Hasashen na farko - da kuma bayan ...

A gefe guda, ya kamata su taimaka mana mu kayar da cutar kansa, yin hasashen yanayi daidai, da kuma ƙwarewar haɗakar makaman nukiliya. A gefe guda kuma, akwai fargabar cewa za su jawo halaka a duniya ko kuma su bautar da ’yan Adam. A halin yanzu, duk da haka, dodanni na lissafin har yanzu ba su iya yin babban abin kirki da mugunta na duniya a lokaci guda.

A cikin 60s, kwamfutoci mafi inganci suna da iko megaflops (miliyoyin ayyuka masu iyo a cikin daƙiƙa guda). Kwamfuta ta farko tare da ikon sarrafawa mafi girma 1 GFLOPS (gigaflops) ya kasance Cray 2, wanda Cray Research ya samar a cikin 1985. Samfurin farko tare da ikon sarrafawa sama da 1 TFLOPS (teraflops) ya kasance ASCI Red, wanda Intel ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1997. Ikon 1 PFLOPS (petaflops) ya kai Hanyar titi, wanda IBM ya fitar a cikin 2008.

Rikodin wutar lantarki na yanzu na Sunway TaihuLight ne na kasar Sin kuma shine 9 PFLOPS.

Kodayake, kamar yadda kuke gani, injunan da suka fi ƙarfin ba su kai ga ɗaruruwan petaflops ba, ƙari da ƙari exascale tsarinwanda dole ne a yi la'akari da ikon exaflopsach (EFLOPS), watau. fiye da ayyuka 1018 a sakan daya. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan zane-zane har yanzu suna kan mataki na ayyuka na digiri daban-daban na sophistication.

RAGE RAGE (, ayyuka masu iyo a cikin daƙiƙa guda) rukunin ikon kwamfuta ne da ake amfani da shi da farko a aikace-aikacen kimiyya. Ya fi dacewa da tsarin MIPS da aka yi amfani da shi a baya, wanda ke nufin adadin umarnin sarrafawa a cikin dakika daya. Flop ba SI ba ne, amma ana iya fassara shi azaman raka'a na 1/s.

Kuna buƙatar exascale don ciwon daji

Exaflops, ko petaflops dubu, ya fi duka manyan kwamfutoci XNUMX da aka haɗa. Masana kimiyya na fatan cewa sabbin injina masu irin wannan iko za su kawo ci gaba a fannoni daban-daban.

Exascale ikon kwamfuta hade tare da sauri ci gaba na inji koyo fasahar kamata taimaka, misali, a karshe fasa lambar kansar. Adadin bayanan da dole ne likitoci su samu don gano cutar kansa da kuma magance cutar kansa yana da yawa sosai wanda ke da wahala ga kwamfutoci na yau da kullun su iya jurewa aikin. A cikin binciken kwayar cutar ciwon daji guda daya, an dauki fiye da miliyan 8, a lokacin da likitoci ke yin nazari kan halayyar ciwace-ciwacen daji, da martanin da ke tattare da maganin magunguna, da kuma tasirin jikin mara lafiya. Wannan shine ainihin tekun bayanai.

In ji Rick Stevens na Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) Laboratory Argonne. -

Haɗa binciken likita tare da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta, masana kimiyya suna aiki don Tsarin hanyar sadarwa na Jijiya CANDLE (). Wannan yana ba ku damar yin tsinkaya da haɓaka shirin jiyya wanda ya dace da bukatun kowane mai haƙuri. Wannan zai taimaka wa masana kimiyya su fahimci tushen kwayoyin halittar mahimmin hulɗar sunadaran gina jiki, haɓaka ƙirar amsawar magunguna, da ba da shawarar dabarun jiyya mafi kyau. Argonne ya yi imanin cewa tsarin exascale zai iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen CANDLE sau 50 zuwa 100 cikin sauri fiye da manyan mashin ɗin da aka sani a yau.

Saboda haka, muna sa ido ga bayyanar exascale supercomputers. Koyaya, sigar farko ba lallai bane su bayyana a cikin Amurka. Tabbas, Amurka tana cikin tseren ƙirƙirar su, da ƙaramar hukuma a cikin aikin da aka sani da Aurora yana aiki tare da AMD, IBM, Intel da Nvidia, yana ƙoƙarin samun gaba da masu fafatawa na ƙasashen waje. Koyaya, ba a tsammanin hakan zai faru har zuwa 2021. A halin da ake ciki, a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2017, kwararrun kasar Sin sun ba da sanarwar samar da wani mugun abu. Samfurin cikakken aiki na rukunin lissafin irin wannan shine Tianhe-3 - duk da haka, yana da wuya a shirya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa.

Sinawa suna rike da karfi

Gaskiyar ita ce, tun daga shekarar 2013, ci gaban kasar Sin ya kasance kan gaba a jerin manyan kwamfutoci a duniya. Ya yi mulki tsawon shekaru Tianhe-2kuma yanzu dabino na abin da aka ambata Sunway TaihuLight. An yi imanin cewa waɗannan injuna biyu mafi ƙarfi a cikin Masarautar Tsakiyar sun fi dukkan manyan kwamfutoci ashirin da ɗaya da ke cikin Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ƙarfi.

Masana kimiyyar Amurka, tabbas, suna son dawo da matsayin da suka rike shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma suna aiki da tsarin da zai basu damar yin hakan. Ana gina shi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Oak Ridge a cikin Tennessee. Taron (2), babban na'ura mai kwakwalwa da aka tsara don ƙaddamarwa daga baya a wannan shekara. Ya zarce ikon Sunway TaihuLight. Za a yi amfani da shi don gwadawa da haɓaka sabbin abubuwa waɗanda suka fi ƙarfi da haske, don kwaikwayi cikin duniya ta amfani da raƙuman sauti, da kuma tallafawa ayyukan astrophysics da ke binciken asalin sararin samaniya.

2. Tsarin sararin samaniya na Summit supercomputer

A dakin gwaje-gwaje na Argonne na ƙasa da aka ambata, ba da daɗewa ba masana kimiyya sun yi shirin kera na'ura mai sauri. An san shi A21Ana sa ran aikin zai kai petaflops 200.

Ita ma kasar Japan tana shiga gasar tseren na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Ko da yake a baya-bayan nan an dan lullube ta da fafatawa tsakanin Amurka da Sin, wannan kasa ce ke shirin kaddamar da gasar. tsarin ABC (), yana ba da petaflops 130 na iko. Jafananci suna fatan za a iya amfani da irin wannan na'ura mai kwakwalwa don haɓaka AI (hankali na wucin gadi) ko zurfin ilmantarwa.

A halin da ake ciki, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yanke shawarar gina babban na'ura mai kwakwalwa na Euro biliyan EU. Wannan dodo na kwamfuta zai fara aikinsa ga cibiyoyin bincike na nahiyarmu a lokacin 2022 da 2023. Za a gina injin a ciki aikin EuroGPKkuma kasashe mambobin ne za su dauki nauyin gina shi - don haka Poland ma za ta shiga cikin wannan aikin. Ikon da aka annabta ana kiransa "pre-exascale".

Ya zuwa yanzu, bisa kididdigar kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2017, daga cikin na'urori masu saurin sauri dari biyar a duniya, kasar Sin tana da irin wadannan injina guda 202 (40%), yayin da Amurka ke sarrafa kashi 144 (29%).

Kasar Sin kuma tana amfani da kashi 35% na karfin kwamfuta a duniya idan aka kwatanta da kashi 30% a Amurka. Kasashe na gaba da ke da mafi yawan kwamfutoci a cikin jerin sune Japan (tsari 35), Jamus (20), Faransa (18) da Burtaniya (15). Yana da kyau a lura cewa, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar asali ba, duk ɗari biyar na manyan kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi suna amfani da nau'ikan Linux daban-daban ...

Suna tsara kansu

Supercomputers sun riga sun zama kayan aiki mai mahimmanci da ke tallafawa masana'antun kimiyya da fasaha. Suna baiwa masu bincike da injiniyoyi damar samun ci gaba akai-akai (kuma wani lokacin har ma da babban tsalle-tsalle) a fannoni kamar ilmin halitta, yanayi da hasashen yanayi, ilmin taurari, da makaman nukiliya.

Sauran ya dogara da ikonsu. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yin amfani da na'urori masu mahimmanci na iya canza yanayin tattalin arziki, soja da yanayin siyasa na ƙasashen da ke da damar yin amfani da irin wannan kayan aiki mai mahimmanci.

Ci gaba a wannan fanni yana da sauri sosai cewa ƙirar sabbin ƙarni na microprocessors ya riga ya zama mai wahala har ma da albarkatun ɗan adam da yawa. Don haka ne ma manyan manhajojin kwamfuta da na’urorin kwamfuta ke kara taka rawa wajen bunkasar kwamfuta, ciki har da wadanda ke da prefix “super”.

3. Jafananci supercomputer

Kamfanonin harhada magunguna nan ba da jimawa ba za su iya yin cikakken aiki godiya ga manyan masu sarrafa kwamfuta sarrafa adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halittar dan adam, Dabbobi da tsire-tsire da za su taimaka wajen samar da sababbin magunguna da magungunan cututtuka daban-daban.

Wani dalili kuma (a zahiri daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan) da ya sa gwamnatoci ke saka hannun jari sosai don haɓaka manyan na'urori. Ingantattun motoci masu inganci za su taimaka wa shugabannin sojan nan gaba su samar da ingantaccen dabarun yaƙi a kowane yanayi na yaƙi, ba da damar haɓaka tsarin makamai masu inganci, da tallafawa jami'an tsaro da hukumomin leƙen asiri don gano barazanar da za a iya fuskanta a gaba.

Rashin isasshen iko don kwaikwayar kwakwalwa

Sabbin kwamfutoci yakamata su taimaka su tantance na'urar supercomputer da aka sani da mu na dogon lokaci - kwakwalwar ɗan adam.

Ƙungiya ta masana kimiyya ta duniya kwanan nan ta ƙirƙira wani algorithm wanda ke wakiltar wani muhimmin sabon mataki na ƙirar haɗin gwiwar kwakwalwa. Sabo BA-algorithm, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wata buɗaɗɗen takardar shiga da aka buga a Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, ana sa ran za ta kwaikwayi nau'ikan nau'ikan haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar biliyan biliyan 100 a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam akan manyan na'urori. Masana kimiyya daga cibiyar bincike ta Jamus Jülich, Jami'ar Kimiyyar Rayuwa ta Norway, Jami'ar Aachen, Cibiyar RIKEN ta Japan da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Royal KTH a Stockholm sun shiga cikin aikin.

Tun daga 2014, manyan simintin jijiyoyi na cibiyar sadarwa suna gudana akan manyan kwamfutoci na RIKEN da JUQUEEN a Jülich Supercomputing Center a Jamus, suna yin kwatankwacin haɗin kai kusan 1% na neurons a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Me yasa kawai da yawa? Shin manyan kwamfutoci za su iya kwaikwaya duka kwakwalwa?

Susanne Kunkel daga kamfanin KTH na Sweden yayi bayani.

Yayin simintin, dole ne a aika yuwuwar aikin neuron (gajerun abubuwan motsa jiki) zuwa kusan duk mutane 100. kananan kwamfutoci, da ake kira nodes, kowanne sanye yake da na’urori masu sarrafa kwamfuta da dama wadanda ke yin lissafin ainihin. Kowane kumburi yana bincika ko wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan motsa jiki ke da alaƙa da ƙayatattun ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cikin wannan kumburin.

4. Samfuran haɗin gwiwar kwakwalwa na neurons, watau. mu ne kawai a farkon tafiya (1%)

A bayyane yake, adadin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta da masu sarrafawa ke buƙata don waɗannan ƙarin raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ƙwayar cuta a kowane nau'in neuron yana ƙaruwa tare da girman cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi. Don wuce simintin 1% na dukkan kwakwalwar ɗan adam (4) zai buƙaci XNUMX sau fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da abin da ake samu a duk supercomputers a yau. Sabili da haka, zai yiwu a yi magana game da samun simulation na duka kwakwalwa kawai a cikin mahallin supercomputers na gaba. Wannan shine inda ƙarni na gaba NEST algorithm yakamata yayi aiki.

TOP-5 supercomputers na duniya

1. Sunway TaihuLight - 93 PFLOPS supercomputer ya ƙaddamar a cikin 2016 a Wuxi, China. Tun daga watan Yuni 2016, ya kasance cikin jerin TOP500 - supercomputers tare da mafi girman ikon sarrafa kwamfuta a duniya.

2. Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2) – na’urar kwamfuta mai karfin kwamfuta mai karfin 33,86 PFLOPS, wanda NUDT () ta gina a kasar Sin. Tun watan Yuni 2013

har zuwa watan Yunin 2016, shi ne na'urar sarrafa kwamfuta mafi sauri a duniya.

3. Piz Daint - wani zane da Cray ya ƙera, wanda aka shigar a Cibiyar Supercomputing ta Switzerland (). An sabunta kwanan nan - An maye gurbin Nvidia Tesla K20X accelerators tare da sababbi, Tesla P100, wanda ya ba da damar haɓaka ikon sarrafa kwamfuta daga 2017 zuwa 9,8 PFLOPS a lokacin rani na 19,6.

4. Gyokou babban kwamfuta ne wanda ExaScaler da PEZY Computing suka haɓaka. Ana zaune a Hukumar Kula da Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan (JAMSTEC) Cibiyar Nazarin Geosciences Yokohama; a kasa daya da na'urar kwaikwayo ta Duniya. Ikon: 19,14 PFLOPS.

5. Titanium - babban kwamfuta tare da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta na 17,59 PFLOPS wanda Cray Inc ya kera. kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 2012 a Oak Ridge National Laboratory a Amurka. Daga Nuwamba 2012 zuwa Yuni 2013, Titan shine mafi sauri supercomputer a duniya. A halin yanzu yana matsayi na biyar, amma har yanzu shine mafi sauri supercomputer a Amurka.

Suna kuma fafatawa a gasa ta gaba a adadi

IBM ta yi imanin cewa a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, ba na'urori masu amfani da kwamfuta ba a kan guntun siliki na gargajiya, amma za su fara watsa shirye-shirye. Masana'antar ta fara fahimtar yadda za a iya amfani da kwamfutoci masu yawa, a cewar masu binciken kamfanin. Ana sa ran injiniyoyi za su gano manyan aikace-aikacen farko na waɗannan injina cikin shekaru biyar kacal.

Kwamfutoci na Quantum suna amfani da na'urar kwamfuta mai suna kamu daya. Semiconductors na yau da kullun suna wakiltar bayanai a cikin nau'ikan jeri na 1 da 0, yayin da qubits ke nuna kaddarorin ƙididdigewa kuma suna iya yin lissafin lokaci guda kamar 1 da 0. Wannan yana nufin cewa qubits biyu na iya wakiltar jeri na 1-0, 1-1, 0-1 lokaci guda. . ., 0-0. Ƙimar kwamfuta tana girma da ƙarfi tare da kowane qubit, don haka a zahiri kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa mai 50 qubits za ta iya samun ƙarfin sarrafawa fiye da manyan kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi a duniya.

D-Wave Systems ya rigaya yana siyar da kwamfuta mai ƙima, wanda aka ce akwai 2. qubits. Duk da haka Kwafi D-Wave(5) ana muhawara. Ko da yake wasu masu bincike sun yi amfani da su da kyau, har yanzu ba su wuce kwamfutoci na gargajiya ba kuma suna da amfani kawai ga wasu nau'ikan matsalolin ingantawa.

5. D-Wave quantum kwamfutoci

A 'yan watannin da suka gabata, Google Quantum AI Lab ya nuna sabon na'ura mai sarrafa ƙima mai nauyin 72-qubit mai suna. bristle cones (6). Ba da daɗewa ba zai iya cimma "ƙimar ƙima" ta hanyar ƙetare na'ura mai kwakwalwa na zamani, aƙalla idan ana batun magance wasu matsaloli. Lokacin da na'ura mai sarrafa ƙididdigewa ya nuna isassun ƙarancin kuskure a cikin aiki, zai iya zama mafi inganci fiye da supercomputer na gargajiya tare da ingantaccen aikin IT.

6. Bristlecone 72 qubit quantum processor

Na biye da shi shi ne na’urar sarrafa bayanai ta Google, domin a watan Janairu, alal misali, Intel ya sanar da nasa tsarin quantum 49-qubit, kuma a baya IBM ya gabatar da sigar 50-qubit. Intel guntu, Loihi, yana da sababbin abubuwa ta wasu hanyoyi kuma. Ita ce haɗe-haɗe na "neuromorphic" na farko da aka tsara don yin kwaikwayi yadda kwakwalwar ɗan adam ke koya da fahimta. Yana da "cikakken aiki" kuma zai kasance samuwa ga abokan bincike daga baya a wannan shekara.

Koyaya, wannan shine farkon kawai, saboda don samun damar magance dodanni na silicon, kuna buƙatar z miliyoyin qubits. Wasu gungun masana kimiyya a jami'ar fasaha ta Dutch da ke Delft suna fatan hanyar cimma irin wannan ma'auni ita ce amfani da silicon a cikin kwamfutoci masu yawa, saboda mambobinsu sun sami mafita ta yadda za a yi amfani da silicon don ƙirƙirar na'ura mai sarrafa na'ura.

A cikin binciken da suka yi, wanda aka buga a mujallar Nature, ƙungiyar Holland ta sarrafa jujjuyawar lantarki guda ɗaya ta amfani da makamashin microwave. A cikin siliki, lantarki zai juye sama da ƙasa a lokaci guda, yana riƙe da shi sosai. Da zarar an cim ma hakan, ƙungiyar ta haɗa electrons guda biyu tare kuma ta tsara su don gudanar da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga.

Ya yiwu a ƙirƙira bisa tushen silicon biyu-bit quantum processor.

Dr Tom Watson, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi binciken, ya bayyana wa BBC. Idan Watson da tawagarsa suka sami damar haɗa na'urorin lantarki da yawa, hakan na iya haifar da tawaye. masu sarrafa qubitwannan zai kawo mana mataki daya kusa da kwamfutocin kwamfutoci na gaba.

- Duk wanda ya gina kwamfuta mai cikakken aiki zai mallaki duniya Manas Mukherjee na Jami'ar Kasa ta Singapore kuma babban mai bincike a Cibiyar Fasahar Quantum ta Kasa kwanan nan ya fada a wata hira. Gasar da ke tsakanin manyan kamfanonin fasaha da ɗakunan bincike a halin yanzu an mayar da hankali kan abin da ake kira girman girman adadi, lokacin da kwamfuta ta quantum za ta iya yin lissafin fiye da duk abin da kwamfutocin zamani suka fi iya bayarwa.

Misalai na sama na nasarorin Google, IBM da Intel sun nuna cewa kamfanoni daga Amurka (da kuma jihar) sun mamaye wannan yanki. Ko da yake, kwanan nan kamfanin Alibaba Cloud na kasar Sin ya fitar da wani dandali na sarrafa gajimare mai karfin qubit 11 wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar gwada sabbin algorithms. Wannan yana nufin cewa, kasar Sin a fannin kididdigar lissafi ita ma ba ta rufe pears da toka.

Koyaya, ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar kwamfutoci masu ƙima ba wai kawai masu sha'awar sabbin abubuwa bane, har ma suna haifar da cece-kuce.

A 'yan watannin da suka gabata, yayin taron kasa da kasa kan fasahar kere kere da aka yi a birnin Moscow, Alexander Lvovsky (7) daga Cibiyar Quantum ta Rasha, wanda kuma farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Calgary da ke Kanada, ya ce kwamfutoci masu yawa. kayan aikin lalataba tare da ƙirƙirar ba.

7. Farfesa Alexander Lvovsky

Me yake nufi? Da farko, tsaro na dijital. A halin yanzu, duk mahimman bayanan dijital da ake watsa ta hanyar Intanet an ɓoye su don kare sirrin masu sha'awar. Mun riga mun ga lokuta inda masu kutse za su iya kutse wannan bayanan ta hanyar karya ɓoyewar.

A cewar Lvov, bayyanar kwamfuta ta ƙididdigewa zai sauƙaƙe kawai ga masu aikata laifukan yanar gizo. Babu wani kayan aikin ɓoyewa da aka sani a yau da zai iya kare kansa daga ikon sarrafa kwamfuta ta gaske.

Bayanan likita, bayanan kuɗi, har ma da asirin gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin soja za su kasance a cikin kwanon rufi, wanda ke nufin, kamar yadda Lvovsky ya lura, cewa sabuwar fasaha na iya yin barazana ga dukan tsarin duniya. Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa tsoro na Rasha ba shi da tushe, tun da ƙirƙirar babban kwamfuta na gaske zai ba da izini. fara quantum cryptography, ana la'akari da ba za a iya lalacewa ba.

Wata hanya

Baya ga fasahar kwamfuta na gargajiya da haɓaka tsarin ƙididdiga, cibiyoyi daban-daban suna aiki kan wasu hanyoyin gina manyan kwamfutoci na gaba.

Hukumar DARPA ta Amurka tana ba da tallafin cibiyoyi shida don madadin hanyoyin ƙirar kwamfuta. Gine-ginen da ake amfani da su a cikin injinan zamani ana kiransu da al'ada Architecture von NeumannOh, ya riga ya shekara saba'in. Taimakon ƙungiyar tsaro ga masu binciken jami'o'i na da nufin haɓaka hanya mafi wayo don sarrafa bayanai masu yawa fiye da kowane lokaci.

Buffering da lissafin layi daya Ga wasu misalan sabbin hanyoyin da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ke aiki da su. Wani ADA (), wanda ke sauƙaƙa haɓaka aikace-aikacen ta hanyar canza CPU da abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tare da modules zuwa majalissar guda ɗaya, maimakon magance batutuwan haɗin kansu akan motherboard.

A bara, ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Burtaniya da Rasha sun sami nasarar nuna cewa nau'in "Kurar Sihiri"wanda aka hada su haske da kwayoyin halitta - a ƙarshe ya zarce a cikin "aiki" har ma da mafi ƙarfi supercomputers.

Masana kimiyya daga jami'o'in Birtaniya na Cambridge, Southampton da Cardiff da Cibiyar Skolkovo ta Rasha sun yi amfani da kwayoyin halitta da aka sani da su. da polaritonwanda za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin wani abu tsakanin haske da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan wata sabuwar hanya ce ta kwamfutoci. A cewar masana kimiyya, za ta iya zama tushen wata sabuwar nau'in na'ura mai kwakwalwa da za ta iya magance tambayoyin da ba za a iya warware su a halin yanzu ba - a fannoni daban-daban, kamar ilmin halitta, kudi da kuma balaguron sararin samaniya. An buga sakamakon binciken a cikin mujallar Nature Materials.

Ka tuna cewa manyan kwamfutoci na yau suna iya ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin juzu'in matsalolin. Ko da kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa, idan an gina ta a ƙarshe, za ta samar da mafi kyawun saurin juzu'i don magance matsalolin da suka fi rikitarwa. A halin yanzu, polaritons da ke haifar da "ƙurar iska" an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar kunna yadudduka na gallium, arsenic, indium, da aluminum atom tare da katako na laser.

Electrons a cikin waɗannan yadudduka suna ɗaukar haske kuma suna fitar da wani launi. Polaritons sun fi electrons sauƙi sau dubu goma kuma suna iya isa isashen yawa don haifar da sabon yanayin kwayoyin halitta da aka sani da Bose-Einstein condensate (takwas). Matsakaicin adadi na polaritons da ke cikinsa suna aiki tare kuma suna samar da abu guda ɗaya na macroscopic, wanda za'a iya gano shi ta hanyar ma'auni na photoluminescence.

8. Makirci yana nuna condensate na Bose-Einstein

Ya bayyana cewa a cikin wannan jiha ta musamman, polariton condensate na iya magance matsalar ingantawa da muka ambata lokacin da ake kwatanta kwamfutoci masu yawa da inganci fiye da na'urori masu sarrafa qubit. Marubutan binciken Burtaniya-Rasha sun nuna cewa yayin da polaritons ke tattarawa, an tsara matakan ƙididdigansu a cikin wani tsari wanda ya dace da mafi ƙarancin aiki mai rikitarwa.

"Muna farkon binciken yuwuwar makircin polariton don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa," in ji Mawallafin Nature Materials, Farfesa. Pavlos Lagoudakis, Shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na Hybrid Photonics a Jami'ar Southampton. "A halin yanzu muna ƙaddamar da na'urar mu zuwa ɗaruruwan nodes yayin da muke gwada ƙarfin sarrafawa."

A cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen daga duniyar dabarar ƙirar ƙididdiga na haske da kwayoyin halitta, hatta na'urori masu sarrafa ƙididdiga suna da alama wani abu ne mai tauri kuma yana da alaƙa da gaskiya. Kamar yadda kake gani, masana kimiyya ba wai kawai na’urorin kwamfuta na gobe da na’urorin da za su yi aiki ba ne kawai, amma sun riga sun tsara abin da zai faru jibi.

A wannan lokacin isa ga exascale zai zama babban kalubale, sa'an nan za ku yi tunani game da matakai na gaba a kan ma'aunin flop (9). Kamar yadda kuke tsammani, kawai ƙara na'urori masu sarrafawa da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zuwa wannan bai isa ba. Idan za a yi imani da masana kimiyya, samun irin wannan ƙarfin na'ura mai ƙarfi zai ba mu damar magance matsalolin da aka sani da mu, kamar gano cutar kansa ko nazarin bayanan taurari.

9. Makomar supercomputing

Daidaita tambayar da amsar

Abin da ke gaba?

To, dangane da kwamfutoci masu yawa, tambayoyi kan taso kan me ya kamata a yi amfani da su. A cewar tsohuwar magana, kwamfutoci suna magance matsalolin da ba za su wanzu ba idan ba tare da su ba. Don haka tabbas yakamata mu fara gina waɗannan manyan injiniyoyin nan gaba. Sannan matsaloli zasu taso da kansu.

A waɗanne wurare ne kwamfutocin ƙididdiga za su iya zama masu amfani?

Hankali na wucin gadi. AI () yana aiki akan ka'idar koyo ta hanyar kwarewa, wanda ya zama mafi daidai kamar yadda ake karɓar amsa kuma har sai shirin kwamfuta ya zama "mai hankali". Bayanin ya dogara ne akan lissafin yuwuwar adadin zaɓuɓɓukan da dama. Mun riga mun san cewa Lockheed Martin, alal misali, yana shirin yin amfani da kwamfutarsa ​​na D-Wave quantum don gwada software na autopilot wanda a halin yanzu ya yi yawa ga kwamfutoci na gargajiya, kuma Google yana amfani da kwamfuta na ƙididdiga don haɓaka software da za ta iya bambanta motoci da alamomi.

Tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Godiya ga kwamfutocin ƙididdiga, za a yi yuwuwa a ƙirƙiri daidaitaccen ma'amalar kwayoyin halitta, neman mafi kyawun daidaitawa don halayen sinadarai. Chemistry na Quantum yana da sarkakiya ta yadda kwamfutocin dijital na zamani zasu iya tantance mafi saukin kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan halayen sinadarai suna da yawa a cikin yanayi saboda suna ƙirƙirar juzu'i masu ma'amala da juna waɗanda ke mamaye juna, don haka kwamfutocin ƙididdiga masu ƙima suna iya ƙididdigewa cikin sauƙi ko da mafi hadaddun matakai. Google ya riga ya sami ci gaba a wannan yanki - sun yi samfurin kwayoyin hydrogen. Sakamakon zai kasance samfurori masu inganci, daga hasken rana zuwa magunguna.

Rubutun Rubutu. Tsarin tsaro a yau ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen ƙarni na farko. Ana iya samun wannan tare da kwamfutoci na dijital ta hanyar duba kowane abu mai yuwuwa, amma adadin lokacin da ake buƙata don yin hakan ya sa “lalata code” ta zama tsada kuma ba ta da amfani. A halin yanzu, kwamfutocin kwamfutoci na iya yin hakan da yawa, da inganci fiye da injinan dijital, ma'ana cewa hanyoyin tsaro na yau ba da jimawa ba za su daina aiki. Hakanan akwai hanyoyin ɓoye ƙididdiga masu ƙwaƙƙwara waɗanda ake haɓakawa don cin gajiyar yanayin ruɗewar ƙididdiga ta unidirectional. An riga an nuna hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin birni a kasashe da dama, kuma a baya-bayan nan masana kimiyya na kasar Sin sun ba da sanarwar cewa, sun yi nasarar aike da hotuna masu kama da juna daga wani tauraron dan Adam mai “quantum” da ke kewayawa zuwa wasu tashoshi daban-daban guda uku zuwa doron kasa.

Samfuran kuɗi. Kasuwannin zamani suna daga cikin mafi sarkakkun tsarin da ake da su. Ko da yake an samar da na'urorin kimiyya da lissafi don bayanin su da sarrafa su, tasirin irin waɗannan ayyukan har yanzu bai wadatar ba saboda babban bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin fannonin kimiyya: babu wani yanayi mai sarrafawa da za a iya yin gwaje-gwaje. Don magance wannan matsala, masu zuba jari da manazarta sun juya zuwa lissafin ƙididdiga. Wata fa'ida nan take ita ce bazuwar da ke tattare da kwamfutoci masu yawa ya yi daidai da yanayin kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi. Masu zuba jari sau da yawa suna so su kimanta rarraba sakamakon a cikin adadi mai yawa na yanayin da aka haifar da ka.

Hasashen yanayi. Babban masanin tattalin arziki na NOAA Rodney F. Weiher ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan kashi 30% na GDP na Amurka (dala tiriliyan 6) sun dogara kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga yanayi. domin samar da abinci, sufuri da kuma kiri. Don haka, ikon iya hasashen aura zai kasance da amfani sosai a wurare da yawa, ba tare da ambaton tsawon lokacin da aka ware don kare bala'o'i ba. Hukumar kula da yanayin yanayi ta Burtaniya, Met Office, ta riga ta fara saka hannun jari a irin wadannan sabbin abubuwa don biyan bukatu da karfin da za ta iya tunkararta daga shekarar 2020 zuwa gaba, kuma ta buga rahoto kan nata matsalolin na'ura mai kwakwalwa.

Barbashi Physics. Samfuran ilimin kimiyyar lissafi galibi suna da sarƙaƙƙiya, rikitattun hanyoyin warwarewa waɗanda ke buƙatar ɗimbin lokacin ƙididdigewa don yin kwatancen lambobi. Wannan ya sa su dace don ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, kuma masana kimiyya sun riga sun amfana da shi. Masu bincike daga Jami'ar Innsbruck da Cibiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (IQOQI) kwanan nan sun yi amfani da tsarin ƙididdiga na shirye-shirye don yin waɗannan simintin. A cewar jaridar Nature, ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da nau'i mai sauƙi na kwamfyuta mai ƙididdigewa wanda ions suka gudanar da ayyuka masu ma'ana, ainihin matakan kowane lissafin kwamfuta. Kwaikwayon ya nuna cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tare da gwaje-gwaje na hakika na kimiyyar lissafi da aka kwatanta. in ji masanin ilimin kimiyya Peter Zoller. -