F / A-18 Hornet

F/A-18C daga tawagar VFA-34 "Blue Blaster". Jirgin yana da na'ura ta musamman da aka shirya dangane da jirgin yaƙi na ƙarshe a tarihin Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, wanda ya faru a cikin jirgin ruwan USS Carl Vinson daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu 2018.

A watan Afrilu na wannan shekara, rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka (USN) a hukumance ta dakatar da amfani da jiragen yaki na F/A-18 Hornet a cikin runfunan yaki, kuma a watan Oktoba, an janye mayakan irin wannan daga sassan horar da sojojin ruwa. Har yanzu mayakan F/A-18 na "classic" na Hornet suna aiki tare da rundunonin sojan ruwa na Amurka (USMC), wadanda ke da niyyar sarrafa su har zuwa 2030-2032. Baya ga Amurka, kasashe bakwai sun mallaki mayakan F/A-18 Hornet: Australia, Finland, Spain, Canada, Kuwait, Malaysia da Switzerland. Yawancin sun yi niyyar ci gaba da yin hidima na wasu shekaru goma. Mai amfani na farko da zai cire su yana iya zama Kuwait, kuma na ƙarshe shine Spain.

An samar da jirgin saman jirgin na Hornet don sojojin ruwa na Amurka tare da McDonnel Douglas da Northrop (Boeing da Northrop Grumman a halin yanzu). Jirgin saman ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1978. Jiragen sama guda tara, wanda aka kera a matsayin F-9A, da jirage masu kujeru biyu 18, wanda aka nada a matsayin TF-2A, sun shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen. A ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban shekarar ne aka fara gwaje-gwajen farko a kan jirgin dakon kaya - USS America. A wannan mataki na shirin, da USN yanke shawarar cewa shi ba ya bukatar biyu gyare-gyare na jirgin sama - wani soja da kuma yajin. Don haka an gabatar da ɗan ƙaramin ƙirar "F / A". Bambancin wurin zama ɗaya an tsara F/A-1979A da wurin zama biyu F/A-18B. Tawagar da za su karbi sabbin mayakan sun canza sunan wasiƙarsu daga VF (Fighter Squadron) da VA (Strike Squadron) zuwa: VFA (Strike Fighter Squadron), watau. rundunar sojan bama-bamai.

An gabatar da F/A-18A/B Hornet ga sojojin ruwa na Amurka a watan Fabrairun 1981. Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun fara karbarsu a 1983. Sun maye gurbin McDonnel Douglas A-4 Skyhawk harin jirgin sama da LTV A-7 Corsair II. , McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II mayakan da sigar binciken su - RF-4B. Har zuwa 1987, an samar da 371 F / A-18As (a cikin abubuwan samarwa 4 zuwa 22), bayan haka samarwa ya canza zuwa bambance-bambancen F / A-18C. Bambancin kujeru biyu, F/A-18B, an yi niyya ne don horo, amma waɗannan jiragen sun riƙe cikakken ƙarfin yaƙi na bambancin kujeru ɗaya. Tare da taksi mai tsayi, sigar B tana riƙe da kashi 6 na tankuna na ciki. kasa mai fiye da guda wurin zama version. 39 F/A-18Bs an gina su a cikin tubalan samarwa 4 zuwa 21.

Jirgin F/A-18 Hornet multirole homing jirgin ya faru ne a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1978. Har zuwa 2000, an kera jiragen sama 1488 irin wannan.

A farkon shekarun 80, Northrop ya haɓaka sigar ƙasƙanci na Hornet, wanda ya keɓance F-18L. An yi nufin mayaƙin don kasuwannin duniya - don masu karɓa waɗanda suka yi niyyar amfani da su daga sansanonin ƙasa kawai. F-18L ba ta da abubuwan "a kan jirgi" - ƙugiya mai saukowa, dutsen katafat da injin nadawa. Har ila yau, mayaƙin ya sami ƙaramin chassis. F-18L ya kasance mafi sauƙi fiye da F/A-18A, wanda ya sa ya fi sauƙi, kama da F-16. A halin yanzu, abokin tarayya na Northrop McDonnel Douglas ya ba da jirgin F/A-18L zuwa kasuwannin duniya. Bambancin F/A-18A ne kawai ya ƙare. Tayin ya kasance cikin gasa kai tsaye tare da F-18L, wanda ya haifar da Northrop ta kai karar McDonnell Douglas. Rikicin ya ƙare tare da McDonnell Douglas ya sayi F/A-50L daga Northrop akan dala miliyan 18 kuma ya ba shi tabbacin matsayin babban ɗan kwangila. Koyaya, a ƙarshe, an yi niyyar sigar tushe ta F / A-18A / B don fitarwa, wanda, bisa ga buƙatar abokin ciniki, ana iya cire shi daga tsarin kan jirgin. Duk da haka, mayaƙan Hornet na fitarwa ba su da halaye na sigar ƙasar "na musamman", wanda shine F-18L.

A cikin tsakiyar 80s, an haɓaka ingantaccen sigar Hornet, wanda aka sanya F / A-18C / D. F/A-18C na farko (BuNo 163427) ya tashi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 1987. A waje, F/A-18C/D bai bambanta da F/A-18A/B ba. Da farko, Hornets F/A-18C/D sun yi amfani da injuna iri ɗaya da sigar A/B, watau. Janar Electric F404-GE-400. Mafi mahimmancin sabbin abubuwan da aka aiwatar a cikin nau'in C sune, da sauransu, Martin-Baker SJU-17 NACES Ejection Seats (Common Navy Crew Ejection Seat), sabbin kwamfutocin manufa, tsarin lalata lantarki, da na'urar rikodin jirgin sama mai lalacewa. An daidaita mayakan don sabbin makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa iska na AIM-120 AMRAAM, AGM-65F Maverick thermal imaging da makamai masu linzami na AGM-84 Harpoon.

Tun daga shekara ta kasafin kuɗi na 1988, an samar da F/A-18C a cikin daidaitawar Dare Attack, yana ba da damar ayyukan iska zuwa ƙasa da dare da kuma cikin yanayi mai wuyar gaske. An daidaita mayakan don ɗaukar kwantena guda biyu: Hughes AN / AAR-50 NAVFLIR (tsarin kewayawa infrared) da Loral AN / AAS-38 Nite HAWK (tsarin jagorar infrared). Akwatin jirgin yana sanye da nunin kai-up AV/AVQ-28 (HUD) (raster graphics), 127 x 127 mm launi multifunctional nuni (MFD) daga Kaiser (maye gurbin nunin monochrome) da nunin kewayawa yana nuna dijital, launi. , motsi taswirar Smith Srs taswirar 2100 (TAMMAC - Ƙarfin Taswirar Jirgin Jirgin Sama). An daidaita mashigin don amfanin GEC Cat's Eyes (NVG) tabarau na gani na dare. Tun daga Janairu 1993, sabon sigar AN / AAS-38 kwandon, sanye take da na'urar zayyana Laser da kewayon kewayon, an ƙara zuwa kayan aikin Hornets, godiya ga wanda matukin jirgi na Hornets zai iya nuna kansa da kansa ya nuna makasudin ƙasa don jagorar laser. . makamai (mallaka ko wasu jiragen sama). Samfurin F/A-18C Night Hawk ya tashi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1988. An fara samar da Hornets na "dare" a cikin Nuwamba 1989 a matsayin wani ɓangare na toshe na 29th (daga misali na 138th).

A cikin Janairu 1991, shigar da sababbin injunan General Electric F36-GE-404 EPE (Ingantattun Injiniyan Ayyuka) ya fara a matsayin wani ɓangare na samar da toshe 402 a Hornety. Wadannan injuna suna samar da kusan kashi 10 cikin dari. ƙarin iko idan aka kwatanta da jerin "-400". A cikin 1992, an fara shigar da mafi zamani da ƙarfi Hughes (yanzu Raytheon) nau'in AN / APG-18 radar iska akan F / A-73C / D. Ya maye gurbin radar Hughes AN/APG-65 da aka shigar da farko. Jirgin F / A-18C tare da sabon radar ya faru a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1992. Tun daga wannan lokacin, injin ya fara shigar da radar AN / APG-73. A cikin sassan da aka samar tun 1993, an fara shigar da na'urorin anti-radiation guda hudu da kuma kaset na tsoma baki na AN / ALE-47, wanda ya maye gurbin tsohuwar AN / ALE-39, da ingantaccen tsarin faɗakarwa na AN / ALR-67. . .

Da farko, haɓakar Night Hawk bai haɗa da kujeru biyu F/A-18D ba. An samar da kwafin 29 na farko a cikin tsarin horo na yaƙi tare da ainihin ƙarfin yaƙi na Model C. A cikin 1988, ta hanyar oda na musamman na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka, an fitar da wani nau'in hari na F/A-18D, mai iya aiki a ciki. duk yanayin yanayi. aka ci gaba. Kokfit na baya, ba tare da sandar sarrafawa ba, an daidaita shi don masu sarrafa tsarin yaƙi (WSO - Jami'in Tsarin Makamai). Yana da joysticks masu aiki da yawa na gefe guda biyu don sarrafa makamai da tsarin kan jirgin, da kuma nunin taswira mai motsi wanda ke sama akan kwamitin kulawa. F/A-18D ta sami cikakken kunshin samfurin Night Hawk C. F/A-18D da aka gyara (BuNo 163434) ya tashi a St. Petersburg. Louis 6 ga Mayu 1988 Farkon samarwa F/A-18D Night Hawk (BuNo 163986) shine samfurin D na farko da aka gina akan Block 29.

Sojojin ruwa na Amurka sun ba da umarnin 96 F/A-18D Night Hawks, mafi yawansu sun zama wani bangare na rundunar Marine Corps.

Waɗannan 'yan wasan suna da alamar VMA (AW), inda haruffan AW suka tsaya ga Duk-Weather, ma'ana duk yanayin yanayi. F/A-18D ya maye gurbin farko da jirgin Grumman A-6E Intruder harin. Daga baya, su ma sun fara aiwatar da aikin abin da ake kira. masu kula da tallafin iska don tallafin iska mai sauri da dabara - FAC (A) / TAC (A). Sun maye gurbin McDonnell Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk da Arewacin Amurka Rockwell OV-10A/D Bronco jirgin sama a cikin wannan rawar. Tun daga 1999, F/A-18D kuma ta karɓi ayyukan leƙen asiri na dabarar da mayakan RF-4B Phantom II suka yi a baya. Wannan ya yiwu godiya ga gabatarwar Martin Marietta ATARS (Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System) tsarin leken asiri. An shigar da tsarin ATARS na "palletized" a cikin ɗakin M61A1 Vulcan 20 mm bindiga mai yawan gaske, wanda aka cire yayin amfani da ATARS.

Jirgin da ke da tsarin ATARS ana bambanta su ta hanyar siffa mai kyau tare da tagogi da ke fitowa a ƙarƙashin hancin jirgin. Ana iya kammala aikin shigarwa ko cire ATARS a cikin 'yan sa'o'i a cikin filin. Rundunar Marine Corps ta ware ok.48 F/A-18D don ayyukan leken asiri. Waɗannan jiragen sun sami lambar F/A-18D (RC). A halin yanzu, leken asiri Hornets suna da ikon aika hotuna da hotuna masu motsi daga tsarin ATARS a ainihin lokacin zuwa masu karɓa na ƙasa. Hakanan an daidaita F/A-18D(RC) don ɗaukar kwantena Loral AN/UPD-8 tare da radar gefen iska (SLAR) akan pylon fuselage na tsakiya.

A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1997, Boeing ya samu McDonnell Douglas, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama "mai alama". Cibiyar samar da Hornets, kuma daga baya Super Hornets, tana har yanzu a St. Petersburg. Louis. Jimlar 466 F/A-18Cs da 161 F/A-18Ds an gina su don Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka. Samar da samfurin C/D ya ƙare a cikin 2000. An tattara jerin na ƙarshe na F / A-18C a Finland. A watan Agusta 2000, an mika shi ga Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Finland. Hornet na ƙarshe da aka samar shine F/A-18D, wanda Rundunar Marine Corps ta Amurka ta karɓa a watan Agustan 2000.

Zamantakewa "A+" da "A++"

An ƙaddamar da shirin sabunta Hornet na farko a tsakiyar 90s kuma ya haɗa da F/A-18A kawai. An yi wa mayakan kwaskwarima da radars AN/APG-65, wanda ya ba da damar daukar makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa iska AIM-120 AMRAAM. Hakanan an daidaita F/A-18A don ɗaukar AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening sa ido da ƙirar ƙira.

Mataki na gaba shine zaɓi na kusan 80 F/A-18A tare da mafi tsayin albarkatu da firam ɗin jirgin sama da suka rage cikin ingantacciyar yanayi. An sanye su da radar AN/APG-73 da nau'ikan nau'ikan C avionics. Waɗannan kwafin an yi musu alama da alamar A +. Daga baya, raka'a 54 A+ sun sami fakitin jirgin sama iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka shigar a cikin ƙirar C. Sannan an yi musu alama F/A-18A++. Hornets F/A-18A +/A ++ yakamata su dace da rundunar F/A-18C/D. Yayin da sabbin mayakan F/A-18E/F Super Hornet suka shiga sabis, sojojin ruwan Amurka sun tura wasu A + da duk A ++ zuwa ga Marine Corps.

Sojojin ruwa na Amurka kuma sun sanya F/A-18A ta tsarin zamani na matakai biyu, wanda, duk da haka, ya ɗan bambanta da na Navy na Amurka. Haɓakawa zuwa ma'aunin A + ya haɗa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, shigar da radar AN/APG-73, haɗaɗɗen tsarin GPS / INS tauraron dan adam-inertial navigation, da sabon tsarin AN/ARC-111 Identification Friend ko Foe (IFF). Hornets na teku sanye take da su ana bambanta su ta hanyar eriya masu halaye waɗanda ke kan hanci a gaban fairing (a zahiri ake kira "yankan tsuntsaye").

A mataki na biyu na haɓakawa - zuwa ma'aunin A ++ - USMC Hornet an sanye shi, gami da nunin kristal mai launi (LCD), nunin kwalkwali na JHMCS, kujerun fitarwa na SJU-17 NACES da AN / ALE-47 masu toshe harsashi. Ƙarfin yaƙi na F / A-18A ++ Hornet kusan ba ƙasa da F / A-18C ba, kuma bisa ga matukan jirgi da yawa har ma sun wuce su, saboda an sanye su da ƙarin kayan aikin jirgin sama na zamani da haske.