FAdeA - Kamfanin jirgin saman Argentina

Pampa III shine sabon sigar ci gaba na jirgin horo na IA63 Pampa, wanda aka gina a farkon shekarun 80 tare da haɗin gwiwar Dornier. An yi amfani da avionics na dijital na kamfanin Isra'ila Elbit Systems da ingantattun injunan Honeywell TFE731-40-2N.

Fabrica Argentina de Aviones' Brig. San Martín ”SA (FAdeA) ya wanzu a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan tun Disamba 2009, watau shekaru 10 kacal. Al'adunsa sun samo asali ne daga Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA), wanda aka kafa a 1927 - masana'antar jirgin sama mafi tsufa a Kudancin Amurka. Kamfanin na Argentina bai taba kasancewa cikin rukunin manyan masu kera jiragen sama a duniya ba, har ma a bayansa na Kudancin Amurka, Embraer na Brazil ya ci shi. Ba a san tarihinta da nasarorin da aka samu ba, don haka sun fi dacewa da kulawa.

FAdeA wani kamfani ne na hadin gwiwa (sociedad anónima) mallakar baitul malin jihar - 99% na hannun jarin mallakar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Argentine (Ministeri de Defensa), kuma 1% na Babban Hukumar Samar da Sojoji (Dirección General) ne. de Fabricaciones Militares, DGFM) wanda ke ƙarƙashin wannan ma'aikatar. Shugaban kasa da Shugaba shine Antonio José Beltramone, mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa shine José Alejandro Solís, kuma Shugaba shine Fernando Jorge Sibilla. Hedkwatar da masana'antar samarwa suna cikin Cordoba. A halin yanzu, FAdeA ta tsunduma cikin ƙira da kera jiragen sama na soja da na farar hula, abubuwan gini na jirgin sama don wasu kamfanoni, parachutes, kayan aikin ƙasa da kayan aikin kula da jiragen sama, gami da sabis, gyare-gyare, gyare-gyare da kuma sabunta hanyoyin jiragen sama, injuna, na'urorin jirgin sama da na zamani. kayan aiki na gida da na waje abokan ciniki.

A cikin 2018, FAdeA ta sami kudaden shiga daga siyar da kayayyaki da sabis na pesos biliyan 1,513 (ƙara da 86,2% idan aka kwatanta da 2017), amma saboda tsadar kuɗaɗen kanta, ya sami asarar aiki na pesos miliyan 590,2. Godiya ga kudaden shiga daga wasu kafofin, babban riba (kafin haraji) ya kasance pesos miliyan 449,5 (a cikin 2017 an yi asarar miliyan 182,2), kuma ribar da aka samu ta kasance pesos miliyan 380 (asara miliyan 2017 a cikin 172,6).

Ae.M.Oe jirgin kallo. 2. A shekarar 1937, an gina 61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 da Ae.M.Oe.2. Yawancinsu sun yi aiki a rundunar sojojin saman Argentina har zuwa 1946.

Gina shuka

Wanda ya fara gina masana'antar injin jirgin sama da jirgin sama a Argentina, kuma daga baya wanda ya tsara shi kuma darekta na farko, Francisco María de Arteaga. Bayan ya bar soja a watan Maris 1916, de Arteaga ya tafi Faransa kuma a tsakiyar 1918 ya sauke karatu daga Parisian Higher School of Aviation and Mechanical Engineering (École Supérieure d'Aéronautique et de Constructions Mécaniques), ya zama na farko Argentine bokan aeronautical injiniya. Shekaru da yawa, de Arteaga ya yi aiki a Faransa, yana samun gogewa mai amfani a cikin shuke-shuken jiragen sama na gida da kuma a cikin Eiffel Aerodynamic Laboratory (Laboratoire Aérodynamique Eiffel). Ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1922, 'yan makonni bayan ya dawo Argentina, an nada de Arteaga shugaban Sashen Fasaha (Departamento Técnico) na Sojan Jirgin Sama na Soja (Servicio Aeronáutico del Ejército, SAE), wanda aka kafa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 1920 a cikin tsarin Sojojin Argentine (Ejército Argentino). A cikin 1923, de Arteaga ya fara koyarwa a Makarantar Soja ta Higher (Colegio Militar) da Makarantar Sojan Sama (Escuela Militar de Aviación, EMA).

A cikin 1924, de Arteaga ya zama memba na Hukumar Siyan Kayayyakin Jirgin Sama da Makamai (Comisión de Adquisición de Material de Vuelo y Armamentos), wanda aka aika zuwa Turai don siyan jirgin sama don Sojojin ƙasa. A wannan lokacin ne ya ba da shawarar samar da masana'anta a Argentina, godiya ga wanda SAE zai iya zama mai zaman kanta daga shigo da jiragen sama da injuna kuma ya yi amfani da ƙananan kuɗi da kyau. Ma'aikatar da kanta za ta ba da kwarin gwiwa ga masana'antu da ci gaban tattalin arzikin kasa. Shugaban kasar Argentina, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, da Ministan Yaki, Col. Eng. Agustín Pedro Justo.

Dangane da bukatar de Arteagi, an kashe wani bangare na kudaden wajen siyan injuna, kayan aiki da lasisin da ake bukata don fara kera jiragen sama da injina a kasar. A Burtaniya, an sayi lasisi don kera jiragen horo na Avro 504R da jiragen yaki na Bristol F.2B Fighter, da kuma a Faransa don kera jiragen yakin Dewoitine D.21 da 12hp Lorraine-Dietrich 450-cylinder injuna. Kamar yadda ba zai yiwu a fara samar da na'urori masu yawa ba a Argentina saboda rashin ƙarfi na masana'antun ƙarfe da na'ura, an sayi adadi mai yawa na kayan aiki da na'urori da aka gama da kayan aiki a Turai.

An gabatar da shirin ginawa da tsara masana'antar, da farko mai suna National Aircraft Factory (Fábrica Nacional de Aviones), ga hukumomin Argentina a cikin Afrilu 1926. Ranar 8 ga Yuni, gwamnati ta kafa kwamiti na musamman don aiwatar da zuba jari, wanda de Arteaga ya zama memba. An amince da zayyana matakin farko na ginin a ranar 4 ga Oktoba. A farkon 1925, Babban Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Kasa (Sufeto Janar del Ejército), Janar José Félix Uriburu, ya ba da shawarar cewa, saboda dalilai masu mahimmanci, masana'antar ta kasance a Cordoba, a tsakiyar ƙasar (kimanin kilomita 700 daga Buenos Aires), mai nisa daga kan iyakokin kasashen makwabta.

An samo wurin da ya dace game da kilomita 5 daga tsakiyar gari a kan hanyar zuwa San Roque, gaban filin jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama na gida (Aero Club Las Playas de Cordoba). An yi bikin aza harsashin ginin a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1926, kuma a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1927, an fara aikin gine-gine. An ba da aikin shirya masana'anta ga de Arteaga.

Ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1927, an canza sunan ma'aikata zuwa Wojskowa Fabryka Samolotów (Fábrica Militar de Aviones, FMA). An gudanar da bikin bude taron ne a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba a gaban jami'ai da dama. A wannan lokacin, masana'antar ta ƙunshi gine-gine takwas tare da faɗin 8340 m2, wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi kayan aikin injin 100, ma'aikatan jirgin sun ƙunshi mutane 193. De Arteaga ya zama babban manajan FMA.

A cikin Fabrairu 1928, an fara mataki na biyu na zuba jari. dakunan gwaje-gwaje uku (injuna, juriya da aerodynamics), ofishin zane, tarurrukan bita guda hudu, ɗakunan ajiya guda biyu, kantin kanti da sauran kayan aiki. Daga baya, bayan kammala mataki na uku, FMA yana da manyan sassa uku: na farko shine gudanarwa, kulawa da samarwa, ofishin ƙira, kayan tarihin fasaha, dakunan gwaje-gwaje da gudanarwa; na biyu - jirgin sama da propeller bita, da kuma na uku - samar da inji.

A halin yanzu, a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1927, hukumomin Argentina sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama (Dirección General de Aeronáutica, DGA) don tsarawa, sarrafawa da kuma kula da duk ayyukan jiragen sama a cikin ƙasar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na DGA, an kafa Hukumar Gudanar da Fasahar Jirgin Sama (Dirección de Aerotécnica), mai alhakin bincike, ƙira, samarwa da gyaran jiragen sama. De Arteaga ya zama shugaban Hukumar Kula da Fasahar Jiragen Sama, wanda ya gudanar da sa ido kai tsaye a kan FMA. Godiya ga mafi girman iyawar sa, ya gudanar da jagorancin masana'antar ta cikin mafi mawuyacin lokaci na rikicin tattalin arzikin duniya, wanda kuma ya shafi Argentina. Saboda tsoma bakin da sabbin hukumomin jihar suka yi a cikin ayyukan masana'antar, a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1931, de Arteaga ya yi murabus daga mukamin darektan FMA. Injiniya na jirgin sama Cpt. Bartolomé de la Colina, wanda ya jagoranci masana'antar har zuwa Satumba 1936.

Farkon samarwa - FMA

FMA ta fara ne da samar da lasisin samar da jiragen horo na Avro 504R Gosport. Na farko daga cikin kwafi 34 da aka gina ya bar ginin bita a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1928. Jirgin da matukin jirgin soja Sgt. Segundo A. Yubel ranar 20 ga Agusta. Ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1929, an fara aiki da injin Lorraine-Dietrich mai lasisi na farko a kan dynamometer. An yi amfani da injuna irin wannan wajen tura mayakan Dewoitine D.21. Samar da waɗannan jiragen ya kasance mafi ƙalubale ga matashin masana'anta fiye da Avro 504R, kamar yadda D.21 ke da ginin ƙarfe duka tare da zane mai rufe fuka-fuki da wutsiya. An gwada jirgin farko a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1930. A cikin shekaru biyu, an gina 32 D.21. A cikin shekarun 1930-1931, an samar da mayakan Bristol F.2B guda shida, amma an dauki wadannan jiragen sama wadanda ba a daina amfani da su ba kuma an yi watsi da gina wasu injuna.

Jirgin sama na farko da FMA ta kera da kansa a madadin DGA shine mai yawon bude ido Ae.C.1 - jirgin sama mara nauyi mai katifa tare da rufin gida mai kujeru uku da kafaffen katafaren katafaren ƙafa biyu tare da ƙetare wutsiya. Fuskokin da wutsiya suna da tsarin latti da aka yi da bututun ƙarfe na walda, fuka-fukan an yi su ne da itace, kuma gaba ɗaya an rufe su da zane da ƙaramin ƙarfe (sauran jiragen da aka gina a FMA ma suna da irin wannan tsari). An yi jigilar jirgin a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1931 ta Sgt. José Honorio Rodríguez. Daga baya, an sake gina Ae.C.1 a cikin buɗaɗɗen taksi mai hawa biyu, kuma injin ɗin ya sami harsashi irin NACA maimakon zoben Townend. A cikin 1933, an sake gina jirgin a karo na biyu, a wannan karon a cikin nau'in kujeru guda tare da ƙarin tankin mai a cikin fuselage.

Afrilu 18, 1932, Sgt. Rodríguez ya tashi na farko daga cikin jiragen Ae.C.2 guda biyu da aka gina, kusan iri ɗaya da tsari da girma na Ae.C.1 a cikin tsarin zama biyu. A kan tushen Ae.C.2, an halicci jirgin horon soja na Ae.ME1, wanda samfurinsa ya tashi a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1932. Shi ne jirgin farko na farko da aka kera na ƙirar Poland - misalai bakwai an gina su tare. tare da samfur. Jirgin na gaba shine fasinja mai haske Ae.T.1. An kaddamar da na farko na kwafi ukun da aka gina a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1933 ta Sgt. Rodríguez. Baya ga matukan jirgi biyu da ke zaune a gefe a cikin budadden dakin, Ae.T.1 na iya daukar fasinjoji biyar a cikin dakin da aka rufe da kuma ma'aikacin rediyo.

Jirgin kallon Ae.MO1, bisa tsarin Ae.ME1 na makarantar, ya zama babban nasara. Samfurinsa ya tashi a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1934. Don jirgin saman soja, an samar da kwafi 41 a cikin jerin guda biyu. Wani injuna guda shida, waɗanda suka bambanta kaɗan tare da ƙaramin fuka-fuki, tsari daban-daban na gidan baya, siffar wutsiya da murfin injin NACA, an gina su don horar da masu sa ido. Ba da jimawa ba sai aka canza wa jiragen da ake amfani da su don gudanar da irin wadannan ayyuka suna Ae.M.Oe.1. A cikin kwafi 14 na gaba, masu alamar Ae.M.Oe.2, an gyara wutsiya da allon iska da ke gaban ɗakin matukin jirgin. An yi jigilar farko a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1934. An kuma sake gina sashin Ae.M.Oe.2 zuwa Ae.MO1. A shekarar 1937, an gina 61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 da Ae.M.Oe.2 gaba daya. Yawancinsu sun yi aiki a rundunar sojojin saman Argentina har zuwa 1946.

Jirgin farar hula na gaba da FMA ta kera shi ne jirgin yawon bude ido na Ae.C.3 mai kujeru biyu, wanda aka kera akan Ae.C.2. Jirgin samfurin ya faru ne a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1934. Nan da nan ya juya cewa Ae.C.3 ba shi da mafi kyawun kaddarorin jirgin da kuma rashin iya tafiyar da aiki, wanda ya sa bai dace da matukan jirgin da ba su da kwarewa. Ko da yake an gina kwafi 16, kaɗan ne kawai suka tashi a cikin kulab ɗin jiragen sama, kuma an yi amfani da huɗu a cikin jirgin sama na soja har zuwa 1938.

A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1935, aka yi jigilar samfurin bom ɗin Ae.MB1. Har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar 1936, an samar da kwafi 14 na jerin gwanon, wanda ake kira "Bombi" ta matukan jirgi. tare da gidan matukin jirgi da aka rufe, zane mai lulluɓe na mafi yawan fuselage, faɗaɗa wutsiya a tsaye da turret mai jujjuyawar juzu'i akan kashin bayan fuselage, da injin Wright R-1820-E1, wanda FMA ta samar a ƙarƙashin lasisi. A cikin shekarun 1938-1939, duk Ae.MB1 (kwafi 12) da ke cikin sabis an haɓaka su zuwa sigar Ae.MB2. An cire kwafi na ƙarshe daga sabis a cikin 1948.

A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1935, an gwada jirgin lafiya na Ae.MS1, tare da fuka-fuki, wutsiya da kayan saukarwa da aka yi da Ae.M.Oe.1. Jirgin na iya daukar mutane shida - matukin jirgi, ma'aikacin jinya da kuma wasu marasa lafiya hudu ko kuma wadanda suka jikkata a kan shimfida. Ae.MS1 daya tilo da aka gina shi an yi amfani da shi ne a jirgin sama na soja har zuwa shekarar 1946. Haka kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1935, an kammala aikin ginin rami na farko a Kudancin Amurka na nau'in Eiffel mai tsayin mita 1,5. Na'urar ta fara aiki a ranar 20 ga Agusta. 1936.

A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 1936, Lt. Pablo G. Passio ya tashi samfurin Ae.C.3G mai zama biyu tare da zane mai kama da Ae.C.3. Shi ne jirgin na Argentina na farko da ya ke da kayan saukarwa. Ana iya amfani da shi don duka horo da jiragen yawon buɗe ido. An haɓaka tsarin jirgin a hankali cikin iska don haɓaka aiki da haɓaka halayen tashi. Kwafi guda uku na Ae.C.3G da aka gina a jirgin sama na soja har zuwa 1942. Ci gaban Ae.C.3G shine Ae.C.4, wanda Laftanar Passio ya jagoranta a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1936.