Motar lantarki jiya, yau, gobe: kashi na 3

Kalmar "batirin lithium-ion" yana ɓoye nau'ikan fasahohi iri-iri.

Abu daya tabbatacce - muddin lithium-ion electrochemistry ya kasance ba canzawa dangane da wannan. Babu wata fasahar ajiyar makamashin lantarki da za ta yi gogayya da lithium-ion. Ma'anar, duk da haka, ita ce, akwai nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda ke amfani da kayan daban-daban don cathode, anode da electrolyte, kowannensu yana da fa'ida daban-daban dangane da dorewa (yawan caji da zagayowar fitarwa har zuwa damar da za a iya saura don motocin lantarki. na 80%), takamaiman iko kWh/kg, farashin Yuro/kg ko ikon zuwa ikon rabo.

Koma cikin lokaci

Yiwuwar aiwatar da matakai na electrochemical a cikin abin da ake kira. Kwayoyin lithium-ion suna fitowa ne daga rabuwar protons na lithium da electrons daga mahadar lithium a cathode yayin caji. Atom ɗin lithium a sauƙaƙe yana ba da gudummawar ɗaya daga cikin electrons ɗinsa guda uku, amma saboda wannan dalili yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma dole ne a keɓe shi daga iska da ruwa. A cikin tushen wutar lantarki, electrons suna fara motsawa tare da kewayen su, kuma ions ana tura su zuwa carbon-lithium anode kuma, wucewa ta cikin membrane, an haɗa su da shi. A lokacin fitarwa, motsi na baya yana faruwa - ions sun dawo cikin cathode, kuma electrons, bi da bi, suna wucewa ta wurin nauyin lantarki na waje. Koyaya, saurin babban caji na yanzu da cikakken fitarwa yana haifar da samuwar sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke ragewa ko ma dakatar da aikin baturi. Tunanin da ke bayan amfani da lithium a matsayin mai ba da gudummawar barbashi ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa shi ne ƙarfe mafi sauƙi kuma yana iya sakin protons da electrons cikin sauƙi a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya suna yin watsi da amfani da tsantsar lithium cikin hanzari saboda yawan rashin ƙarfi, ƙarfinsa na haɗawa da iska, da kuma dalilai na tsaro.

Batirin lithium-ion na farko an kirkireshi ne a cikin 1970s Michael Whittingham, wanda yayi amfani da tsarkakakken lithium da titanium sulfide azaman wayoyi. Ba a amfani da wannan wutar lantarki, amma a zahiri yana aza harsashin batirin lithium-ion. A cikin 1970s, Samar Basu ya nuna ikon karɓar ion ion lithium daga hoto, amma saboda ƙwarewar lokacin, batura da sauri suna ɓata kansu yayin caji da dakatar dasu. A cikin 1980s, ci gaba mai zurfi ya fara samo dacewar mahaɗan lithium don cathode da anode na batura, kuma ainihin nasarar tazo a 1991.

NCA, Kwayoyin lithium na NCM ... menene ma'anar wannan da gaske?

Bayan gwaji da nau'ikan mahadi na lithium daban-daban a cikin 1991, ƙoƙarin masana kimiyya ya sami nasara - Sony ya fara samar da batir lithium-ion da yawa. A halin yanzu, batura irin wannan suna da mafi girman ƙarfin fitarwa da ƙarfin kuzari, kuma mafi mahimmanci, babban yuwuwar haɓakawa. Dangane da buƙatun baturi, kamfanoni suna juyawa zuwa mahaɗan lithium daban-daban azaman kayan cathode. Waɗannan su ne lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), mahadi tare da nickel, cobalt da aluminum (NCA) ko tare da nickel, cobalt da manganese (NCM), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese spinel (LMS), lithium titanium oxide (LTO) da sauransu. Electrolyte cakude ne na gishirin lithium da abubuwan kaushi na kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da mahimmanci musamman ga "motsi" na lithium ions, kuma mai rarrabawa, wanda ke da alhakin hana gajeriyar da'ira ta hanyar yuwuwa zuwa ion lithium, yawanci polyethylene ko polypropylene ne.

Putarfin fitarwa, iya aiki, ko duka biyun

Mafi mahimmancin halaye na batir sune ƙarfin makamashi, aminci da aminci. Batir da ake kerawa a halin yanzu ya rufe nau'ikan waɗannan halayen kuma, gwargwadon kayan aikin da aka yi amfani dasu, suna da takamaiman ƙarfin makamashi na 100 zuwa 265 W / kg (kuma ƙarfin ƙarfin 400 zuwa 700 W / L). Mafi kyau a wannan batun sune batirin NCA da mafi munin LFPs. Koyaya, kayan shine gefe ɗaya na kuɗin. Don haɓaka duka takamaiman makamashi da ƙarfin makamashi, ana amfani da nau'ikan nanostructures don karɓar ƙarin abubuwa da samar da haɓaka mai girma na rafin ion. Adadin ions mai yawa, "an adana" a cikin wani tsayayyen fili, kuma yanayin iya aiki sune abubuwan buƙata don saurin caji, kuma ana fuskantar ci gaba a waɗannan kwatancen. A lokaci guda, ƙirar baturi dole ne ta samar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfin da ake buƙata gwargwadon nau'in tuki. Misali, matattara-matattara na buƙatar samun haɓakar ƙarfi-zuwa-iyawa mai yawa don dalilai bayyananne. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yau sun mai da hankali ne kan batura kamar su NCA (LiNiCoAlO2 tare da cathode da graphite anode) da NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 tare da cathode da graphite anode). Na farko ya ƙunshi (a waje da lithium) kusan kashi 80% na nickel, 15% na cobalt da 5% na aluminium kuma suna da takamaiman kuzari na 200-250 W / kg, wanda ke nufin cewa suna da ɗan amfani ƙarancin amfani da cobalt mai mahimmanci da rayuwar sabis har zuwa zagayowar 1500. Irin waɗannan batura ne kamfanin Tesla zai samar da su a Gigafactory da ke Nevada. Lokacin da ta kai cikakkiyar damarta (a cikin 2020 ko 2021, gwargwadon halin da ake ciki), injin zai samar da batir 35 GWh, wanda zai isa ya ba motocin 500 iko. Wannan zai kara rage kudin bati.

Batura NMC 811 suna da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi takamammen ƙarfi (140-200W/kg) amma suna da tsawon rai, suna kaiwa 2000 cikakken zagayowar, kuma sune 80% nickel, 10% manganese da 10% cobalt. A halin yanzu, duk masu kera batir suna amfani da ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu. Banda shi ne kamfanin BYD na kasar Sin, wanda ke kera batir LFP. Motocin da aka sanye da su sun fi nauyi, amma ba sa bukatar cobalt. An fi son batir NCA don motocin lantarki da kuma NMC don toshe-a cikin matasan saboda fa'idodin su dangane da yawan kuzari da ƙarfin ƙarfi. Misalai sune e-Golf na lantarki tare da rabon iko/aiki na 2,8 da kuma matasan Golf GTE mai toshe tare da rabo na 8,5. Da sunan rage farashin, VW yayi niyyar amfani da sel iri ɗaya don kowane nau'in batura. Kuma wani abu guda - mafi girman ƙarfin baturi, ƙananan adadin cikakken fitarwa da caji, kuma wannan yana ƙara yawan rayuwar sabis, sabili da haka - mafi girma baturi, mafi kyau. Na biyu ya shafi hybrids a matsayin matsala.

Yanayin kasuwa

A halin yanzu, buƙatar batura don dalilai na sufuri ya riga ya wuce buƙatar samfuran lantarki. Har yanzu ana hasashen za a sayar da motocin lantarki miliyan 2020 a duk shekara a duniya nan da shekarar 1,5, wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen rage tsadar batura. A shekara ta 2010, farashin 1 kWh na tantanin halitta na lithium-ion ya kai kimanin Yuro 900, kuma yanzu bai wuce Yuro 200 ba. 25% na farashin duka baturi shine na cathode, 8% na anode, separator da electrolyte, 16% don duk sauran ƙwayoyin baturi da 35% don ƙirar baturi gabaɗaya. A wasu kalmomi, ƙwayoyin lithium-ion suna ba da gudummawar kashi 65 cikin 2020 ga farashin baturi. Ƙididdigar farashin Tesla na 1 lokacin da Gigafactory 300 ya shiga sabis yana kusa da XNUMX€/kWh don batir NCA kuma farashin ya haɗa da ƙãre samfurin tare da matsakaicin VAT da garanti. Har yanzu yana da tsada mai tsada, wanda zai ci gaba da raguwa cikin lokaci.

Ana samun manyan wuraren ajiyar lithium a cikin Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, USA, Australia, Canada, Russia, Congo da Serbia, tare da yawancin galibi ana hako su daga raƙuman tafkuna. Yayinda baturai da yawa ke taruwa, kasuwar kayan da aka sake sarrafa su daga tsofaffin batura zata karu. Mafi mahimmanci, duk da haka, shine matsalar cobalt, wanda, kodayake yana nan da yawa, ana haƙo shi azaman kayan masarufi wajen samar da nickel da jan ƙarfe. Cobalt ana haƙa shi, duk da ƙarancin natsuwarsa a cikin ƙasa, a Kwango (wanda ke da wadatattun wuraren ajiya), amma a cikin yanayin da ke ƙalubalantar ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a da kiyaye muhalli.

Babban fasaha

Ya kamata a tuna cewa fasahohin da aka yarda da su azaman nan gaba ba ainihin sababbi bane, amma zaɓuka ne na lithium-ion. Waɗannan, misali, batir ne mai ƙarfi, wanda ke amfani da lantarki mai ƙarfi maimakon ruwa (ko gel a cikin batirin lithium polymer). Wannan maganin yana samar da ingantaccen tsari na wayoyin, wanda ya keta mutuncinsu yayin caji da babban halin yanzu, bi da bi. babban zazzabi da babban nauyi. Wannan na iya kara caji a yanzu, karfin lantarki da karfin wuta. Baturai masu ƙarfi na ƙasa har yanzu suna kan matakin farko na ci gaba kuma da wuya su fara samar da ɗimbin yawa har zuwa tsakiyar shekaru goma.

Ofaya daga cikin masu farawa da suka ci lambar yabo a Gasar Fasahar Innovation ta BMW ta 2017 a Amsterdam shine kamfani mai amfani da baturi wanda silicon anode yana haɓaka ƙarfin makamashi. Injiniyoyi suna aiki akan nau'ikan nanotechnologies daban -daban don samar da babban ƙarfi da ƙarfi ga duka anode da cathode, kuma mafita ɗaya ita ce amfani da graphene. Waɗannan yadudduka na ƙanƙantar da kai tare da kauri guda ɗaya na atomic da tsarin atom ɗin hexagonal ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa. "Kwallan graphene" wanda masana'antun wayar salula Samsung SDI suka kirkira, an haɗa su cikin tsarin cathode da tsarin anode, suna ba da ƙarfi mafi girma, iyawa da yawa na kayan da haɓaka madaidaiciyar ƙarfin kusan 45% da saurin caji sau biyar. zai iya samun motsin ƙarfi daga motocin Formula E, wanda na iya zama farkon wanda aka sanye shi da irin waɗannan batura.

Yan wasa a wannan matakin

Manyan 'yan wasa a matsayin masu samar da Tier 123 da Tier 2020, watau masu kera wayar salula da batir, sune Japan (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa da Hitachi Vehicle Energy), Koriya (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam da SK Innovation), China (Kamfanin BYD) . , ATL da Lishen) da kuma Amurka (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel da Valence Technology). Manyan kamfanonin da ke samar da wayoyin salula a halin yanzu sun hada da LG Chem, Panasonic, Samsung SDI (Korea), AESC (Japan), BYD (China) da CATL (China), wadanda ke da kasuwar kashi biyu bisa uku. A wannan mataki a Turai, ƙungiyar BMZ daga Jamus da Northvolth daga Sweden kawai suna adawa da su. Tare da ƙaddamar da Gigafactory na Tesla a cikin XNUMX, wannan adadin zai canza - kamfanin Amurka zai yi lissafin kashi XNUMX% na samar da ƙwayoyin lithium-ion a duniya. Kamfanoni irin su Daimler da BMW sun riga sun rattaba hannu kan kwangiloli da wasu kamfanoni irin su CATL da ke gina masana’anta a Turai.