F-35A Walƙiya II a Turai
F-35 an ƙera shi ne a matsayin jirgin yaƙi na cibiyar sadarwa, yana aiki a matsayin ƙofa ta wannan fanni, yayin da kuma samar da sauran abubuwan cibiyar sadarwa tare da haɗaɗɗen hoto na dabara. Wannan zai ƙara yawan fahimtar halin da ake ciki na duk abubuwan da ke cikin hanyar sadarwa zuwa matakin daidai da sanin halin da ake ciki na matukin jirgi F-35.
A ranar 31 ga Janairu, an gudanar da bikin sanya hannu a hukumance na kwangilar siyan jirgin 32 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II na Sojan Sama na Poland a Deblin. Don haka, Poland ta shiga cikin ƙasashen Turai bakwai da suka riga sun zaɓi F-35 - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Italiya da Birtaniya. Yin amfani da wannan dama, yana da kyau a gabatar da ci gaba da halin da ake ciki na shirye-shiryen sayen F-35A a cikin kasashen da ke sama da kuma shigar da kamfanoni na gida wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samarwa da kula da jiragen sama na duniya irin wannan.
Shirin F-35 Walƙiya II na ƙarni na biyar (Haɗin gwiwa Strike Fighter, JSF) shirye-shiryen yaƙi da yawa ya kasance na kasa da kasa tun daga farko. An ƙera bambance-bambancen guda uku na F-35 don maye gurbin nau'ikan jiragen sama da yawa da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Amurka da kuma a cikin ƙasashe ƙawance: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Tornado, AMX da Harrier. Ƙasashen da ke sha'awar samun F-35 da kuma biyan bukatun aminci na Amurka za su iya shiga cikin tsarin haɓaka Tsarin da Nunawa (SDD) na shirin JSF. A musayar gudummawar kuɗi, za su iya ƙara shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen aiki, sa'an nan kuma a cikin samar da taro, zama abin da ake kira. abokan hulɗa (Cooperative Program Partners, CPP).
Dangane da matakin shigar abokan tarayya na kasashen waje, an raba CPPs zuwa kungiyoyi uku. Abokin haɗin gwiwa na Tier 1 kawai (Tier 1 ko Level 2004) ita ce Burtaniya, wanda gudummawar kuɗin kuɗin ta 2,056 ya kasance dala biliyan 5,1 (sannan shine 2002% na jimlar farashin matakin SDD). Kafin 1,028, Italiya ($ 2,5 biliyan; 800%) da Netherlands ($ 2,0 miliyan; 2%) suma sun shiga JSF a matsayin abokan hulɗar Tier/Tier 144. Ostiraliya (0,4 miliyan; 110%) , Denmark (0,3 miliyan; 100%), Kanada (0,2 miliyan; 122%), Norway (miliyan 0,3; 175%) da Turkiyya (miliyan 0,4; 3%) sun zama Abokan Sashe na 35. (Mataki / Mataki na XNUMX). Bi da bi, Isra'ila da Singapore sun shiga shirin JSF a matsayin abin da ake kira Mahalarta Haɗin Kan Tsaro (SCP) - an sanar da su game da shirin, amma ba su shiga kai tsaye ba. Sauran masu siyar F-XNUMX ana bi da su azaman abokan ciniki na fitarwa.
Daga cikin kasashen Turai na NATO, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkiyya (wanda, duk da haka, an cire shi daga shirin a cikin 35) da Italiya, har yanzu sun nuna sha'awar su saya jirgin F-2019A tare da tashin hankali na al'ada. saukowa (CTOL), da F-35B Short Takeoff da Vertical Landing (STOVL) zuwa Burtaniya da Italiya (duba Aviation International No. 8/2019). Sauran masu yuwuwar masu sayen jirgin na F-35 na Turai sun hada da Finland, Girka, Spain, Romania da Switzerland, amma har yanzu ba a yanke hukuncin dauri a kansu ba.
Amincewa da jirgin F-35 yana nufin ba kawai haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin yuwuwar yaƙi da iya aiki na Sojan Sama ba, har ma da babban canji na shirye-shiryen horar da ma'aikata da hanyoyin kiyayewa, gyare-gyare da overhauling airframes, injuna da avionics. Hakanan ana buƙatar saka hannun jari mai tsada a cikin abubuwan more rayuwa na sansanonin jiragen sama, da na kayan aiki da kayayyaki don sarrafa jiragen sama. Wani ramuwa na farashin da aka yi shine shigar da kamfanoni na gida a cikin shirye-shiryen samarwa, kiyayewa da kuma ƙarin sabuntar jiragen sama (Samarwa, Ci gaba da Ci gaba, PSFD), wanda aka tsara shekaru da yawa. Wannan yana kawo fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi na dogon lokaci ga ƙasashen da suka yanke shawarar siyan F-35, kamar damar samun sabbin fasahohi, ayyukan yi, kudaden shiga na kasafin kuɗi.
Belgium
An fara tattaunawa kan samun wadanda za su maye gurbin jirgin F-16 a Belgium fiye da shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma sai a ranar 17 ga Maris, 2017 ne gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar gayyatar a hukumance. Masu fafatawa na F-35A a cikin ACCAP (Shirye-shiryen Iyawar Jirgin Sama) sun kasance Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon da Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. A ranar 19 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar, Boeing ya janye daga kwangilar. Sweden kuma sun yi haka a ranar 10 ga Yuli. A watan Oktoba, gwamnatin Belgium ta yi watsi da shawarar Faransa game da fasaha. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2018, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta amince da yuwuwar siyar da F-34As ga Belgium a ƙarƙashin tsarin FMS (Kasuwancin Sojoji).
A watan Yunin 2018 ne ya kamata a sasanta batun, amma an dage shi zuwa Oktoba. Saboda yawan kuɗaɗen, Brussels tana la'akari da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka, gami da sake miƙa wa Faransa ko haɓaka F-16 data kasance. A ƙarshe, a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2018, an yanke shawarar zaɓar jirgin F-35A tare da software na avionics Block 4. Don haka Belgium ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha uku da ta sayi F-35. A yayin wani taron manema labarai, Ministan Tsaro na Belgium Stephen Vandeput ya sanar da cewa, shawarar Amurka ita ce mafi kyau a cikin kowane ma'auni na kimantawa guda bakwai, kuma F-35A ita ce mafi kyawun zabi ga kasarmu ta fuskar kudi, aiki da masana'antu.
Ana sa ran cewa farashin siyan 34 F-35As, tare da dabaru da horar da ma'aikata, ta shekaru 3,8, yuwuwar adadin kwangilar zai iya zama Yuro biliyan 4). Ana sa ran za a fara jigilar kayayyaki a shekarar 2030 kuma za a ci gaba har zuwa karshen shekaru goma. Ya kamata a cimma shirye-shiryen fara aiki na farko (IOC) a tsakiyar 6,53, da cikakken shirye-shiryen aiki (FOC) - a cikin Janairu 2023. Bisa ga tsare-tsaren, F-2027A zai kasance a cikin sashin jirgin sama (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgian] Rukunin Jirgin Sama) na Sojojin Tsaro na Belgium (Masu tsaro; La Défense; Sojojin Belgium) har zuwa aƙalla 2029.
Yawancin kamfanoni na Belgium suna shiga cikin shirin F-35. Kamfanin Fokker Technologies na kasar Holland ya ba da umarnin samar da fins daga masana'antar Asco a Zaventem. A cikin Maris 2018, Sonaca na tushen Gosselis ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Lockheed Martin don kera abubuwan tsarin F-35 guda ɗaya. Bi da bi, ƙonewa! (haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Sonaca da Sabena Aerospace) za su kula da kayan aiki (sarrafa ayyuka, rarraba kayan aiki, kayan aikin ƙasa, gyare-gyaren jirgin sama da haɓaka kayan aiki) da kuma horar da matukin jirgi da injiniyoyi. Karkashin kwangila tare da Pratt & Whitney Belgium Engine Center (BEC) a Liege, mallakar kamfanin Norwegian AIM Norway, zai shiga cikin bincike na lokaci-lokaci, gyare-gyare da gyaran injin F135. ILIAS Solutions za su samar da kayan aikin IT don sarrafa jiragen ruwa, kulawa da sayayya.
Denmark
Denmark ta bayyana sha'awarta ta shiga shirin JSF a cikin 1997 kuma ta zama abokin tarayya na uku a cikin 2002. A cikin watan Agustan 2005, gwamnatin Danish a hukumance ta ƙaddamar da hanyar samun sabbin mayaka (shirin Nyt Kampfly) don maye gurbin F-16 da ake amfani da su a cikin Sojan Sama (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). A lokacin, an yi la'akari da sayen motoci 48. 'Yan takarar sun hada da Lockheed Martin F-35A, Saab JAS 39 Gripen da Eurofighter Typhoon. Duk da haka, Rafale na Faransa ba ya nan yayin da Dassault ya janye daga tayin. A cikin Disamba 2007 Eurofighter shi ma ya janye daga gasar, amma a watan Mayu 2008 Boeing ya shiga F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Za a zaɓi ƙirar da ta yi nasara a cikin 2009, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka jinkirta shirin da shekara ɗaya, kuma a cikin Maris 2010 an dakatar da duk shirin saboda dalilai na kuɗi.
A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2013, 'yan Denmark sun sake dawo da tsarin bayar da kwangilar, inda suka gayyaci duk kamfanoni guda hudu don shiga. Wannan lokacin shine game da siyan jiragen 24-32. An aika da cikakkun buƙatun a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2014, kuma an karɓi buƙatun uku a ranar 21 ga Yuli (An cire Saab daga cikin tayin a halin yanzu). A karshen watan Yunin 2015 ne ya kamata a yanke shawarar zabar wani nau'in jirgin sama, amma a ranar 27 ga Mayu aka dage shi. A ƙarshe, a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2016 ne Firayim Ministan Denmark Lars Løkke Rasmussen da Ministan Tsaro Peter Christensen suka ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati za ta ba wa majalisar shawarar siyan F-27As 35 na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 3 (CZK 20 biliyan). A ranar 9 ga watan Yuni ne jam'iyyun adawa na adawa suka amince da matakin na gwamnati. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar samarwa da samar da raka'a takwas don jerin LPRIP 12 a cikin 2018. Daga baya, za a ba da odar raka'a biyu don jerin LRIP 13 da huɗu don jerin LRIP 14.
A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2019, an fara taron gaban fuselage na farko na Danish F-35A (lambar rajista na RDAF L-001) a shukar Lockheed Martin da ke Fort Worth. Ana sa ran kammala aikin jirgin a cikin wannan shekara kafin a mika shi ga hukumar RDAF na Luke AFB a Arizona a shekara mai zuwa. Za a horar da matukan jirgin Danish daga 308th Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" na 56th Fighter Wing na sojojin saman Amurka. A cewar shirin, isar da jiragen F-35A zai kasance har zuwa shekarar 2026. Shirye-shiryen Farko na Farko (IOC) za a samu a cikin 2025 da Cikakkiyar Shiryewar Ayyuka (FOC) a cikin 2027.
Kamfanin Danish Terma ya kasance yana samar da abubuwa na tsari da kayan aiki don duk gyare-gyare guda uku na F-35 shekaru masu yawa, ciki har da. karkashin iska-zuwa-ƙasa makamai pylons, GAU-22/A cannon ventral ganga for F-35B da F-35C versions, hadaddun manyan gefuna na a kwance wutsiya, composite panels rufe tsakiyar ɓangare na fuselage da a kwance da kuma tsaye wutsiya, An haɗa tsarin radar /APG-81 da AN/AAQ-37 (Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System, EO DAS) tsarin gargadi. Kamfanin Multicut yana samar da maƙallan duralumin da masu riƙewa don hawa da kayan aiki don injin jirgin sama da injin F135. Cibiyar Gwajin Avionics Danish (ATCD; haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Termy da Scandinavian Avionics) za su kula, gyara da haɓaka abubuwan da ke cikin jiragen ruwa na Danish F-35A.
Netherlands
A farkon karni na 16 da 16, yayin aiwatar da shirin haɓaka F-35A / B mayakan zuwa daidaitattun F-5AM / BM, Dutch sun fara la'akari da yiwuwar samun magajin su. An dauki jirgin F-2002 a matsayin mafi alhaki, don haka a ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2006, Netherlands ta shiga tsarin SDD na shirin JSF, kuma a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2008, sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don shiga cikin tsarin PSFD. A ranar 2 ga Mayu 2009, Majalisar Dokokin Holland ta amince da ba da gudummawar gudummawar Rundunar Sojan Sama (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) a cikin Gwajin Farko na Aiki (IOT&E). Don bukatun su, a ranar 35 ga Yuni, 01, an sayi F-001A na farko (AN-19; RNLAF F-2010), kuma a kan Nuwamba 02, 002, na biyu (AN-3 / F-4). An kera jirgin a matsayin wani bangare na jerin LRIP (Low-Rate Initial Production) jerin 1 da 2012. An fitar da kwafin farko a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013, na biyu a ranar 6 ga Maris, 2012. An gwada su a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2013 kuma Yuni 25, 12, daidai da haka. RNLAF ya saya a Yuli 2013 da Satumba 35, XNUMX kuma ya zama F-XNUMXA na farko da aka ba da shi ga mai amfani na waje.
