Babur lantarki, yaya yake aiki?
Abubuwa
Ƙara yawan aiki da aiki akan rayuwar baturi, wani lokacin cajin matsala
Babu wani tallafi daga hukumomin gwamnati don haɓaka wannan tsarin sufuri na "kore".
A cikin masana'antar kera, rabon motocin lantarki ya zarce 1% a cikin kasuwar Faransa a ƙarshen 2015: ya kasance babban alkuki, amma ƙaramin alkuki, wanda ya fara farawa a cikin ƙasa, godiya ga sa hannu na manyan 'yan wasa. masana'antar kera motoci (Renault-Nissan, BMW, Mercedes, Kia, Volkswagen, PSA, SEAT) da kuma fafutukar sabbin masu shiga Kasuwar ta rubanya cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa.
Kuma babura a cikin wannan duka? A cikin 2019 kadai, motocin lantarki sun zarce 1% na kasuwar masu kafa biyu (1,3% a Faransa a cikin 2020). Har yanzu ba mu ma kan matakin alkuki ba tukuna, kawai a matakin ƙwaƙƙwaran kare a kasan kwano. Wannan shi ne duk da girma sa hannu na manyan babura (BMW, KTM, Harley-Davidson, Polaris) da kuma ayyuka na sabon shiga (Zero Babur, Energica, Walƙiya ...). Ƙarfafawa a yau ya zo musamman daga masu wasan motsa jiki, gami da samfuran tarihi irin su Vespa tare da Elettrica. Anan muna ƙarin magana game da samfuran da ba a san su ba 'yan shekarun da suka gabata kamar Cake, Niu, Super Socco, Xiaomi.
A Faransa, kusan shekaru 10 bayan kafuwar shi a shekara ta 2006, babura na Zero har yanzu yana sayar da motoci 50 kawai a shekara, Bruno Müller, darektansa na Faransa, ya shaida mana a baje kolin motoci na Paris na karshe. BMW a lokacin ita ce kaɗai ta riƙe nata babur C Evolution, ana siyar da shi a kusan raka'a 500 a shekara, fiye da tsammanin da hasashen masana'antar Bavaria da keɓancewar Faransa.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, babu sauran mako guda ba tare da ganin sabon ra'ayi na masu kafa biyu na lantarki ba, da wata guda ba tare da sababbin nau'ikan baburan lantarki ba.
Duniyar babura a al'ada ce ta fi mazan jiya fiye da duniyar mota, haka kuma, ba ta jin daɗin tallafin haraji iri ɗaya da ke ba abokanmu 6300WD damar tuƙi cikin shiru, suna ba da tallafi daga takwarorinsu (tuna cewa siyan motar lantarki yana ba ku damar cin gajiyar. na € 10 bonus, ya karu zuwa € 000 idan kun rabu da tsohon Duk da haka, ya ce "Equality" a kan pediment na dukan manyan ɗakunanmu na gari, amma hey ... Dole ne tunanin ya samo asali don haɗawa da cikas na gaske ko tsinkaye, tsakanin wanda ainihin ikon cin gashin kansa da caja ba su da ƙasa.Ko da sun inganta daga shekara zuwa shekara.
Sannan akwai batun farashin: babur ɗin lantarki har yanzu yana da tsada. Kewayon Zero, wanda farashinsa ya faɗi tun daga lokacin, yana farawa akan € 10 kuma ya haura zuwa € 220 (ko ma wasu dubunnan ƙarin tare da zaɓuɓɓukan caji mai sauri), yayin da babur BMW ya nuna daga € 17 da Energica sama da € 990 kamar da Harley Livewire. Don haka, tikitin shiga yana da yawa, koda kuwa farashin masu amfani ya ragu sosai. Babura na Zero ya yi iƙirarin cewa farashin "man fetur" ya kusan € 15 kowane kilomita 400 da babura waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin kulawa. Ah, ba zato ba tsammani yana samun ɗan ban sha'awa.
Amma ta hanyar, ta yaya babur ɗin lantarki yake aiki?
Injin
Don fahimtar yadda injin lantarki ke aiki yana buƙatar mahimman ra'ayoyin kimiyyar lissafi da yawa. Shin, kun san cewa dangane da polarity, maganadisu na iya jawo hankalin juna ko tunkude juna? To, idan kun san hakan, kuna da makamai don fahimtar yadda motar lantarki ke aiki: a zahiri, kawai sanya sassa biyu na maganadisu fuska da fuska, waɗanda polarities waɗanda ke cikin saɓanin kwatance: a tsaye na injin ana kiransa stator. Lokacin da halin yanzu ya wuce ta cikinsa, yana jawo kishiyar polarity: yana kan axis, don haka yana fara juyawa kuma ana kiransa rotor. Kamar wannan. Sa'an nan kuma ya isa don haɗa na'urar rotor zuwa gadar watsawa: sannan makamashin lantarki ya zama inji. Anan kuna da isasshen kuzari don gudu Magic Mixer Super Blender daga Télé-Achat ("yes Maryse, godiya ga kayan haɗin 320 da za ku iya yin duka biyu mai kyau grated karas da kuma dadi milkshakes" / "Great, Pierre da duk wannan don adadi kaɗan na Yuro 199,99 kawai, tare da jiki mai ba da kyauta ") ko, a mafi kyau, motsa mota. Muna can.
A kan takarda, injin lantarki yana da fa'idodi da yawa: ƴan sassa masu motsi, ƙarancin juzu'in inji (sabili da haka iyakance "sharar wutar lantarki"), babu ruwa na ciki (sabili da haka babu magudanar ruwa ko leaks), rage buƙatar sanyaya (wasu suna farin ciki da kewaye) iska kuma, sabili da haka, kuma baya buƙatar hadaddun ruwa mai sanyaya), ba tare da ambaton babban abu ba: babu fashewar ciki, babu gurɓatacce, babban shuru na aiki da matsakaicin ƙarfi a mafi ƙasƙanci saurin juyawa. Sauƙin ƙirar sa kuma yana ba da tabbacin kyakkyawan karko. Ba kamar injin konewa na ciki ba, injin lantarki baya buƙatar zafi: zaku iya tsalle kan babur, kunna iskar gas! A ƙarshe, watts ... (eh, wannan wargi yana tsotse, amma har yanzu dole in buga shi a wani wuri ...).
Yanzu bari mu ɗauki mataki baya: menene muke ciyar da shi, wannan injin?
Baturi: maimakon Li-Ion ko Ni-Mh?
Ba kamar motoci masu haske irin su Toyota Prius ba, ana cajin batiran babur masu amfani da wutar lantarki. Don haka, wannan yana da sakamako guda biyu: dole ne yuwuwarsu ta fi girma, fasaharsu kuma ta bambanta.
Batura masu caji yawanci lithium ion (Lithium-ion) fasaha, sau uku mafi ƙarfi don girma iri ɗaya (amma kuma ya fi tsada) fiye da fasaha ta biyu, nickel karfe hydride (Ni-Mh). Energica yana da batura lithium polymer. Batura lithium-ion suma suna da ƙarancin tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, don haka mafi girman su na yau da kullun akan lokaci. Don haka, Zero yayi alƙawarin fiye da kilomita 300 yayin da yake riƙe aƙalla kashi 000 na ƙarfin baturi. A gefe guda kuma, haɗarin gajerun kewayawa ya fi girma tare da Li-Ion: don haka injunan da suka fi rikitarwa, waɗanda a zahiri sun fi nauyi da tsada.
Sakamakon haka, ana haɓaka bincike a matakin baturi don ƙarfin girma kuma a cikin mafi ƙanƙanta kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe.
Don haka, aikin motar lantarki ya dogara da ƙarfin injin, da kuma ikon batir don tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye wannan aikin har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu, tare da iyaka.
A yau, ƙarfin baturi na babur na Juyin Halitta na BMW C shine 11 kWh, yayin da kewayon Zero ya dogara ne akan motocin da ke jere daga 3,3 zuwa 13 kWh. Energica kawai yana da baturin 21,5 kWh.
Wani abu: nauyi. Don haka, BMW yana ba da garantin kewayon kilomita ɗari don babur ɗinsa (wanda har yanzu yana ɗaukar kilogiram 265), yayin da Zero zai iya tafiya daga matsakaicin kilomita 66 (a cikin 2015 don ƙaramin FX ZF3.3, wanda nauyinsa kawai kilo 112) zuwa 312 km (DS da DSR ZF13.0 tare da Tankin Wutar Lantarki, ƙarin baturin da ke kawo duka nau'ikan Enduro ko Supermoto ba zai iya yin nisa sosai tare da batir 80 kWh. mintuna 7 na wasan tsere- shakatawa da hops Amma gaskiya ne cewa na karshen dole ne ya kasance a matsayin haske kamar yadda zai yiwu. Energica yana ba da sanarwar nisan kilomita 400 (a cikin birane), amma a zahiri mun gwammace mu kewaya kilomita 180, wanda har yanzu ya fi dubun kilomita kaɗan da suka wuce. A yau, abin hawa mai ƙafafu biyu masu amfani da wutar lantarki na iya wuce nisan kilomita 100 a haƙiƙance.
Amma wannan shine inda ma'auni ya zama mai wahala, saboda dole ne ka sanya siginar ka da hankali tsakanin manyan batura da iyakanceccen nauyi, sanin cewa nauyi yana lalata baturi ... Ba sauki ba. A kowane hali, zamu iya rigaya la'akari da 13 kWh Zero Motorcycles DS da DSR don zama mai daraja sosai, har ma kusan ƙima! Don sanya abubuwa cikin hangen nesa, ku sani cewa BMW X5 40th (Plug-in Hybrid) yana da 9,2 kWh na batura, wanda ke ba da damar wannan babban tan 2,2 SUV ya yi tafiya kusan kilomita talatin cikin yanayin wutar lantarki; Nissan Leaf 2016 yana da 30 kWh, yana da'awar kilomita 250 na kewayon kuma yana tafiya 200 km a gaskiya.
Sauyawa
Baturi ya ƙunshi batura / sel da yawa. Sifili shine 128. Lokacin da suka fara cika cikakke, yawanci kusan 85%, BMS (Tsarin Gudanar da Batir) yana ba da electrons. Kuma da yawan ƙwayoyin sel, yana ɗaukar tsayin lokaci don daidaita su don aika su zuwa wurin da ya dace. Sakamakon haka, baturin ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci don yin caji a kashi na ƙarshe. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wasu masana'antun suna magana da yawa game da lokutan caji na kusan 80%.
Domin lokacin caji wani lamari ne na motocin lantarki. Domin cajin baturi yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Wataƙila tsarin musayar sauri kamar toshe da wasakamar yadda dawakai suka canza a tsakiyar zamanai Post relays. Wasu sun riga sun yi aiki a kan wannan kuma suna ba da ra'ayi irin su Gogoro ko Silence model, amma babu wani bayani da ya bayyana a cikin gajeren lokaci.
Yin caji a cikin hanyar sadarwa
Don haka, idan babu canji mai sauri, dole ne ka yi cajin baturi akan hanyar sadarwa. Matsalolin a nan suna da sauƙi kuma suna da alaƙa da daidaitawar wutar lantarki mai shigowa da mai fita. A kan bangon bango na yau da kullun a cikin gidan ku, abin takaici ne cewa kwararar ruwa sune mafi ƙanƙanta: don haka ƙidaya iyakar 1,8 kWh ko awoyi da yawa na caji dangane da ƙarfin baturi da caja. Don haka baturi mai nauyin 5,6kWh mai caja 600W yana buƙatar caji na awa 9, amma yana da kyau a duba shi ta hanyar lantarki saboda zai yi tafiya na sa'o'i a karshen kuma a hana ku yin zafi.
Yin caji akan tashoshi
Nau'in tashoshi na 3 (Salon Autolib) suna da fahimtar nauyi a cikin tashar kuma suna iya gudana har zuwa 3,7 kWh. A ƙarshe, tashoshin caji da sauri na Tesla da manyan caja zasu iya cajin har zuwa 50 kWh. Yawancin babura, a daya bangaren, ba su da kayan aiki don karɓar waɗannan kantuna masu sauri (ban da Energica tare da soket na CCS). Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake tare da Zero, za su iya amfani da kayan haɗi na "Charge Tank", wanda ke aiki a matsayin amplifier kuma yana cajin samfurin 13 kWh a cikin kimanin sa'o'i 3 da samfurin 9,8 kWh a cikin kimanin 2 hours.
A cikin motoci, wasu masana'antun suna taimaka wa abokan ciniki samar da tashar caji mai sauri a gida kuma wani lokaci suna jin daɗin cikakken goyon baya ga aikin. A halin yanzu, babur ba ya bayar da wani abu makamancin haka, amma ya kamata a lura cewa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2011, an zartar da doka kan "haƙƙin kifi" a cikin gidaje: idan ɗaya daga cikin masu haɗin gwiwar ya nemi shigarwa. soket ɗin caji a cikin filin ajiye motoci ko ɓangaren gama gari, ba za a iya ƙi shi ba (don asusun ku).
Luxury shine sarari...
Fara daga Bai taba farin ciki ba 1899 (mota ta farko da ta wuce 100 km / h ta rigaya ta kasance motar lantarki), matsalar motocin lantarki ta kasance mai sauƙi: muna manne batir a ƙasa saboda akwai dakin da ya rigaya, kuma yana daɗaɗa duka sannan kuma zamu iya cika. su. A kan babura, matsalar ta fi wuya, don haka kalubale ga injiniyoyi shine shigar da komai a cikin sararin da ke kan babur, ainihin (hard humor, can) iyakance.
Masu zane kuma suna da rawar da za su taka ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan batura marasa kyau. Kamar Brammo, Zeros na farko yayi kama da firji masu taya tare da batir ɗinsu mara kyau, amma abubuwa sun inganta tun daga lokacin. Misali, Harley-Davidson Livewire yana da kyau a ɓoye wasansa da makamashin Ego RS +. A halin da ake ciki, babura masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna nisa daga faɗuwar ƙafa, kamar yadda suke a farko. Fasahar zamani kuma tana ba ku damar saka idanu akan matakin caji ko tsara shi ta amfani da apps akan wayoyinku. Duk wannan yana ba ku damar nemo babur, bin diddigin yadda ake amfani da shi a kowace tafiya kuma ku sami yancin kai a ainihin lokacin.
Don haka, don ci gabansa, babura masu amfani da wutar lantarki dole ne su dogara ga samar da ababen more rayuwa, wanda hakan ba zai iya ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga ci gaban dimokuradiyya da rage farashinsa. Wannan shine ainihin manufar GEME, motsi na babur lantarki na Turai, wanda zai kasance a gaba EVER a Monaco.
