Eurocopter

Shirin helikwafta na harin Tigre/Tiger shine haɗin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Aérospatial da MBB kuma shine ƙwarin gwiwa ga Eurocopter. A cikin hoton: sigar farko ta sigar HAD don Sojojin Faransa.

Tarihin Eurocopter, wanda kamfanin Faransa Aérospatial da MBB na Jamus suka kafa a cikin Janairu 1992 don tsarawa, haɓaka, kera da sayar da jirage masu saukar ungulu, yanzu ya zama rufaffiyar babi a tarihin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Duk da yake yana da wuya a yi la'akari da sunan mafi kyau ga masana'antun helikwafta na Turai fiye da Eurocopter, kamfanin ya sake suna Airbus Helicopters a cikin Janairu 2014. Tun daga nan, ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na damuwa na Airbus. Sunan Eurocopter, a gefe guda, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin alamomin sauye-sauyen da aka samu a masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama ta Turai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na XNUMX.

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya katse tsarin ƙasa da kuma ƙarfafa masana'antar sufurin jiragen sama na Faransa wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1936, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshensa, wanda a cikin rabin na biyu na shekarun 50s aka ƙirƙira manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu mallakar gwamnati. : Société de gina kamfanoni na kasa Sud-Aviation da Nord-aviation. A ƙarshen 60s, ta hanyar yanke shawara na gwamnatin Faransa, an raba ayyukan: Sud-Aviation ya fi tsunduma a cikin jiragen sama na soja da na soja da jiragen sama, kuma Nord-Aviation ya shiga cikin makamai masu linzami. Mataki na gaba na ƙarfafawa ya faru a cikin Janairu 1970. Da farko, a ranar 1 ga Janairu, Sud-Aviation ya sami hannun jari na SEREB (Société d'étude et de réalisation d'engins balistiques), sannan a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1970, ta hanyar doka. Shugaban Faransa, Sud-Aviation da Nord-Aviation sun haɗu zuwa kamfani ɗaya, Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale (SNIAS), wanda aka sani tun 1984 a matsayin Aérospatiale. Henri Ziegler ya zama shugaban farko na kwamitin sabon kamfani.

Aérospatiale ya gaji tsire-tsire na Marignane kusa da Marseille daga Sud-Aviation, inda ya ci gaba da kera SA313/318 Alouette II, SA315B Lama, SA316/319 Alouette III da SA340/341 Gazelle Multi-role helicopters, kazalika da SA321 Super Frelon da SA330 Puma (Gazelle da Puma) jirage masu saukar ungulu. Gazelle ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman saboda amfani da sabbin fasahohin fasaha. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shi ne rotor wutsiya da yawa da aka lulluɓe, wanda ake kira Fenestrou daga baya kuma Fenestron. Wadanda suka kirkiro ta su ne injiniyoyi Paul Fabre da René Muyet (na karshen shi ne babban mai zanen sashen helikofta na Sud-Aviation tun 1963, sannan SNIAS / Aérospatial). Fenestron yana ba da tsaro mafi girma a cikin jirgin sama da kuma kula da ƙasa na helikwafta kuma yana rage yawan amo. Na farko da ya karɓi su shine samfurin SA340 na biyu, wanda ya tashi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1968. Fenestron propeller da aka bokan a 1972 kuma nan da nan ya zama alama na Aérospatial helicopters, sa'an nan Eurocopter da Airbus Helicopters, ko da yake saboda daban-daban dalilai ba a yi amfani da a duk model helikofta.

Jirgin helikwafta na farko da aka sanya AS maimakon SA shine AS350 Écureuil, samfurin wanda ya tashi a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1974 (hoton). Sabbin sigogin dangin Écureuil/Fennec har yanzu suna kan samarwa a yau.

Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na farko wanda aka sanye shi da injin Fenestron shine SA360 Dauphin, wanda samfurinsa ya tashi a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1972. wanda aka ambata). Haka lamarin ya kasance tare da ingantaccen tsarin fitarwa na Gazelle SA342 da injin kammala tagwaye na Dauphina SA365C Dauphin 2. Samfurin su ya tashi a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 1973 da 24 ga Janairu, 1975, bi da bi. an gabatar da sunan AS. Na farko shine injin guda AS350 Écureuil (Squirrel), wanda samfurinsa ya tashi a ranar 27 ga Yuni 1974.

A cikin shekarun 70s da 80s, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin bambance-bambancen Dauphina 2: SA365N, SA366G don Tsaron Tekun Amurka (wanda aka sani a Amurka kamar HH-65 Dolphin), marine SA365F da yaƙi SA365M. A tsakiyar shekarun 70s, an fara aiki akan sigar Puma mai girma, wanda ake kira Super Puma. An sake gina SA330, mai suna SA331, ya tashi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 1977, kuma samfurin ƙarshe na AS332 a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1978. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 1978, an samar da samfurin AS355 Écureuil 2, sigar injin tagwaye. ya tashi AS350. A cikin ƙarshen 80s, an haɓaka ingantaccen sigar AS332, wanda aka sani da Super Puma Mk II. A cikin 1990, an sake sanyawa SA365N suna AS365N, SA365M aka sake masa suna AS565 Panther, nau'ikan soja na AS332 an sake masa suna AS532 Cougar/Cougar Mk II, kuma nau'ikan soja na AS350/355 an sake masa suna AS550/555 .

Yawancin nau'ikan helikwafta da aka gina a Sud-Aviation kuma daga baya a Aérospatial sun kasance manyan nasarorin kasuwanci. Baya ga SA315B Lama, wanda aka gina musamman don sojojin Indiya, da SA321 Super Frelon, waɗanda aka samar a cikin ƙananan lambobi, an samar da wasu nau'ikan farar hula da na soja da samfuran (kuma a ƙarƙashin lasisi) a cikin manyan jeri kuma masu amfani da yawa sun yaba da su. duniya. duniya. Har yanzu ana samun nasarar amfani da su a ƙasashe da yawa. Haka kuma, Airbus Helicopters har yanzu suna siyan sabbin nau'ikan AS350 (riga da sabon H125), AS550 (H125M), AS365N3+, AS365N4 (H155), AS565MBe, AS332 (H215) da AS532 (H215M)!

Jamus - MBB

Shahararren mai ginin helikwafta na Jamus bayan yakin shine Eng. Ludwig Belkov. A lokacin Babban Patriotic War, ya yi aiki a Messerschmitt shuka, kuma a cikin 1948 ya halicci nasa ofishin ofishin. Na farko "helicopter" shi ne Bö 102 Helitrainer, gina a 1953. An kera jimillar jirage 18 ga kasashe shida. Ƙarfafawa ta nasararsa, Bölkow ya kafa Bölkow Entwicklungen KG a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1956. Da farko wurinsa yana cikin Echterdingen kusa da Stuttgart, amma a cikin Disamba 1958 aka ƙaura zuwa Ottobrunn kusa da Munich. Helikwafta na gaskiya na farko na Bölkow shine Bö 103 mai haske guda ɗaya, dangane da ƙirar Bö 102. Samfurin kawai da aka gina ya tashi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1961. ɗayan kuma shine gwajin Bö 46, wanda aka gina don gwada abin da ake kira Derschmidt Rotor. godiya ga abin da ya kamata ya kai gudun fiye da 400 km / h Na farko daga cikin raka'a biyu da aka gina ya tashi a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 1964.

A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1965, bayan canji zuwa kamfani da siyan 33,33 (3)% na hannun jari ta Boeing, kamfanin ya canza suna zuwa Bölkow GmbH. A lokacin, Bölkow yana aikin kera jirgin Bö 105, wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na injina mai haske. Nau'in na biyu ya fara tashi ne a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1967, kuma ya fara halarta a baje kolin jiragen sama na Paris watanni hudu bayan haka. Babban abin sha'awar ƙwararru ya samo asali ne ta hanyar babban na'ura mai juyi mai jujjuyawar kai mai tsayayyen kai da sassauƙan ruwan wukake. Wannan shawarar ta samar da motar da kyakkyawan aiki. Bö 105 ya kasance babban nasara - a shekara ta 2009, an gina sama da misalan 1600 a Jamus da kuma ƙarƙashin lasisi a Kanada, Indonesia, Spain da Philippines a yawancin nau'o'i da bambancin ga farar hula da masu amfani da soja a duniya.

A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 1968, Bölkow GmbH da Messerschmitt AG sun haɗu zuwa kamfani ɗaya, Messerschmitt-Bölkow GmbH. A watan Mayu 1969, an samu kamfanin jirgin saman Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH (HFB) daga aikin ginin jirgin ruwa Blohm und Voss. Bayan haka, an canza sunan zuwa Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB). Hedkwatar ta kasance a Ottobrunn, kuma masana'antun helikwafta suna Ottobrunn da Donauwörth kusa da Augsburg. MBB shi ne babban kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Jamus. Ya tsunduma cikin kera, haɓakawa, samarwa, dubawa lokaci-lokaci da gyara jiragen sama, jirage masu saukar ungulu da makamai masu linzami, da kuma samar da sassa da sassa na tsarin jiragen sama na sauran masana'antun. A cikin 1981 MBB ya sayi Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW).

A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1973, an gwada samfurin Bö 106, wato Bö 105 da aka faɗaɗa. Duk da haka, na’urar ba ta ta da sha’awar abokan ciniki ba. Mafi girma Bö 107 ya kasance a kan takarda kawai. A gefe guda kuma, jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na VK 117, wanda aka kera tare da kamfanin Japan na Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) a karkashin wata yarjejeniya da aka kulla a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 1977, ya yi nasara. m hanci, wutsiya boom, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsarin, tuƙi tsarin da kuma karfafawa. Jirgin samfurin ya faru ne a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 1979 a Ottobrunn. Serial samar da BK 117 fara a Jamus da Japan a 1982. A Japan, yana ci gaba har yau.

A cikin 1985, an fara aiki a kan ƙirar helikofta na tagwaye na Bö 108, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin magajin zamani na Bö 105. Abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin gini, tsarin sarrafa injin dijital (FADEC) da dijital avionics. Nau'in na farko, wanda injunan Rolls-Royce 250-C20R ke yi, ya tashi ne a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1988, na biyu kuma, a wannan lokacin da injin Turboméca Arrius 1B ke yi, a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1991.

Eurocopter tushe

A cikin shekarun 70s, ƙasashen Turai da dama sun yanke shawarar siyan helikwafta na musamman na yaƙi da tankunan yaƙi ga sojojinsu, kamar Amurka Bell AH-1 Cobra. A cikin rabin na biyu na 70s, Faransa da Tarayyar Jamus (FRG) sun fara tattaunawa game da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na wannan nau'in na'ura, wanda ake kira "Tiger" / Tiger. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1984 ne aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ta dace a matakin ministocin tsaron kasashen biyu. Masu kwangilar sune Aérospatiale da MBB, waɗanda suka kafa Eurocopter GIE (Groupement d'Intérêt Économique) don gudanar da shirin, wanda ke da hedkwata a La Courneuve kusa da Paris. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1985, an kafa reshensa na Eurocopter GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) a Munich, mai kula da fasahohin shirin, gami da ginawa da gwajin samfura.

Don dalilai na kuɗi, shirin helikwafta na Tigre/Tiger bai kai cikakken iko ba sai Nuwamba 1987. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Eurocopter ya sami kwangila don gina samfura biyar. Na farko daga cikinsu ya tashi a Marignane a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1991. Bayan shekaru da yawa na jinkiri ya haifar, musamman, saboda buƙatar yin la'akari da bukatun daban-daban na sojojin kasashen biyu a cikin zane, kayan aiki da makamai, a karshe. a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1998, Faransa da Jamus sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fara samar da yawan jama'a. An kammala kwangilar aiwatar da kwafin 160 (80 ga kowace ƙasa) a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 1999. An gudanar da bikin fitar da Tiger na farko a Donauwörth a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2002, da gwajin jirgin a ranar 2 ga Agusta. An fara isarwa ga sojojin Faransa da Jamus a cikin bazara na 2005. Spain da Ostiraliya ma sun shiga rukunin masu sayan Tiger.

A wannan lokacin an sami sauye-sauye a tsarin mallaka da tsari. A cikin Disamba 1989, Deutsche Aerospace AG (DASA), wanda aka kafa a ranar 19 ga Mayu na wannan shekarar (wanda aka sake masa suna Daimler-Benz Aerospace AG a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1995, da DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1998), ya sayi hannun jari mai sarrafawa a kamfanoni. MBB. A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1991, Eurocopter GIE an sake masa suna Eurocopter International GIE. Ayyukansa shine haɓakawa da siyar da jirage masu saukar ungulu daga masana'antun biyu a kasuwannin duniya (sai dai Arewacin Amurka). A ƙarshe, akan 1 Janairu 1992, Aérospatiale da DASA sun ƙirƙiri kamfani mai riƙewa, Eurocopter SA (Société Anonyme), tare da hannun jari 70% da 30% bi da bi. Sashen helikofta a Marignane, wanda aka rabu da Aérospatiale, an sake tsara shi zuwa Eurocopter France SA. DASA Helicopter Division (MBB) an haɗa shi cikin Eurocopter Deutschland, wanda ya kasance wani reshe na Eurocopter Faransa. Eurocopter SA ya mallaki 100% na hannun jari na Eurocopter International da Eurocopter Faransa. Shugabanninta na farko sune Heinz Plüktun na MBB da Jean-Francois Bige na Aérospatial. Ba da daɗewa ba Siegfried Sobotta daga Daimler-Benz ya maye gurbin Plyuktun.

Bayan ƙirƙirar Eurocopter a cikin 1992, an sami canje-canje a cikin rassan ƙasashen waje na kamfanonin biyu. American Aerospatiale Helicopter Corporation da MBB Helicopter Corporation an hade su zuwa American Eurocopter, Inc. tare da masana'anta a Grande Prairie, Texas. Aerospatiale Helicopter Australia a Bankstown, New South Wales an sake masa suna Eurocopter International Pacific Holdings Pty Ltd., Helicópteros Aérospatiale de México SA de CV a Mexico City an sake masa suna Eurocopter de México SA de CV (EMSA) da MBB Helicopter Canada Ltd. - a Fort Erie, Ontario, Kanada - Eurocopter Canada Ltd. Bugu da kari, an kafa sabis na Eurocopter Japan a Tokyo a cikin Nuwamba 1992, wanda Eurocopter ya sami hannun jari na 51%. A cikin 1994, an kafa Eurocopter Southern Africa Pty Ltd a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. (ESAL), 100% mallakar Eurocopter. Bugu da kari, Eurocopter Faransa ta sami hannun jari na 45% a cikin kamfanin Brazil Helicópteros do Brasil SA (Helibras) bayan Aérospatial.

A cikin Agusta 1992, Eurocopter Faransa da Eurocopter Deutschland, tare da Agusta na Italiya da Fokker na Italiya, sun kafa ƙungiyar NHIndstries SAS da ke Aix-en-Provence, Faransa don haɓaka, kera, kasuwa da tallata helikwafta mai ɗaukar nauyi mai yawa na NH90. Na farko daga cikin samfura biyar (PT1) ya tashi a ranar 18 Disamba 1995 a Marignane. An gina ƙarin samfura biyu a Faransa. Nau'i na biyu (PT2), wanda ya tashi a ranar 19 ga Maris, 1997, ya zama jirgi mai saukar ungulu na farko a duniya da aka samar da na'urar sarrafa wutar lantarki (PSC). Jirgin farko na amfani da analog FBW ya faru ne a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 1997, da dijital a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1998. Nau'in samfur na huɗu (PT4), wanda aka gina a Jamus, ya tashi a ranar 31 ga Mayu, 1999 a Ottobrunn.