Gwajin Tarihin Taya Mota III: Masana Chemist a Motsi

Taya samfurin fasaha ne mai girma, sakamakon shekarun da suka gabata na juyin halitta.

Tun da farko, masana'antun roba ko masanan kimiyya ba su san ainihin nau'in sinadari da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na albarkatun da suke aiki da su ba, kuma tayoyin ba su da inganci. Babban matsalar su shine sauƙi abrasion da lalacewa, wanda ke nufin ɗan gajeren rayuwar sabis. Jim kadan kafin barkewar yakin duniya na daya, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa kara bakar carbon a matsayin sinadari zuwa wani tsari yana kara karfi sosai, da karfin jiki, da juriya. Sulfur, carbon black, zinc, da kuma abin da ake kira silicon dioxide ko kuma sanannen ma'adini (silicon dioxide), wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi azaman ƙari, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen canza tsarin sinadarai na roba da kuma inganta shi. kaddarorin, kuma amfani da su don wannan dalili yana komawa zuwa lokuta daban-daban na haɓaka fasahar taya. Amma, kamar yadda muka ce, a farkon, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na taya ya kasance cikakken asiri.

Koyaya, a zahiri, baya cikin 1829, Michael Faraday ya bayyana ainihin tubalin ginin roba tare da dabarar sinadarai C5H8, ko kuma a wasu kalmomi, isoprene. A cikin 1860, masanin ilmin sunadarai Williams ya sami ruwa na wannan tsari. A cikin 1882, an fara yin isoprene na roba, kuma a cikin 1911, masana kimiyya Francis Matthews da Carl Harris da kansu sun gano cewa isoprene na iya zama polymerized, tsarin da ke bayan nasarar ƙirƙirar roba na wucin gadi. A haƙiƙa, nasarar da masana kimiyya suka samu ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da suka ƙi kwafi kwafin tsarin sinadarai na roba na halitta.

Standard Oil da IG Farben

Komawa cikin 1906, kwararru daga kamfanin Jamus na Bayer sun ƙaddamar da shiri mai ƙarfi don samar da roba mai roba. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na dueaya, saboda ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa, samar da tayoyi dangane da abin da ake kira robar methyl, da Bayer ta ƙirƙiro. Koyaya, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, an katse shi saboda tsadarsa mai ƙarewa da samfurin ƙasa mai rahusa. Koyaya, a cikin 20s, karancin roba ta ɗabi'a ya sake faruwa, wanda ya haifar da fara bincike mai ƙarfi a cikin USSR, USA da Jamus.

A baya a cikin bazara na 1907, Fritz Hoffmann da Dokta Karl Kutel, ta yin amfani da kwalta na kwal, sun ɓullo da fasaha don samun kayan farawa na isoprene, methyl isoprene da butadiene gaseous, kuma mataki na gaba a cikin ci gaban ayyukan shine polymerization na kwayoyin wadannan abubuwa. Bayan yakin duniya na daya, masu bincike a giant IG Farben, wanda a yanzu ya hada da Bayer, sun mayar da hankali kan polymerization na butadiene monomer kuma sun yi nasarar samar da roba roba mai suna Buna, gajere don butadiene da sodium. A cikin 1929, damuwa ya riga ya samar da taya daga abin da ake kira Buna S, wanda aka ƙara sot. Du Pont, bi da bi, ya haɗa neoprene, sannan ake kira duprene. A cikin 30s, masana kimiyyar Standard Oil daga New Jersey, magabacin Exxon, sun yi nasarar haɓaka tsari don haɗa butadiene ta amfani da mai a matsayin babban samfuri. Babban abin da ke faruwa a wannan yanayin shine haɗin gwiwar American Standard da Jamusanci IG Farben ya ba wa kamfanin Amurka damar ƙirƙirar tsarin kera robar roba irin na Buna S kuma ya zama babban abin da aka ce yarjejeniya don magance matsalar roba. Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, manyan kamfanoni huɗu sun mamaye bincike da haɓaka abubuwan maye gurbin taya da yawa a cikin ƙasar: Kamfanin Firestone Tire & Rubber, Kamfanin BF Goodrich, Kamfanin Goodyear Tire & Rubber, Kamfanin Rubber na Amurka (Uniroyal). Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa a lokacin yaƙin ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar samfuran roba masu inganci. A cikin 1941, su da Standard sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar musayar haƙƙin mallaka da bayanai a ƙarƙashin ikon Kamfanin Rijiyar Rubber, wanda Roosevelt ya kafa, kuma ya zama misali na yadda manyan 'yan kasuwa da jihohi za su iya haɗa kai da sunan kayan aikin soja. Godiya ga babban aiki da kudaden jama'a, an gina tsire-tsire 51 don samar da monomers da kuma polymers da aka haɗa su, waɗanda suka zama dole don samar da tayoyin roba, cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita don wannan dalili ta dogara ne akan tsarin masana'antar Buna S saboda zai iya haɗawa da roba na halitta da na roba da kuma amfani da injunan sarrafawa.

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a lokacin yakin, gonaki 165 na hadin gwiwa sun yi girma iri biyu na dandelions, kuma kodayake samarwar ba ta da inganci kuma yawan amfanin gona a kowane yanki ya yi kasa, roba da aka samar ta ba da gudummawa ga nasarar. A yau, wannan dandelion ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan hanyoyin maye gurbin hevea. An haɓaka wannan samfurin tare da butadiene na roba ko abin da ake kira soprene, wanda Sergei Lebedev ya ƙirƙiro, wanda ake amfani da giya da aka samo daga dankali azaman kayan ɗanɗano.

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev