EmDrive yana aiki! Tafiya ta shiga cikin sararin samaniya

Physics yana kusa da gefen rami. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, NASA ta buga rahoton kimiyya akan gwajin EmDrive a Laboratories Eagleworks (1). A cikinta, hukumar ta tabbatar da cewa na'urar tana samar da motsi, wato, tana aiki. Matsalar ita ce har yanzu ba a san dalilin da ya sa yake aiki ba ...

1. Tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje don auna injin motsa EmDrive

2. Rubuta kirtani zuwa EmDrive yayin gwaji

Masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi a dakunan gwaje-gwajen Eagleworks na NASA sun kusanci binciken su a hankali. Har ma sun yi ƙoƙarin gano duk wata hanyar da za ta iya haifar da kuskure - amma abin ya ci tura. Su injin EmDrive ya samar da 1,2 ± 0,1 millinewtons na turawa a kowace kilowatt na iko (2). Wannan sakamakon ba shi da damuwa kuma yana da cikakkiyar inganci sau da yawa ƙasa da na ion tubes, irin su Hall thrusters, amma babban fa'idarsa yana da wuyar jayayya - baya buƙatar kowane mai.Sabili da haka, babu buƙatar ɗaukar tare da ku a kan yuwuwar tafiya kowane tankin mai, "an caje" tare da ikonsa.

Wannan ba shine karo na farko da masu bincike suka tabbatar da cewa yana aiki ba. Sai dai har yanzu babu wanda ya iya bayyana dalilin hakan. Masana NASA sun yi imanin cewa za a iya bayyana aikin wannan injin ka'idar kalaman matukin jirgi. Tabbas, ba wannan ba shine kawai hasashe da ake ƙoƙarin yin bayanin asalin abin ban mamaki na jerin abubuwan ba. Za a buƙaci ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da zato na masana kimiyya. Yi haƙuri kuma ku kasance cikin shiri don da'awar na gaba cewa EmDrive (3)… Yana aiki da gaske.

Yana da game da hanzari

Shari'ar EmDrive tana haɓakawa da haɓaka kamar injin roka na gaske a cikin 'yan watannin da suka gabata. Wannan yana tabbatar da jerin abubuwan da suka faru:

• A cikin Afrilu 2015, José Rodal, Jeremy Mullikin, da Noel Munson sun sanar da sakamakon binciken da suka yi a kan wani taron (wannan shafin yanar gizon kasuwanci ne, duk da sunan, ba shi da alaƙa da NASA). Kamar yadda ya fito, sun duba aikin injin a cikin injin daskarewa kuma sun kawar da kurakuran ma'auni, tabbatar da ka'idar aikin wannan injin ta amfani da su.
• A watan Agusta 2015, an buga sakamakon binciken da Martin Taimar daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden ya yi. Masanin kimiyyar ya ce injin EmDrive ya samu tursasawa, amma wannan ba hujja ba ce ta aikin sa. Manufar gwajin Taimar shine don gwada illolin hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a baya don gwada injin. Duk da haka, an soki gwajin da kansa don rashin daidaito, kurakuran auna, kuma sakamakon da aka sanar an kira "wasa akan kalmomi."
• A watan Yunin 2016, masanin kimiya kuma injiniya dan kasar Jamus Paul Kotsila ya ba da sanarwar wani gangamin taron jama'a na harba tauraron dan adam mai suna PocketQube zuwa sararin samaniya.
• A watan Agusta 2016, Guido Fetta, wanda ya kafa Cannae Inc., ya sanar da ƙaddamar da ra'ayi don CubeSat, ƙaramin tauraron dan adam wanda aka sanye da Cannae Drive (4), wato, a cikin sigar ku ta EmDrive.
• A cikin Oktoba 2016, Roger J. Scheuer, mai ƙirƙira EmDrive, ya karɓi haƙƙin mallaka na Burtaniya da na duniya don ƙarni na biyu na injinsa.
• A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2016, an fitar da hirar fim da Scheuer don International Business Times UK. Yana wakiltar, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, gaba da tarihin ci gaban EmDrive, kuma ya nuna cewa Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka da Birtaniya, da Pentagon, NASA da Boeing, sun kasance masu sha'awar ƙirƙira. Scheuer ya ba da wasu daga cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi tare da duk takardun fasaha don tuki da zanga-zangar EmDrive da ke ba da 8g da 18g. a yi amfani da shi a kusan dukkanin motocin zamani.
• A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2016, an buga sakamakon binciken NASA da aka ambata a sama, wanda da farko ya tabbatar da aikin tashar wutar lantarki.

4. Cannae Drive a cikin tauraron dan adam - hangen nesa

Shekaru 17 kuma har yanzu sirri ne

5. Roger Scheuer tare da samfurin EmDrive ɗin sa

Sunan mafi tsayi kuma mafi inganci ga EmDrive shine RF resonance resonator mota. Masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya kuma injiniya Roger Scheuer, wanda ya kafa tauraron dan adam Propulsion Research Ltd ya samo asali ne a cikin 1999. A cikin 2006, ya buga wata kasida akan EmDrive a New Scientist.5). Malamai sun yi kakkausar suka ga rubutun. A ra'ayinsu, injin lantarki mai alaƙa da alaƙa bisa ra'ayin da aka gabatar ya saba wa dokar kiyaye lokaci, watau. wani fantasy wani zaɓi ne game da.

duk da haka Dukkan gwaje-gwajen da Sinawa ta yi a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata da wadanda NASA ta gudanar a cikin bazara suna da alama sun tabbatar da cewa motsi ta amfani da matsi na hasken wuta na lantarki a saman da kuma tasirin hasken wutar lantarki a cikin madaidaicin igiyar ruwa yana haifar da bambanci mai karfi. da kuma bayyanar gogayya. Wannan iko, bi da bi, za a iya ninka ta Madubai, an sanya shi a nesa mai dacewa, madaidaicin rabin tsayin igiyoyin lantarki.

Tare da buga sakamakon gwajin NASA Eagleworks Lab, jayayya ta sake farfaɗo kan wannan mafita mai yuwuwar juyin juya hali. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin binciken gwaji da ainihin ka'idar kimiyya da ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi sun haifar da matsananciyar ra'ayi game da gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin da'awar samun nasara a balaguron sararin samaniya da kuma musun sakamakon bincike ya sa mutane da yawa yin zurfafa tunani game da abubuwan da aka rubuta a duniya da matsugunan ilimin kimiyya da gazawar gwajin kimiyya.

Ko da yake fiye da shekaru goma sha bakwai ke nan tun bayan da Scheuer ya bayyana aikin, ƙirar injiniyan Birtaniyya ba zai iya jira dogon lokaci don tabbatar da ingantaccen bincike ba. Duk da cewa ana maimaita gwaje-gwajen aikace-aikacen sa lokaci zuwa lokaci, amma ba a yanke shawarar inganta su yadda ya kamata ba da kuma gwada hanyoyin a cikin takamaiman binciken kimiyya. Halin da ake ciki game da wannan ya canza bayan buga abubuwan da aka ambata a sama na sakamakon da aka yi bita na gwaji a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Amurka Eagleworks. Duk da haka, baya ga tabbatar da halaccin hanyar bincike da aka amince da ita, tun daga farko, ba a kawar da dukkanin shakku ba, wanda a zahiri ya raunana amincin ra'ayin kansa.

Kuma Newton?

Don kwatanta girman matsalar tare da ka'idar injin Scheuer, masu suka sukan kwatanta marubucin ra'ayin EmDrive da mai motar da ke son motsa motarsa ​​ta danna kan gilashin gilashin daga ciki. Rashin daidaituwa ta haka da aka kwatanta tare da ainihin ƙa'idodin motsin Newtonian har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban ƙin yarda, wanda gaba ɗaya ya keɓance amincin ƙirar injiniyan Burtaniya. Masu adawa da tsarin Scheuer ba su gamsu da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a jere ba wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya nuna cewa injin EmDrive na iya aiki da kyau.

Tabbas, dole ne mutum ya yarda cewa sakamakon gwajin da aka samu ya zuwa yanzu yana fama da rashin ingantaccen tushe a cikin nau'ikan tanadi da sifofi da aka tabbatar a kimiyance. Duk masu bincike da masu sha'awar da suka tabbatar da aikin na'urar injin lantarki sun yarda cewa ba su sami tabbataccen ƙa'ida ta zahiri ba wacce za ta bayyana yadda ake gudanar da aikinta kamar yadda ake zargin ta sabawa ka'idojin motsa jiki na Newton.

6. Hasashen rabe-raben ma'amala a cikin silinda na EmDrive

Scheuer da kansa, duk da haka, postulates da bukatar yin la'akari da aikin a kan adadi makanikai, kuma ba na gargajiya, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da na al'ada tafiyarwa. A ra'ayinsa, aikin EmDrive ya dogara ne akan takamaiman tasiri na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa ( 6), wanda tasirinsa bai cika bayyana a ka'idodin Newton ba. Hakanan, Scheuer baya bayar da kowace hujja da aka tabbatar ta kimiyance da ingantaccen tsari.

Duk da duk sanarwar da aka yi da kuma sakamakon bincike mai ban sha'awa, sakamakon gwajin gwajin NASA Eagleworks Laboratory shine kawai farkon dogon lokaci na tabbatar da shaida da gina ingantaccen kimiyyar aikin da Scheuer ya fara. Idan sakamakon gwaje-gwajen bincike ya zama mai yiwuwa, kuma an tabbatar da aikin samfurin a cikin yanayin sararin samaniya, akwai sauran tambaya mafi mahimmanci don bincike. matsalar daidaita binciken tare da ka'idodin motsiyayin da ba za a iya taɓa shi ba. Bayyanar irin wannan yanayin bai kamata ya zama kai tsaye yana nufin ƙin yarda da ka'idar kimiyya ta yanzu ko ainihin dokokin zahiri ba.

A ka'ida, EmDrive yana aiki ta amfani da abin mamaki na matsa lamba na radiation. Gudun rukuni na igiyoyin lantarki, don haka ƙarfin da yake haifar da shi, na iya dogara ne akan joometry na waveguide wanda yake yaduwa a cikinsa. A cewar Scheuer ra'ayin, idan ka gina conical waveguide ta yadda gudun igiyar ruwa a daya gefen ya bambanta sosai da gudun igiyar a daya karshen, sa'an nan ta hanyar nuna kalaman tsakanin iyakar biyu, za ka sami bambanci a cikin. matsin lamba na radiation, watau ƙarfin da ya isa ya cimma matsaya. A cewar Scheuer, EmDrive baya keta dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, amma yana amfani da ka'idar Einstein - injin yana cikin kawai. wani tsarin tunani fiye da kalaman "aiki" a ciki.

7. Tsarin ra'ayi na aikin EmDrive

Yana da wuya a fahimci yadda EmDrive ke aiki, amma kun san abin da ya ƙunshi (7). Mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren na'urar shine resonator mikrofalowywanda radiation ta microwave ya haifar microwave (Fitila mai fitar da microwave da ake amfani dashi a cikin tanda na radar da microwave). Mai resonator yana kama da siffa zuwa mazugi na ƙarfe da aka yanke - ɗayan ƙarshen yana da faɗi fiye da ɗayan. Saboda girman da aka zaɓa da kyau, igiyoyin lantarki na wani tsayin daka suna sake kunnawa a cikinsa. Ana ɗauka cewa waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna hanzarta zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen kuma suna raguwa zuwa kunkuntar ƙarshen. Bambanci a cikin gudun hijirar motsi ya kamata ya haifar da bambanci a cikin matsa lamba na radiation da aka yi a kishiyar iyakar resonator, don haka zuwa samuwar. abin hawa. Wannan jeri zai yi aiki zuwa ga babban tushe. Matsalar ita ce, a cewar masu sukar Scheuer, wannan tasirin yana rama tasirin raƙuman ruwa a gefen bangon mazugi.

8. Ion bututun ƙarfe

Injin jet ko roka yana tura abin hawa (turawa) yayin da yake fitar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa. Ion thruster da ake amfani dashi a cikin binciken sararin samaniya shima yana fitar da iskar gas (8), amma a cikin nau'i na ions da aka haɓaka a cikin filin lantarki. EmDrive baya busa ko ɗaya daga cikin wannan.

A cewar Dokar Newton ta uku ga kowane aiki akwai sabani kuma daidai gwargwado, wato ayyukan da suke yi na jikin biyu a kodayaushe daidai suke kuma akasin haka. Idan muka jingina da bango, shi ma yana danna mu, ko da yake ba zai je ko'ina ba. Yayin da yake magana ka'idar kiyaye lokaciIdan dakarun waje (ma'amala) ba su yi aiki akan tsarin jikin ba, to wannan tsarin yana da ci gaba mai dorewa. A takaice, EmDrive bai kamata yayi aiki ba. Amma yana aiki. Aƙalla abin da na'urorin gano ke nunawa ke nan.

Ƙarfin samfuran da aka gina ya zuwa yanzu ba ya kawar da su daga ƙafafu, ko da yake, kamar yadda muka ambata, wasu injunan ion da ake amfani da su a aikace suna aiki a cikin waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan Newtonian. A cewar Scheuer, za a iya ƙara matsawa a cikin EmDrive ta hanyar amfani da na'urori masu sarrafawa.

Ka'idar Wave Pilot

Masu binciken NASA ne suka bayar da ka'idar igiyar ruwa a matsayin yuwuwar tushen kimiyya don aikin EmDrive. Wannan ita ce sanannen ka'idar canji ta farko da aka gabatar Louise de Broglie ne adam wata a 1927, daga baya an manta, sannan aka sake ganowa kuma an inganta David Bohm - yanzu ake kira de Broglie-Bohm ka'idar. Ba shi da matsalolin da ke akwai a daidaitaccen fassarar ma'aunin injiniyoyi, kamar rushewar aikin igiyar ruwa nan take da matsalar auna (wanda aka sani da Schrödinger's cat paradox).

shi ka'idar da ba ta gida bawannan yana nufin cewa motsin ƙwayar da aka ba da shi yana tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar motsin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tsarin. Duk da haka, wannan rashin wurin ba ya ƙyale a watsa bayanai cikin sauri fiye da saurin haske, don haka bai saba wa ka'idar alaƙa ba. Ka'idar igiyar ruwa ta matukin jirgi ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fassarori da yawa na injiniyoyi masu yawa. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a sami bambance-bambancen gwaji tsakanin tsinkayar ka'idar igiyar ruwa ta matukin jirgi da na daidaitattun fassarar injiniyoyin ƙididdiga ba.

A cikin littafinsa na 1926 Max Haihuwar an ba da shawarar cewa aikin igiyar ruwa na lissafin igiyoyin igiyar ruwa na Schrödinger shine yuwuwar yuwuwar gano wani barbashi. Don wannan ra'ayin ne de Broglie ya haɓaka ka'idar igiyar jirgin ruwa kuma ya haɓaka aikin igiyar jirgin. Da farko ya ba da shawarar hanyar magance sau biyu a cikin abin da jimla abu ya ƙunshi motsi na zahiri (u-wave) a cikin sararin samaniya yana da yanki guda ɗaya wanda ke haifar da hali irin na barbashi. A cikin wannan ainihin nau'in ka'idar, mai binciken bai gabatar da wanzuwar kwatankwacin kwayar halitta ba. Daga baya ya tsara ka'idar igiyar ruwa kuma ya gabatar da ita a shahararren taron Solvay a 1927. Wolfgang Pauli duk da haka, ya ɗauka cewa irin wannan samfurin ba zai zama daidai ba don watsar da kwayoyin halitta. De Broglie bai samu ba

ga wannan amsar kuma nan da nan ya watsar da ra'ayin matukin jirgi. Bai taɓa haɓaka ka'idarsa don rufe bazuwar ba.

da yawa barbashi.

A cikin 1952, David Bohm ya sake gano ka'idar igiyar ruwa. An gane ka'idar de Broglie-Bohm a matsayin madaidaicin fassarar injiniyoyin ƙididdiga kuma tana wakiltar babban madadin mafi shaharar fassarar Copenhagen zuwa yau. Mahimmanci, ba shi da 'yanci daga ma'aunin ma'auni wanda ke tsoma baki tare da daidaitattun fassarar injiniyoyi.

Matsayi da ƙarfin kuzarin ɓangarorin ɓoyayyiyi ne a ma'anar cewa kowane barbashi yana da ingantattun daidaitawa da kuzari a kowane lokaci. Duk da haka, ba zai yiwu a auna waɗannan adadi guda biyu a lokaci ɗaya ba, tun da kowane ma'auni na ɗaya yana lalata darajar ɗayan - daidai da haka. Ka'idodin rashin tabbas na Heisenberg. Saitin barbashi yana da madaidaicin igiyar ruwa da ke tasowa bisa ga lissafin Schrödinger. Kowane barbashi yana biye da yanayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun igiyar jirgi da ke sarrafa shi. A hade tare, yawan adadin barbashi yayi daidai da tsayin girman aikin igiyar ruwa. Aikin igiyar ruwa ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga barbashi kuma yana iya kasancewa azaman aikin igiyar ruwa mara komai.

A cikin fassarar Copenhagen, barbashi ba su da kafaffen wuri har sai an lura da su. A cikin ka'idar kalaman

Matsayin matukin jirgi na barbashi an tsara su sosai, amma wannan yana da tasiri daban-daban ga duk ilimin kimiyyar lissafi - don haka

haka nan wannan ka'idar ba ta shahara sosai ba. Koyaya, yana ba ku damar bayyana yadda EmDrive ke aiki.

"Idan matsakaici na iya watsa girgizar sauti, to, abubuwan da ke cikinta na iya yin hulɗa tare da watsa hanzari," in ji ƙungiyar binciken NASA a cikin littafin Nuwamba 2016. keta dokokin motsi na Newton."

Ɗayan sakamakon wannan fassarar, a fili, shine EmDrive zai motsa, kamar yana "turawa" daga sararin samaniya.

 Bai kamata EmDrive ya karya dokokin kimiyyar lissafi ba...

…in ji Mike McCulloch na Jami'ar Plymouth, yana ba da shawarar wata sabuwar ka'idar da ke nuna wata hanya ta daban ta tunani game da motsi da rashin aiki na abubuwa masu ƙananan hanzari. Idan ya yi gaskiya, da za mu ƙarasa kiran ƙaƙƙarfan tuƙi "marasa inertial", saboda rashin aiki, wato, rashin aiki, wanda ke damun mai binciken ɗan Burtaniya.

Inertia sifa ce ta duk abubuwan da ke da taro, amsa ga canji a alkibla ko ga hanzari. A wasu kalmomi, ana iya tunanin taro a matsayin ma'auni na inertia. Ko da yake wannan yana kama da mu sanannen ra'ayi, ainihin yanayinsa ba a bayyane yake ba. Manufar McCulloch ta dogara ne akan zato cewa rashin aiki ya samo asali ne saboda wani tasiri da ake annabta ta hanyar alaƙa ta gaba ɗaya da ake kira. Uwar radiationa ne blackbody radiation aiki a kan hanzari abubuwa. A gefe guda, muna iya cewa yana girma lokacin da muka haɓaka.

Game da EmDrive Manufar McCulloch ta dogara ne akan tunani mai zuwa: idan photons suna da wani taro, dole ne su fuskanci rashin aiki lokacin da aka nuna su. Duk da haka, radiation Unruh kadan ne a wannan yanayin. Don ƙanƙanta ta yadda zai iya hulɗa da yanayin da yake kusa. A cikin yanayin EmDrive, wannan shine mazugi na ƙirar "injiniya". Mazugi yana ba da damar hasken Unruh na wani tsayin daka a mafi faɗin ƙarshen, da radiation na ɗan gajeren tsayi a ƙarshen kunkuntar. Ana nuna hotunan photon, don haka inertia a cikin ɗakin dole ne ya canza. Kuma daga ka'idar kiyaye lokaci, wanda, sabanin ra'ayi akai-akai game da EmDrive, ba a keta shi ba a cikin wannan fassarar, yana biye da cewa ya kamata a haifar da raguwa ta wannan hanya.

Ka'idar McCulloch, a gefe guda, tana kawar da matsalar kiyaye lokaci, kuma a daya bangaren, tana gefe ne na al'adar kimiyya. Daga mahangar kimiyya, abu ne mai yuwuwa a ɗauka cewa photons suna da wani taro marar aiki. Bugu da ƙari, a hankali, gudun haske ya kamata ya canza a cikin ɗakin. Wannan yana da wahala ga masana kimiyyar lissafi su yarda.

Shin da gaske ne kirtani?

Duk da ingantattun sakamako da aka ambata daga binciken EmDrive, har yanzu masu sukar suna adawa da shi. Sun lura cewa, sabanin rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai, NASA har yanzu ba ta tabbatar da cewa injin yana aiki da gaske ba. Yana yiwuwa, alal misali, tare da cikakkiyar tabbaci kurakurai na gwajihaifar da, a tsakanin wasu abubuwa, ta hanyar fitar da kayan da ke kunshe da sassan tsarin motsa jiki.

Masu suka suna jayayya cewa ƙarfin igiyoyin lantarki a cikin kwatance biyu a haƙiƙa yayi daidai. Muna ma'amala da nisa daban-daban na akwati, amma wannan baya canza komai, saboda microwaves, suna nunawa daga ƙarshen ƙarshen, dawowa, fada ba kawai a ƙasa mai kunkuntar ba, har ma a kan ganuwar. Masu shakka sun yi la'akari da ƙirƙirar tura haske tare da kwararar iska, alal misali, amma NASA ta yanke wannan hukuncin bayan gwaje-gwaje a cikin ɗakin da ba a so. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu masana kimiyya cikin tawali'u sun karɓi sabon bayanan, suna neman hanyar da za su daidaita ta da ma'ana tare da ka'idar kiyaye lokaci.

Wasu suna shakkar cewa wannan gwajin ya bambanta ƙayyadaddun motsi na injin da tasirin dumama na tsarin da aka bi da shi da wutar lantarki (9). A cikin saitin gwaji na NASA, babban adadin kuzarin zafi yana shiga cikin silinda, wanda zai iya canza yawan rarrabawa da kuma tsakiyar nauyi, yana haifar da gano matsawar EmDrive a cikin na'urorin aunawa.

9. Hotunan thermal na tsarin yayin gwaji

Masu goyon bayan EmDrive sun ce sirrin ya ta'allaka ne, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a cikin siffar silinda mai ma'anashi yasa kawai layin ya bayyana. Masu shakka suna amsa cewa zai dace a gwada mai kunnawa da ba zai yuwu ba da silinda ta al'ada. Don idan an sami tursasawa a cikin irin wannan ƙirar ta al'ada, wacce ba ta jujjuya ba, zai lalata wasu iƙirarin "sufi" game da EmDrive, kuma zai goyi bayan tsammanin cewa sanannun tasirin thermal na "injin da ba zai yuwu ba" yana aiki a cikin saitin gwaji.

"Ayyukan" na injin, kamar yadda aka auna ta gwajin Eagleworks na NASA, shima abin tambaya ne. Lokacin amfani da 40 W, an auna matsawa a matakin 40 microns - a cikin ƙari ko debe 20 microns. Wannan kuskure ne 50%. Bayan ƙara ƙarfin zuwa 60W, ma'aunin aikin ya zama ma ƙasa daidai. Duk da haka, ko da mun ɗauki wannan bayanan a ƙimar fuska, Har ila yau sabon nau'in tuƙi yana samar da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na wutar lantarki a kowace kilowatt na wutar lantarki wanda za'a iya samun shi tare da ci gaba na ion kamar NSTAR ko NEXT.

Masu shakka suna kira don ƙarin, ƙarin cikakkun bayanai kuma, ba shakka, gwaji mai zaman kansa. Sun tuna cewa kirtani na EmDrive ya bayyana a cikin gwaje-gwajen Sinawa a cikin 2012, kuma ya ɓace bayan haɓaka hanyoyin gwaji da aunawa.

Tabbatar da gaskiya a cikin kewayawa

Amsar ƙarshe (?) ga tambayar ko drive ɗin yana aiki tare da ɗaki mai jujjuyawa an ɗauka ta hanyar Guido Fett da aka ambata - wanda ya ƙirƙiri bambance-bambancen wannan ra'ayi da ake kira Kanna Drive. A ra'ayinsa, masu shakka da masu suka za su rufe bakinsu ta hanyar aike da tauraron dan adam da wannan injin ke amfani da shi zuwa sararin samaniya. Tabbas zai rufe idan Cannae Drive da gaske ya harba tauraron dan adam.

Binciken girman raka'a 6 CubeSat (watau kusan 10 × 20 × 30 cm) yakamata a ɗaga shi zuwa tsayin kilomita 241, inda zai tsaya kusan rabin shekara. Tauraron dan Adam na gargajiya masu girman wannan man fetur ya kare a cikin kimanin makonni shida. EmDrive mai amfani da hasken rana zai cire wannan iyakancewa.

Don gina na'urar, Cannae Inc., wanda Fetta, Inc. ke sarrafa shi. ya kafa kamfani tare da LAI International da SpaceQuest Ltd, yana da gogewa a matsayin mai siyar da kayan gyara, gami da. domin jirgin sama da kuma microsatellite manufacturer. Idan komai yayi kyau, to Wadannan, saboda wannan shine sunan sabon kamfani, zai iya ƙaddamar da microsatellite na EmDrive na farko a cikin 2017.

Ba komai bane illa photons, in ji Finn.

Bayan 'yan watanni kafin a buga sakamakon NASA, mujallar AIP Advances da aka yi bitar takwarorinsu ta buga labarin kan injin EmDrive mai cike da cece-kuce. Mawallafinta, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi Arto Annila daga Jami'ar Helsinki, Dokta Erkki Kolehmainen na Jami'ar Jyväskylä a fannin ilmin sinadarai, da kuma masanin kimiyya Patrick Grahn na Comsol, sun yi jayayya cewa. EmDrive ya sami nasara saboda fitowar photons daga rufaffiyar ɗakin.

Farfesa Annila sanannen mai bincike ne na dakarun yanayi. Shi ne marubucin kusan takardu hamsin da aka buga a cikin manyan mujallu. Ka'idodinsa sun sami aikace-aikace a cikin nazarin makamashi mai duhu da duhu, juyin halitta, tattalin arziki, da ilimin halin kwakwalwa. Annila nau'i ne: EmDrive kamar kowane injin ne. Yana ɗaukar mai kuma yana haifar da turawa.

A gefen man fetur, duk abin da yake mai sauƙi ne kuma bayyananne ga kowa da kowa - ana aika microwaves zuwa injin. Matsalar ita ce ba a iya ganin komai daga gare ta, don haka mutane suna tunanin cewa injin ba ya aiki. To ta yaya wani abu da ba a iya gano shi zai fito daga ciki? Photons suna billa baya da gaba a cikin ɗakin. Wasu daga cikinsu suna tafiya iri ɗaya da gudu iri ɗaya, amma ana jujjuya yanayinsu da digiri 180. Saboda haka, idan sun yi tafiya a cikin wannan tsari, sun soke filayen lantarki na juna. Kamar raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya tare lokacin da ɗaya ya rabu da ɗayan don su soke juna. Ruwan bai tafi ba, har yanzu yana nan. Hakazalika, photons masu ɗaukar motsi ba sa ɓacewa, koda kuwa ba a ganin su a matsayin haske. Kuma idan raƙuman ruwa ba su da kaddarorin electromagnetic, saboda an kawar da su, to, ba sa tunani daga ganuwar ɗakin kuma kada ku bar shi. Don haka, muna da tuƙi saboda nau'ikan photon.

Wani jirgin ruwa nutsewa cikin dangi-lokaci-lokaci

Shahararren masanin kimiyya James F. Woodward (10) yayi la'akari, a gefe guda, cewa tushen jiki don aiki na sabon nau'in na'urar motsa jiki shine abin da ake kira. kwankwaso Maha. Woodward ya tsara ka'idar lissafin da ba ta gida ba bisa ƙa'idar Mach. Mafi mahimmanci, duk da haka, ka'idarsa ta tabbata saboda tana tsinkayar tasirin jiki.

Woodward ya ce idan yawan yawan kuzarin kowane tsarin da aka bayar ya canza tare da lokaci, yawan wannan tsarin yana canzawa da adadin daidai da abin da aka samu na biyu na canjin yawan tsarin da ake tambaya.

Idan, alal misali, ana cajin capacitor yumbu mai nauyin kilogiram 1 sau ɗaya tare da tabbatacce, wani lokacin mummunan ƙarfin lantarki wanda ke canzawa a mitar 10 kHz kuma yana watsa iko, alal misali, 100 W - ka'idar Woodward ya annabta cewa yawan adadin capacitor ya kamata ya canza ± milligrams 10 a kusa da ainihin adadin adadinsa a mitar 20 kHz. An tabbatar da wannan hasashen a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don haka an tabbatar da ka'idar Mach da gaske.

Ernst Mach ya yi imanin cewa jiki yana tafiya daidai ba dangane da cikakken sararin samaniya ba, amma dangane da tsakiyar tarin duk sauran sassan duniya. Rashin kuzarin jiki shine sakamakon mu'amalarsa da sauran jikin. A cewar masana kimiyya da yawa, cikakken fahimtar ka'idar Mach zai tabbatar da cikakken dogaro da lissafin lokacin sararin samaniya akan rarraba kwayoyin halitta a sararin samaniya, kuma ka'idar da ta dace da ita zata kasance ka'idar lokaci-lokaci.

A gani, ana iya kwatanta wannan ra'ayi na injin EmDrive da yin tuƙi a cikin teku. Kuma wannan teku ita ce Duniya. Motsin zai yi aiki ko žasa kamar laka da ke nutsewa cikin ruwan da ya yi sararin duniya ya tunkude kansa daga gare ta. Kuma abu mafi ban sha'awa game da wannan duka shi ne cewa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a yanzu yana cikin irin wannan yanayi ta yadda irin waɗannan misalan ba su zama kamar almara da waqoqi ba kwata-kwata.

Ba kawai EmDrive ba, ko sararin samaniya na gaba

Ko da yake injin Scheuer ya samar da ƙaramin haɓaka, ya riga ya sami babban makoma a cikin balaguron sararin samaniya wanda zai kai mu zuwa Mars da kuma bayansa. Duk da haka, wannan ba shine kawai bege ga injin jirgin sama mai sauri da inganci ba. Ga wasu ƙarin ra'ayoyi:

•  makaman nukiliya. Zai ƙunshi harba bama-bamai na atomic da kuma jagorantar ƙarfin fashewar su tare da "ganga" zuwa gefen jirgin. Fashewar makaman nukiliya za su haifar da wani tasiri mai tasiri wanda ke "turawa" jirgin gaba. Zaɓin da ba mai fashewa ba zai kasance don amfani da kayan fissile gishiri, irin su uranium bromide, narkar da cikin ruwa. Ana adana irin wannan man fetur a cikin jeri na kwantena, an raba su da juna ta hanyar wani nau'i na kayan aiki mai ɗorewa, tare da ƙari na boron, mai dorewa.

  neutron absorber da ke hana su gudana tsakanin kwantena. Lokacin da muka fara injin, kayan daga dukkan kwantena suna haɗuwa, wanda ke haifar da amsawar sarkar, kuma maganin gishiri a cikin ruwa ya juya zuwa plasma, wanda, barin bututun roka ya kare daga babban zafin jiki na plasma ta hanyar filin maganadisu. yana ba da matsawa akai-akai. An kiyasta cewa wannan hanya na iya hanzarta roka har zuwa 6 m / s har ma fiye da haka. Duk da haka, tare da wannan hanya, ana buƙatar manyan kuɗaɗɗen man nukiliya - don jirgin ruwa mai nauyin ton dubu, zai kai ton 10. ton na uranium.

• Fusion engine ta amfani da deuterium. Plasma tare da zafin jiki na kimanin digiri Celsius miliyan 500, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi, yana ba da matsala mai tsanani ga masu zane-zane, misali, nozzles. Duk da haka, gudun da a ka'ida zai iya samu a wannan yanayin yana kusa da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na saurin haske, watau. har zuwa 30 XNUMX. km/s. Koyaya, wannan zaɓin har yanzu ba zai yuwu ba a fasaha.
• Antimatter. Wannan baƙon abu yana wanzuwa sosai - a CERN da Fermilab, mun sami nasarar tattara kusan tiriliyan antiprotons, ko hoto guda ɗaya na antimatter, ta amfani da zoben tattarawa. A ka'ida, ana iya adana antimatter a cikin abin da ake kira tarkon Penning, wanda filin maganadisu ya hana shi karo da bangon akwati. Rushewar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar talakawa

  tare da wani abu, alal misali, tare da hydrogen, yana ba da makamashi mai girma daga plasma mai ƙarfi a cikin tarkon maganadisu. A bisa ka'ida, abin hawa da ke aiki da makamashin lalata kwayoyin halitta da antimatter zai iya hanzarta saurin haske zuwa kashi 90%. Duk da haka, a aikace, samar da antimatter yana da matukar wahala da tsada. Rukunin da aka ba shi yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari sau miliyan goma don samarwa fiye da yadda zai iya samarwa daga baya.

• ruwan rana. Wannan ra'ayi ne na tuƙi wanda aka sani shekaru da yawa, amma har yanzu yana jira, aƙalla a hankali, don a gane shi. Jirgin ruwa zai yi aiki ta amfani da tasirin hasken lantarki da Einstein ya bayyana. Duk da haka, dole ne saman su ya zama babba sosai. Shi ma jirgin ruwan da kansa dole ne ya zama siriri sosai don kada tsarin ya yi nauyi sosai.
• Fitar . Masana fatalwa sun ce ya isa ... yaɗa sararin samaniya, wanda a zahiri yana rage tazarar da ke tsakanin abin hawa da inda aka nufa kuma yana ƙara tazarar bayansa. Don haka, fasinja da kansa yana motsawa kaɗan kawai, amma a cikin "kumfa" ya yi nasara da babbar nisa. Kamar yadda yake da kyau, masana kimiyya na NASA sun yi gwaji da gaske.

  tare da tasiri akan photons. A cikin 1994, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Dokta Miguel Alcubierre ya ba da shawarar ka'idar kimiyya da ke kwatanta yadda irin wannan injin zai iya aiki. A gaskiya ma, zai zama wani nau'i na dabara - maimakon motsi da sauri fiye da gudun haske, zai canza lokacin sararin samaniya da kansa. Abin takaici, kar a ƙidaya samun faifan kowane lokaci nan da nan. Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da ke tattare da shi shine cewa jirgin da ke motsawa ta wannan hanya yana buƙatar makamashi mara kyau don kunna shi. Gaskiya ne cewa irin wannan nau'in makamashi da aka sani da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi - tsarin ka'idar injin a matsayin teku mara iyaka na barbashi makamashi mara kyau wanda masanin kimiyyar Burtaniya Paul Dirac ya fara gabatar da shi a cikin 1930 don bayyana wanzuwar adadin kuzari mara kyau da aka annabta. jihohi. bisa ga ma'aunin Dirac don na'urorin lantarki masu alaƙa.

  A cikin ilimin lissafi na gargajiya, an ɗauka cewa a cikin yanayi akwai kawai mafita tare da makamashi mai kyau, kuma bayani tare da makamashi mara kyau ba ya da ma'ana. Koyaya, lissafin Dirac yana ƙaddamar da wanzuwar matakai waɗanda mummunan bayani zai iya tashi daga “al’ada” abubuwa masu kyau, sabili da haka ba za a iya watsi da su ba. Duk da haka, ba a sani ba ko za a iya haifar da makamashi mara kyau a cikin gaskiyar da muke da ita.

  Akwai matsaloli da yawa game da aiwatar da tuƙi. Sadarwa kamar yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. Alal misali, ba a san yadda jirgin zai iya sadarwa tare da yankunan da ke kewaye da sararin samaniya ba, yana tafiya da sauri fiye da saurin haske? Wannan kuma zai hana direban yin tahowa ko farawa.