François Philidor - mahaliccin mahimmancin wasa na matsayi

A cikin fitowar 6/2016 na Mujallar Molodezhnaya Tekhnika, na rubuta game da mafi kyawun chess na farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, Calabrian Gioacchino Greco, mai kula da wasan gambit-combination game cike da fantasy. Wannan salon, wanda ake kira makarantar Italiya, shi ma ya mamaye a farkon karni na gaba, har sai da zakaran Faransa François-André Danican Philidor ya bayyana a duniyar dara.

1. François-Andre Danican Philidor (1726-1795) - Masanin kimiyyar Faransa da mawaki.

Matsayin Philidor ya kasance mafi girma fiye da na dukan mutanen zamaninsa cewa tun yana ɗan shekara 21 ya buga wasa kawai tare da abokan hamayyarsa a dandalin.

Francois Filidor (1) shine babban dan wasan dara na karni na 2. Tare da littafinsa "L'analyse des Echecs" ("Analysis of the game of Ches"), wanda ya wuce fiye da ɗari ɗari (XNUMX), ya canza fahimtar chess.

Shahararriyar ra'ayinsa, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin daidaitaccen motsi na guntu a duk matakan wasan, yana ƙunshe a cikin cewa "gudu ne ruhun wasan." Philidor ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi kamar toshewa da sadaukarwar matsayi.

An buga littafinsa sama da sau ɗari, ciki har da huɗu a cikin shekarar da aka buga na farko. A Paris, ya kasance baƙo na yau da kullun zuwa Café de la Régence, inda fitattun ƴan wasan dara suka hadu - abokan hulɗarsa akai-akai a chessboard sune Voltaire da Jan Jakub Rousseau. Ya nuna kwarewarsa akai-akai a wasan makaho, lokaci guda tare da abokan hamayya uku (3). Ko a lokacin rayuwarsa, an yaba masa a matsayinsa na mawaki da mawaki, ya bar wasan kwaikwayo talatin! A cikin ka'idar buɗewa, ana adana ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Philidor da sunan ɗaya daga cikin buɗaɗɗen, Philidor Defense: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6.

2. François Philidor, L'analyse des Echecs (Nazarin wasan dara)

3. Philidor yana wasa makaho lokaci guda a shahararren gidan Chess na Parsloe da ke Landan.

Tsaron Philidor

An riga an san shi a cikin karni na 1 kuma Philidor ya shahara. Yana farawa tare da motsi 4.e5 e2 3.Nf6 d4 (tsari naXNUMX).

Philidor ya ba da shawarar 2…d6 maimakon 2…Nc6, yana mai cewa to jarumin ba zai tsoma baki tare da motsin c-pawn ba. Farar fata ya fi buga 3.d4 a cikin wannan tsaro, kuma yanzu Baƙar fata ya fi dacewa da 3… e: d4 , 3… Nf6 da 3… Nd7. Filidor yakan yi wasa 3…f5 (Philidor's countergambit), amma ka'idar yau ba ta sanya wannan motsi na ƙarshe a cikin mafi kyau ba. Tsaron Philidor babban buɗewa ne, ko da yake ba shi da farin jini sosai a wasannin gasa, ko ta yaya kuma ba ya wuce gona da iri.

4. Kariyar Filidor

opera party

Tsaron Philidor Ya fito a cikin daya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a tarihin dara da ake kira Opera Party (Faransanci: Partie de l'opéra). Shahararren dan wasan dara na Amurka Paul Morphy ne ya buga shi a shekarar 1858, a cikin akwatin Opera House da ke birnin Paris, a lokacin mu'amalar "Norma" ta Bellini da 'yan adawa biyu wadanda suka tuntubi juna a yunkurinsu. Waɗannan abokan adawar su ne Duke na Jamus na Brunswick Charles II da Count Isoire de Vauvenargues na Faransa.

Masu karatu masu sha'awar rayuwa da aikin dara na Paul Morphy, ɗaya daga cikin manyan hazaka a cikin tarihin dara, ana magana da su zuwa fitowar 6/2014 na mujallar Matasan Technician.

5. Paul Morphy vs. Duke Charles na Brunswick da Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858

Kuma ga tsarin wannan shahararren wasan: Paul Morphy vs. Yarima Charles II na Brunswick da Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Gg4?! (mafi kyau 3…e:d4 ko 3…Nf6) 4.d:e5 G:f3 5.H:f3 d:e5 6.Bc4 Nf6? (mafi kyau 3…Qf6 ko 3…Qd7) 7.Qb3! Q7 8.Cc3 (Morphy ya zaɓi ci gaba mai sauri, ko da yake zai iya samun b7-pawn, amma 8.G: f7 yana da haɗari, tun da Black yana samun haɗari mai haɗari ga rook) 8 ... c6 9.Bg5 b5? 10 c:b5! (za a buƙaci bishop don ƙarin hari) 10…c:b5 (yana kaiwa ga asara, amma bayan 10…Qb4+ Fari yana da babban fa'ida) 11.G:b5+Nbd7 12.0-0-0 Rd8 (tsari na 5). 13 b:d7! (mai tsaron baya ya mutu) 13…W:d7 14.Qd1 He6 15.B:d7+S:d7 16.Qb8+!! (Kyakkyawan sadaukarwar sarauniya ta ƙarshe) 16… R: b8 17.Rd8 # 1-0

6. Matsayin Philidor a ƙarshen hasumiya

Matsayin Philidor a ƙarshen hasumiya

Matsayin Philidor (6) zane don baki (ko fari, bi da bi, idan sun kasance gefen karewa). Baƙar fata dole ne ya sanya sarki a cikin ginshiƙi na yanki na abokin gaba, da rook a matsayi na shida kuma jira farar guntu don shigar da shi. Sa'an nan kuma rok ya zo a gaba sahu da kuma duba da farin sarki daga baya: 1. e6 Wh1 2. Qd6 Rd1+ - farin sarki ba zai iya kare kansa daga har abada cak ko asarar da wani pawn.

7. Nazarin Philidor a tsaye a tsaye

Nazarin Philidora

A cikin matsayi daga zane na 7, Fari, duk da samun ƙananan pawns guda biyu, daidai yake da wasa 1.Ke2! Kf6 2.Nf2 da dai sauransu.

Hetman da Sarki vs. Rook da Sarki

Mafi sau da yawa a cikin irin wannan karshen wasan, sarauniya ta doke rok. Tare da mafi kyawun wasa a ɓangarorin biyu, farawa daga matsayi mafi muni na sarauniya, yana ɗaukar motsi 31 don mafi ƙarfi gefen don kama rook ko duba sarkin abokin hamayya. Sai dai idan bangaren da ya fi karfi bai san yadda za a buga wannan wasan karshen ba kuma bai iya tilasta wa rook da sarki su rabu ba, to, bangaren da ya fi karfi zai iya yin kunnen doki bayan motsi 50 ba tare da kamawa ba, tilasta wa sarauniya ta maye gurbinsu da shi. rook, samun cak na dindindin ko kai ga rashin daidaituwa. Tsarin wasan na gefe mai ƙarfi yana da matakai huɗu:

Hetman da sarki a gaban rook da sarki - matsayin Philidor

1. Ka matsa wa sarki a gefen allo, sa'an nan a kusurwar da katako, ka kai shi wurin Filidor.
2. Raba sarki da rook.
3. "Shah" tare da rook.
4. Buddy.

Idan White ya je matsayi na 8, sai ya nuna dan lokaci, "wasa Sarauniya da triangle", yana riƙe da matsayi guda: 1.Qe5 + Ka7 2.Qa1 + Qb8 3.Qa5. Matsayin Philidor ya kasance a cikin 1777, inda motsi ya fadi akan baki. A mataki na gaba, White ya tilasta rok ya rabu da baƙar fata kuma ya kama shi bayan ƴan dara. Duk hanyar da rook ya bi, Farin sauƙi yana samun nasara tare da cokali mai yatsa (ko abokin aure).

9. Bust na Philidor akan facade na Opera Garnier a Paris.

Mawaki Philidor

Filidor ya fito ne daga wani sanannen iyali na kiɗa kuma, kamar yadda muka ambata, ya kasance mawaki, daya daga cikin manyan masu kirkiro na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya ashirin da bakwai da bala'o'i guda uku (wani nau'in wasan opera na Faransa wanda aka horar da shi a zamanin Baroque da wani bangare a cikin Classicism), gami da. opera "Tom Jones", wanda a karon farko a cikin tarihin wannan nau'in ya fito da murya quartet cappella (1765). Daga cikin sauran wasan kwaikwayo na Philidor, wadannan sun cancanci kulawa: "Mai sihiri", "Melida" da "Ernelinda".

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 65, Philidor ya bar Faransa a karo na ƙarshe zuwa Ingila, bai taɓa komawa ƙasarsa ba. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Faransa, amma tafiyarsa zuwa Ingila na nufin sabuwar gwamnatin Faransa ta sanya shi cikin jerin makiya da mamaya Faransa. Don haka an tilasta wa Philidor ya yi shekaru na ƙarshe a Ingila. Ya mutu a London a ranar 24 ga Agusta 1795.