Imel, i.e. Imel

E-mail, e-mail - sabis na Intanet, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ƙa'idodin doka a matsayin samar da sabis na lantarki, ana amfani da su don aika saƙonnin rubutu ko saƙonnin multimedia, abin da ake kira e-mail - don haka sunan gama gari na wannan sabis ɗin. Koyi yadda imel ya samo asali tun 1536 a cikin labarin da ke ƙasa.

1536 Alamar @ (1) ta bayyana a cikin wata wasika da wani dan kasuwa na Florentine Francesco Lapi ya aika daga Seville zuwa Roma, yana kwatanta zuwan jiragen ruwa uku daga Amurka. "Akwai amphora na ruwan inabi daidai da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙarfin ganga, mai daraja 70 ko 80 thalers," ɗan kasuwan ya rubuta, yana taƙaita kalmar "amphora" zuwa "a" wanda ke kewaye da wutsiyarsa: "daya @ giya. .” Tunda ana kiran amphora "arroba" a cikin Mutanen Espanya, wannan alamar @ ce har yanzu ana amfani da ita a Spain da Portugal. Wata ka'idar ita ce alamar @ ta ma girma. Tun farkon karni na XNUMX ko na XNUMX, sufaye na iya amfani da shi azaman taƙaitaccen "ad" na Latin. Wannan yana adana lokaci, sarari da tawada.

Tunda ƴan kasuwa suka kama alamar. hanyoyin kasuwanci ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai kuma ya shahara musamman ga Turawa. Masu siyarwa a can sun yi amfani da shi don yin nuni ga farashin kowane abu, kamar "harsashi biyu na giya akan 10 shillings" (watau "shilling 10 na daya"). Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa alamar @ ta bayyana akan maɓallan rubutu na Amurka da Ingilishi a cikin ƙarni na 1963. Hakanan, lokacin da aka yarda da ma'aunin rikodin halayen ASCII a cikin '95, alamar @ tana cikin haruffa XNUMX masu bugawa.

1. Fara amfani da alamar @

1962 Cibiyar sadarwar soja ta Amurka AUTODIN tana ba da saƙo tsakanin tashoshi 1350, sarrafa saƙonni miliyan 30 a kowane wata tare da matsakaicin tsawon saƙon kusan haruffa 3000. Kafin 1968 AUTODIN ya hada maki sama da dari uku a kasashe da dama.

1965 ta imel aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 1965. Marubutan ra'ayin sune: Louis Pouzin, Glenda Schroeder da Pat Crisman daga CTSS MIT. Tom Van Vleck da Noel Morris ne suka aiwatar da shi. Koyaya, a lokacin ana amfani da wannan sabis ɗin don kawai aika saƙonni tsakanin masu amfani da kwamfuta dayakuma adireshin imel ɗin bai wanzu ba tukuna. An saka saƙon kowane mai amfani a cikin fayil ɗin gida mai suna "MAILBOX" wanda ke da yanayin "private" ta yadda mai shi kaɗai zai iya karantawa ko goge saƙon. An yi amfani da wannan tsarin saƙon saƙon don sanar da masu amfani cewa an zub da fayiloli, da kuma tattaunawa tsakanin marubutan umarni na CTSS da sadarwar marubuci a cikin editan littafin CTSS.

Kadan Kwamfuta a wancan zamanin, za su iya samun masu amfani har ɗari. Sau da yawa suna amfani da tashoshi masu sauƙi don shiga babbar kwamfutar daga tebur. kawai sun haɗa da na'ura ta tsakiya - ba su da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar nasu, duk aikin an yi shi ne akan babban babban tashar nesa. Duk da haka, yayin da kwamfutoci suka fara hulɗa da juna ta hanyar sadarwar, matsalar ta ɗan ƙara rikitarwa. Akwai bukatar magance sakonni, watau. tantance wanda ya kamata su kai a kan hanyar sadarwa.

1971-72 MIT wanda ya kammala karatun digiri mai suna Ray Tomlinson (2) ya zama mutum na farko da ya fara isar da sako daga wannan kwamfuta zuwa waccan, duk da cewa an dauki shekaru kafin wani ya ambaci sunan aikin Imel wasiku. Tomlinson ya yi aiki da kamfanin injiniya Bolt Beranek da Newman (yanzu Raytheon BBN), wanda Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta ba da izini don gina ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), wanda ya kasance kan gaba a Intanet kamar yadda muka sani a yau. A wancan zamanin an ware kwamfutoci da junasannan kuma mai tsadar gaske, don haka kowanne mutum da dama ne ke amfani da shi, kuma an jefa bayanan wasu masu amfani da su cikin akwatunan wasiku masu lamba.

Yayin binciken yuwuwar amfani da hanyar sadarwar, Tomlinson ya zo da ra'ayin hada shirin saƙon ciki tare da wani shirin don canja wurin fayiloli tsakanin kwamfutoci. ARPANETs kuma yayi amfani da alamar @ a cikinta don raba sunan mai karɓa daga adireshin mai karɓa. Ba a san ainihin ranar aika saƙon farko ba. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce wannan shine 1971, wasu - 1972. Har ila yau, ba a sani ba - Tomlinson da kansa ya yi iƙirarin "wani nau'i ne na QWERTY", wanda ya kamata ya nuna yanayin bazuwar labarai. A lokacin yana amfani da kwamfutoci 10 na Dijital PDP, wadanda ke da katako mai tsayin mita biyu. Duk injina (kowannensu yana da 288 KB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya) an haɗa su ta hanyar ARPANET. A karon farko, Tomlinson ya sami sakon da aka aiko daga wata kwamfuta.

1973 Membobin Rukunin Injiniya na Intanet, yana nufin ra'ayin Tomlinson, an amince da shi a cikin RFC 469 shawarwarin daidaitaccen ma'auni don sadarwar imel: [email protected]

1978 Spam, bala'in imel, ba da yawa fiye da mail kanta. Wanda ke kan gaba wajen satar bayanan sirrin shine Gary Turk, manajan tallace-tallace na rusasshiyar kamfanin kwamfuta na Digital Equipment Corporation, wanda ya aike da sakwanni masu yawa na tallata kayayyakin kwamfutocin kamfaninsa.

Sakon Tuerk, wanda aka aika zuwa daruruwan kwamfutoci ta hanyar ARPANET, nan da nan ya haifar da fushi daga masu sauraro da kuma zargi daga masu gudanar da hanyar sadarwa. e-mail Yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin misali na farko na spam, kodayake an fara amfani da kalmar don babban imel ɗin da ba a nema ba bayan shekaru da yawa. An yi imanin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga wani zane na talabijin na 70 da aka nuna a cikin Monty Python's Flying Circus wanda ƙungiyar Vikings ke rera waƙa game da spam, samfurin nama.

3. Waƙar Spam "Monty Python's Flying Circus"

1978-79 ISP na farko yana ba da CompuServe Imel wasiku cikin kasuwancin ku na kamfani Ayyukan Infoplex.

1981 CompuServe yana canza sunan sabis ɗin imel ɗin sa zuwa "E-MAIL". Daga baya zai nemi alamar kasuwanci ta Amurka, wanda hakan na nufin ba za a iya amfani da kalmar kyauta ba. Koyaya, wannan sunan ba a ƙarshe ya keɓance shi ba.

1981 A farkon aika Imel wasiku An yi amfani da ka'idar sadarwa ta CPYNET.. Daga baya aka yi amfani da shi ftp, UUCP da sauran ka'idoji masu yawa. A cikin 1982, Jon Postel ya haɓaka don wannan dalili SMTP yarjejeniya (4) har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), ana amfani dashi don aika saƙonnin imel zuwa sabar saƙon, an fara ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1981 amma tun daga lokacin an sabunta shi kuma an faɗaɗa shi sau da yawa don samar da tabbaci, ɓoyewa, da sauran haɓakawa. An bayyana ma'auni a cikin takaddar Injiniya ta Intanet (IETF) mai suna RFC 821 sannan an sabunta ta a cikin 2008 a cikin RFC 5321.

SMTP ka'idar rubutu ce mai sauƙi., wanda ke fayyace aƙalla mai karɓar saƙon (a mafi yawan lokuta, yana bincika ko wanzuwarsa), sannan a tura abin da ke cikin saƙon. SMTP daemon, i.e. martani daga sabar saƙon mai karɓa, yawanci yana aiki akan tashar jiragen ruwa 25. Yana da sauƙi don duba aikin sabar SMTP ta amfani da shirin telnet. Wannan ƙa'idar ba ta aiki da kyau tare da fayilolin binary saboda ta dogara ne akan rubutun ASCII a sarari. An haɓaka ƙa'idodi irin su MIME (farkon 90s) don ɓoye fayilolin binary don watsawa akan SMTP. Yawancin sabar SMTP a halin yanzu suna goyan bayan tsawo na 8BITIME, wanda ke ba da damar canja wurin fayilolin binary cikin sauƙi azaman rubutu. SMTP baya ba ku damar karɓar saƙonni daga sabar mai nisa. Don wannan, ana amfani da ka'idojin POP3 ko IMAP.

1983 Sabis na imel na kasuwanci na farko da ake samu a cikin Amurka - Farashin MCISakamakon farashin hannun jari na MCI Communications Corp.

1984-88 Sigar farko na yarjejeniyar wasiku POP1An bayyana shi a cikin RFC 918 (1984). POP2 An bayyana shi a cikin RFC 937 (1985). POP3 shine mafi amfani da sigar. An samo shi daga RFC 1081 (1988), amma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwanan nan shine RFC 1939, wanda aka sabunta don haɗawa da tsarin haɓakawa (RFC 2449) da kuma hanyar tabbatarwa a RFC 1734. Wannan ya haifar da aiwatar da POP da yawa kamar Pine, POPmail, da sauran shirye-shiryen imel na farko. 

1985 Shirye-shiryen farko da ke ba ku damar amfani da imel a layi. Haɓaka "masu karatu na kan layi". Masu karatun layi suna ba masu amfani da imel damar adana saƙonnin su a kan kwamfutocin su na sirri sannan su karanta su kuma su shirya martani ba tare da an haɗa su da hanyar sadarwa ba. A halin yanzu, shahararren shirin da ke ba ku damar yin wannan shine Microsoft Outlook.

1986 Yarjejeniyar Samun Saƙo ta wucin gadi, IMAP (5) an tsara shi Brand Crispina a 1986 a matsayin yarjejeniya shiga akwatin saƙo mai nisa, sabanin POP da ake amfani da shi sosai, ƙa'idar don maido da abinda ke cikin akwatin saƙo cikin sauƙi. Wannan ƙa'idar ta bi ta hanyoyi da yawa har zuwa na yanzu VERSION 4rev1 (IMAP4).

An aiwatar da ainihin ka'idar isa ga saƙo ta wucin gadi azaman abokin ciniki. Injin Xerox Lisp i TOP-20 uwar garken. Babu kwafi na ainihin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idar lokaci ko software. Ko da yake wasu daga cikin umarninsa da martaninsa sun yi kama da IMAP2, ƙa'idar wucin gadi ba ta da alamomin umarni/amsa don haka ma'anar ta bai dace da duk sauran nau'ikan IMAP ba.

Ba kamar POP3wanda kawai ke ba ku damar saukewa da share wasiku, IMAP yana ba ku damar sarrafa manyan fayilolin wasiku da yawa, da kuma zazzagewa da sarrafa lissafin da ke zaune a kan sabar mai nisa. IMAP yana ba ku damar zazzage kanun labarai kuma zaɓi saƙonnin da kuke son zazzagewa zuwa kwamfutar ta gida. Yana ba ku damar yin ayyuka da yawa, sarrafa manyan fayiloli da saƙonni. IMAP4 yana amfani da TCP da tashar jiragen ruwa 143 yayin da IMAPS kuma yana amfani da TCP da tashar jiragen ruwa 993.

1990 An aika imel na farko a cikin tarihin Poland a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1990. (tsakanin 10.57 da 13.25) daga hedkwatar Hukumar Binciken Nukiliya ta Turai (CERN) a Geneva ta Dr. Grzegorz Polok da MSc. Pavel Yaloha. An isar da shi ga mai amfani%[email protected]' kuma M.Sc. Turanci Andrzej Sobala a Cibiyar Nazarin Nukiliya ta Krakow. 

1991-92 Haihuwar Lotus Notes da Microsoft Outlook (6).

6. Lotus Notes na Microsoft Outlook

1993 Philip Hallam-Baker, ƙwararren masani na yanar gizo da ke aiki ga CERN, yana haɓaka sigar farko ta Webmail, ana sarrafa wasiƙar ba ta wani shiri na musamman ba, amma ta hanyar burauzar gidan yanar gizo (7). Sigar nasa, duk da haka, gwaji ne kawai kuma ba a taɓa buga shi ba. Yahoo! Ofishin gidan waya ya ba da sabis na shiga yanar gizo a cikin 1997.

7. Shafin shiga imel a cikin mai bincike

1999 farawa wayar hannu akan wayoyin BlackBerry (8). Waɗannan na'urori sun shahara a wani ɓangare saboda BlackBerry yana ba da sabis na imel na wayar hannu.

8. Ɗayan samfurin BlackBerry na farko tare da tallafin imel.

2007 Google rabawa Sabis na imel bayan shekaru hudu na gwajin beta. An kafa Gmail a shekara ta 2004 a matsayin aiki Paula Bucejta. Da farko, ba su yi imani da shi a matsayin samfur a ƙarƙashin Google ba. An ɗauki shekaru uku kafin a yanke shawarar yin rajistar masu amfani ba tare da gayyata ba. A cikin fasaha na fasaha, an bambanta shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa shirin ne wanda ya fi kusa da aikace-aikacen tebur (ta amfani da AJAX). Ma'anar a wancan lokacin kuma shine tayin 1 GB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin akwatin wasiku.

9. Tarihin tambarin Gmail

Rarraba imel

nau'in imel ɗin imel

Masu Karu da yawa Imel wasiku yana ba da abokin ciniki mail dangane da burauzar yanar gizo (kamar AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, da Yahoo! Mail). Wannan yana bawa masu amfani damar shiga E-mail address ta amfani da kowane mai binciken gidan yanar gizo mai jituwa don aikawa da karɓar imel. Yawancin lokaci ba a sauke saƙo zuwa abokin ciniki na gidan yanar gizo, don haka ba za a iya karanta shi ba tare da haɗin Intanet na yanzu ba.

POP3 sabar sabar

Ka'idar Saƙo 3 (POP3) ka'idar samun damar wasiku ce ta aikace-aikacen abokin ciniki don karanta saƙonni daga sabar saƙon. Yawancin saƙon da aka karɓa ana goge su daga uwar garken. POP yana goyan bayan sauƙaƙan zazzagewa da share buƙatun don samun damar akwatunan saƙo mai nisa (wanda ake kira aikawa a cikin POP RFC). POP3 yana ba ku damar zazzage saƙonnin imel zuwa kwamfutarku ta gida kuma ku karanta su koda kuna layi.

Sabar imel na IMAP

Ka'idar Samun Saƙon Intanet (IMAP) yana ba da fasaloli waɗanda ke ba ku damar sarrafa akwatin saƙon ku daga na'urori da yawa. Ana ƙara amfani da ƙananan na'urori masu ɗaukuwa kamar wayoyin hannu don duba imel yayin tafiya da bayar da gajeriyar amsa, yayin da manyan na'urori waɗanda ke da mafi kyawun damar madannai ana amfani da su don dogon amsa. IMAP yana nuna kanun saƙon, mai aikawa, da batun, kuma dole ne na'urar ta buƙaci a sauke takamaiman saƙon. Yawancin lokaci, saƙo yana tsayawa a manyan fayiloli akan sabar saƙon.

MAPI sabar sabar

API ɗin saƙo (MAPI) Microsoft Outlook ne ke amfani da shi don sadarwa tare da Microsoft Exchange Server, da kuma wasu adadin sabar sabar kamar Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa da Bynari, inda masu siyarwa suke. sun ƙara tallafin MAPI don ba da damar samun damar samfuran ku kai tsaye ta hanyar Outlook.

Nau'in tsawaita sunan fayil a cikin imel

Lokacin da aka karɓi imel, aikace-aikacen abokin ciniki na imel suna adana saƙonni zuwa fayilolin tsarin aiki akan tsarin fayil. Wasu suna adana saƙonni ɗaya azaman fayiloli daban, yayin da wasu ke amfani da wasu, galibi na mallaka, tsarin bayanai don ma'ajiya ta gama gari. Matsayin ma'ajiyar bayanan tarihi shine tsarin mbox. Musamman tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi ana nuna shi ta hanyar haɓaka sunan fayil na musamman:

• EML - yawancin abokan ciniki na imel masu amfani da su, gami da Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook Express, Lotus bayanin kula, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, da Akwatin gidan waya. Waɗannan fayilolin suna ɗauke da jikin saƙon imel a cikin rubutu a sarari a tsarin MIME, mai ɗauke da rubutun kai da jikin saƙon, gami da haɗe-haɗe a cikin tsari ɗaya ko fiye.
• elks - amfani da Apple Mail.
• MSG - Ana amfani da Microsoft Office Outlook da OfficeLogic Groupware.
• MBH - Opera Mail, KMail da Apple Mail ke amfani da su bisa tsarin mbox.

Wasu ƙa'idodin (kamar Apple Mail) suna barin haɗe-haɗe masu rufaffiyar a cikin saƙonnin da za a iya nema yayin da suke adana kwafi daban-daban na haɗe-haɗe. Wasu sun ware haɗe-haɗe daga saƙon kuma suna adana su a cikin takamaiman kundin adireshi.