marubucin ayyuka da yawa kuma malami a Jami'ar Paris. Ya yi imani cewa tunda Allah ne ya halicce ta, a yi bincike, a gwada ta, a kuma hada ta domin kusantar mutane zuwa ga Allah.

Kuma rashin bayyanar da ilimi cin fuska ne ga mahalicci. Ya soki al'adar da malaman lissafi da kididdiga na kiristoci suka dauka, inda Bede, a cikin wasu abubuwa, ya bi hanyar kirga su daidai.

Kurakurai a ciki lissafin ranar Easter ya jagoranci, alal misali, cewa a cikin 1267 an yi tunawa da tashin kiyama a ranar da ba daidai ba.

Lokacin da ya kamata a yi azumi, mutane ba su san shi ba, suka ci nama. Duk sauran bukukuwa, kamar hawan Ubangiji da Fentakos, an yi su ne da kuskuren mako-mako. Bacon bambanta lokaci, ƙaddara ta yanayi, iko da al'adu. Ya gaskata cewa lokaci kaɗai lokacin Allah ne kuma lokacin da hukuma ta kayyade na iya zama kuskure. Paparoma yana da hakkin ya gyara kalanda. Duk da haka, gwamnatin Paparoma a lokacin ba ta fahimci Bacon ba.

Kalanda

An tsara shi ta yadda za a riƙa faɗo a ko da yaushe a ranar 21 ga Maris, kamar yadda aka amince a Majalisar Nicaea. Saboda rashin daidaiton da ke akwai, an kuma yi zagayowar Metonic gyare-gyare a cikin kalandar Lunar. Bayan gabatar da kalandar Gregorian a shekara ta 1582, nan da nan ƙasashen Katolika na Turai ne kawai suka yi amfani da shi.

Bayan lokaci, kasashen Furotesta sun karbe shi, sannan kuma ta kasashen Gabas. Koyaya, majami'u na Gabas suna bin kwanakin bisa kalandar Julian. A ƙarshe, sha'awar tarihi. A shekara ta 1825, Cocin Roman Katolika ba ta bi Majalisar Nicaea ba. Sa'an nan kuma an yi bikin Ista lokaci guda tare da Idin Ƙetarewa na Yahudawa.