Exoskeletons
Ko da yake an ƙara jin labarin exoskeletons kwanan nan, ya bayyana cewa tarihin wannan ƙirƙira ya koma karni na sha tara. Nemo yadda ya canza a cikin shekarun da suka gabata da kuma yadda sauyin yanayin juyin halittarsa ya kasance.
1. Misali daga haƙƙin mallaka na Nikolai Yagn
1890 - Tunani na farko don ƙirƙirar exoskeleton tun daga karni na 1890. A cikin 420179, Nicholas Yagn ya ba da izini a Amurka (patent No. US XNUMX A) "Na'urar da za ta sauƙaƙe tafiya, gudu da tsalle" (1). Wani sulke ne da aka yi da itace, wanda manufarsa ita ce kara gudun mayaƙa yayin tattakin kilomita masu yawa. Zane ya zama tushen wahayi don ƙarin bincike don mafi kyawun mafita.
1961 - A cikin 60s, General Electric, tare da gungun masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Comell, sun fara aiki a kan samar da kayan aikin lantarki na lantarki wanda ke tallafawa motsa jiki. Haɗin kai tare da sojoji akan aikin Man Augmentation ya haifar da haɓaka Hardiman (2). Manufar aikin ita ce samar da kwat da wando da ke kwaikwayi yanayin motsin dan Adam, wanda zai ba shi damar daga abubuwan da nauyinsu ya kai kusan kilogiram 700. Tufafin kanta yana auna iri ɗaya, amma nauyin da ake iya gani shine kawai 20 kg.
2. General Electric prototype zafi Exchanger
Duk da nasarar aikin, ya nuna cewa amfaninsa ba shi da kyau, kuma kwafin farko zai yi tsada. Iyakantattun zaɓuɓɓukan motsinsu da tsarin wutar lantarki mai rikitarwa daga ƙarshe sun sa waɗannan na'urori marasa amfani. A lokacin gwaji, ya bayyana cewa Hardiman na iya ɗaukar kilogiram 350 kawai, kuma tare da tsawaita amfani yana da yanayin haɗari, ƙungiyoyi marasa daidaituwa. Daga ci gaba da haɓaka samfurin, hannu ɗaya kawai aka watsar - na'urar tana kimanin kilogiram 250, amma ba ta da amfani kamar exoskeleton na baya.
Shekarun 70. "Saboda girmansa, nauyi, rashin kwanciyar hankali, da matsalolin wutar lantarki, Hardiman bai taba shiga samarwa ba, amma Man-Mate masana'antu ya yi amfani da wasu fasaha daga 60s. Western Space da Marine ne suka sayi haƙƙin fasahar, wanda ɗaya daga cikin injiniyoyin GE suka kafa. An ƙara haɓaka samfurin kuma a yau yana kasancewa a cikin nau'i na babban hannu na mutum-mutumi wanda zai iya ɗagawa har zuwa kilogiram 4500 ta amfani da martani mai karfi, wanda ya sa ya dace da masana'antar karfe.
3. Exoskeletons da aka gina a Cibiyar Mihailo Pupin da ke Serbia.
1972 – An samar da na'urorin exoskeleton na farko da na mutum-mutumi a Cibiyar Mihailo Pupin da ke Serbia ta wata kungiya karkashin jagorancin Farfesa. Miomir Vukobratovich. Na farko, an ɓullo da tsarin motsi na ƙafa don tallafawa gyaran mutanen da ke fama da paraplegia (3). Lokacin haɓaka exoskeletons masu aiki, cibiyar ta kuma haɓaka hanyoyin yin nazari da sarrafa tafiyar ɗan adam. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ci gaban sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka manyan na'urorin mutum-mutumi na zamani. A cikin 1972, an gwada wani exoskeleton na pneumatic mai aiki tare da shirye-shiryen lantarki don inna na ƙananan ƙafafu a wani asibiti na orthopedic a Belgrade.
1985 "Wani injiniya a dakin gwaje-gwaje na kasa na Los Alamos yana gina wani exoskeleton da ake kira Pitman, sulke mai ƙarfi ga 'yan bindiga. Gudanar da na'urar ya dogara ne akan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke duba saman kwanyar, wanda aka sanya a cikin kwalkwali na musamman. Idan aka yi la'akari da iyawar fasahar lokacin, ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙira don ƙira. Ƙuntatawa da farko shine rashin isasshen ƙarfin kwamfuta na kwamfutoci. Bugu da kari, sarrafa siginar kwakwalwa da juyar da su zuwa motsin exoskeleton ya kasance a zahiri a zahiri ba zai yiwu ba a wancan lokacin.
4. Exoskeleton Lifesuit, wanda Monty Reed ya tsara.
1986 - Monty Reed, sojan Amurka wanda ya karaya a kashin bayansa yayin da yake nutsewa a sararin sama, ya samar da wata rigar tsira (exoskeleton).4). Ya sami wahayi ta hanyar kwatancin kwat da wando na hannu a cikin littafin almarar kimiyya na Robert Heinlein Starship Troopers, wanda ya karanta yayin da yake murmurewa a asibiti. Koyaya, Reed bai fara aiki akan na'urarsa ba har zuwa 2001. A cikin 2005, ya gwada samfurin ceto 4,8 a tseren ranar St. Patrick a Seattle, Washington. Mai haɓakawa ya yi iƙirarin kafa rikodin saurin tafiya a cikin kwat da wando na robot, wanda ke ɗaukar kilomita 4 a matsakaicin gudun kilomita 14 / h. Samfurin Lifesuit 1,6 ya sami damar tafiya kilomita 92 cike da caji kuma an ba shi izinin ɗaga kilogiram XNUMX.
1990-yanzu - Nau'in farko na HAL exoskeleton Yoshiyuki Sankai ne ya gabatar da shi (5), Prof. Jami'ar Tsukuba. Sankai ya shafe shekaru uku - daga 1990 zuwa 1993 - yana gano neurons masu sarrafa motsin ƙafafu. Sai da shi da tawagarsa suka kwashe wasu shekaru hudu kafin su yi samfurin kayan aikin. Nau'in HAL na uku, wanda aka kirkira a farkon karni na 22, an haɗa shi da kwamfuta. Batirin da kansa ya auna kusan kilogiram 5, wanda hakan ya sa ya yi aiki sosai. Sabanin haka, samfurin HAL-10 na baya yana auna kilogiram 5 kacal kuma an nannade baturi da kwamfuta mai sarrafa a kugun mai amfani. HAL-XNUMX a halin yanzu wani exoskeleton likita ne na jiki hudu (ko da yake ana samun ƙananan nau'i-nau'i kawai) wanda kamfanin Japan Cyberdyne Inc. tare da hadin gwiwar jami'ar Tsukuba.
5. Farfesa Yoshiyuki Sankai ya gabatar da ɗayan samfuran exoskeleton.
Yana aiki kusan awa 2 mintuna 40 duka a ciki da waje. Taimakawa ɗaga abubuwa masu nauyi. Wurin da ake sarrafawa da tuƙi a cikin kwantena a cikin akwati ya ba da damar kawar da "jakar baya" don haka halayyar yawancin exoskeletons, wani lokacin kama da babban kwari. Mutanen da ke da hauhawar jini, osteoporosis, da duk wani yanayin zuciya ya kamata su tuntuɓi likita kafin amfani da HAL, kuma abubuwan da suka hana su sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga, na'urar bugun zuciya da ciki ba. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin HAL FIT, masana'anta suna ba da damar yin amfani da zaman jiyya tare da exoskeleton ga marasa lafiya da masu lafiya. Mai zanen HAL ya yi iƙirarin cewa matakai na gaba na haɓakawa za su mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar kwat ɗin sirara wanda zai ba mai amfani damar motsawa cikin 'yanci har ma da gudu.
2000 - Prof. Homayoun Kazeruni tare da tawagarsa a Ekso Bionics suna haɓaka Jirgin Kaya na Dan Adam na Duniya, ko HULC (6) exoskeleton mara igiyar waya ne mai tukin ruwa. Manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wa sojojin da ke yaki su dauki kaya masu nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 90 na dogon lokaci, tare da matsakaicin gudun 16 km / h. An bayyana tsarin ga jama'a a taron taron hunturu na AUSA a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2009, lokacin da aka cimma yarjejeniyar ba da lasisi tare da Lockheed Martin. Babban abin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan ƙirar shine titanium, abu mai nauyi amma in mun gwada da tsada tare da manyan kayan inji da ƙarfi.
Exoskeleton yana sanye da kofuna na tsotsa waɗanda ke ba ku damar ɗaukar abubuwa masu nauyin kilo 68 (na'urar ɗagawa). Ana ba da wutar lantarki daga baturan lithium-polymer guda huɗu, waɗanda ke tabbatar da aikin yau da kullun na na'urar a mafi kyawun nauyi har zuwa awanni 20. An gwada exoskeleton a yanayi daban-daban na fama kuma tare da kaya iri-iri. Bayan gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na nasara a cikin kaka na 2012, an aika shi zuwa Afghanistan, inda aka gwada shi a lokacin yakin basasa. Duk da sake dubawa masu kyau, an dakatar da aikin. Kamar yadda ya juya, zane ya sa ya yi wuya a yi wasu motsi kuma a haƙiƙa ya ƙara nauyi akan tsokoki, wanda ya saba wa ra'ayin halittarsa gaba ɗaya.
2001 – Aikin Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX), wanda aka yi niyya musamman ga sojoji, yana gudana. A cikin tsarin sa, an sami sakamako masu ban sha'awa ta hanyar hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke da mahimmanci. Da farko, an ƙirƙiri na'urar mutum-mutumi, wanda aka makala a jikin ƙasa don ba wa ƙafafu ƙarin ƙarfi. Hukumar Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ce ta dauki nauyin kayan aikin kuma Cibiyar Injiniya ta Berkeley Robotics da dakin gwaje-gwaje na Injiniyan Dan Adam, wani bangare na Jami’ar California, Sashen Injiniyan Injiniya na Berkeley. Tsarin exoskeleton na Berkeley yana ba sojoji ikon ɗaukar manyan kaya tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari kuma akan kowane nau'in ƙasa, kamar abinci, kayan aikin ceto, kayan agaji na farko, sadarwa da makamai. Baya ga aikace-aikacen soja, BLEEX yana haɓaka ayyukan farar hula a halin yanzu. A halin yanzu dakin gwaje-gwaje na Injiniyan Robotics da Injiniyan Dan Adam suna bincikar mafita masu zuwa: ExoHiker - exoskeleton wanda aka tsara musamman don membobin balaguro inda ake buƙatar jigilar kayan aiki masu nauyi, ExoClimber - kayan aiki ga mutanen da ke hawan tuddai, Exoskeleton Medical - exoskeleton ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. iya karfin jiki. ƙananan motsin hannu.
8. Samfurin Sarcos XOS 2 yana aiki
rubutu
2010 - XOS 2 ya bayyana (8) ci gaba ne na XOS exoskeleton daga Sarcos. Da farko, sabon zane ya zama mai sauƙi kuma mafi aminci, yana ba ku damar ɗaukar nauyin nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 90 a tsaye. Na'urar tana kama da cyborg. Gudanarwar ya dogara ne akan masu kunnawa talatin waɗanda ke aiki kamar haɗin gwiwar wucin gadi. Exoskeleton ya ƙunshi na'urori masu auna firikwensin da yawa waɗanda ke aika sigina zuwa masu kunnawa ta hanyar kwamfuta. Ta wannan hanyar, aiki mai santsi da ci gaba yana faruwa, kuma mai amfani ba ya jin wani gagarumin ƙoƙari. Nauyin XOS shine 68 kg.
2011-yanzu - Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da Exoskeleton na likita na ReWalk.9). Tsari ne da ke amfani da abubuwa masu ƙarfi don ƙarfafa ƙafafu kuma yana ba masu ciwon gurgu damar tashi tsaye, tafiya da hawan matakala. Ana samar da makamashi ta baturin jakar baya. Ana gudanar da sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da sauƙi mai sauƙin hannu wanda ke ganowa da gyara motsin mai amfani. Amit Goffer na Isra'ila ne ya tsara wannan duka kuma ReWalk Robotics Ltd (asali Argo Medical Technologies) ke siyar dashi akan PLN 85. daloli.
Mutane 9 Suna Tafiya A Sake Tafiya Exoskeletons
A lokacin da aka saki, ana samun kayan aikin a cikin nau'i biyu - ReWalk I da ReWalk P. Na farko ana amfani da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don bincike ko hanyoyin warkewa a ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙwararrun likita. ReWalk P an yi niyya don amfanin kansa ta marasa lafiya a gida ko a wuraren jama'a. A cikin Janairu 2013, an fitar da sabon sigar ReWalk Rehabilitation 2.0. Wannan ya inganta dacewa ga mutane masu tsayi kuma ya inganta software na sarrafawa. ReWalk yana buƙatar mai amfani ya yi amfani da sanduna. An ambaci cututtuka na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da raunin kashi a matsayin contraindications. Hakanan iyakance shine girma, tsakanin 1,6-1,9 m, kuma nauyin jiki har zuwa kilogiram 100. Wannan shine kadai exoskeleton wanda zaku iya tuka mota.
10. Ex Bionics eLEGS
2012 Ekso Bionics, wanda aka fi sani da Berkeley Bionics, ya buɗe exoskeleton na likita. An fara aikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata a karkashin sunan eLEGS (10), kuma an yi niyya ne don gyaran mutanen da ke da nau'i daban-daban na gurguzu. Kamar ReWalk, ginin yana buƙatar amfani da sanduna. Baturin yana ba da ƙarfi don aƙalla sa'o'i shida na amfani. Exo saitin yana kashe kusan dubu 100. daloli. A Poland, an san aikin exoskeleton Ekso GT, na'urar likitanci da aka tsara don yin aiki tare da marasa lafiya. Tsarinsa yana ba da damar tafiya, ciki har da mutane bayan bugun jini, raunin kashin baya, marasa lafiya da sclerosis da yawa ko tare da ciwo na Guillain-Barré. Kayan aiki na iya aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban, dangane da matakin rashin aiki na majiyyaci.
2013 – Mindwalker, aikin exoskeleton mai sarrafa hankali, yana karɓar kuɗi daga Tarayyar Turai. Zane ya kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Kyauta ta Brussels da Gidauniyar Santa Lucia a Italiya. Masu binciken sun gwada hanyoyi daban-daban don sarrafa na'urar - sun yi imanin cewa kwakwalwa-neuro-computer interface (BNCI) yana aiki mafi kyau, wanda ya ba ka damar sarrafa shi da tunani. Alamomi suna wucewa tsakanin kwakwalwa da kwamfuta, suna ƙetare igiyar kashin baya. Mindwalker yana jujjuya siginar EMG, wato, ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfi (wanda ake kira myopotentials) waɗanda ke bayyana saman fatar mutum lokacin da tsokoki ke aiki, zuwa umarnin motsi na lantarki. Exoskeleton yana da haske sosai, yana auna kilo 30 kawai ba tare da batura ba. Zai goyi bayan balagagge mai nauyin kilogiram 100.
2016 - Jami'ar Fasaha ta ETH da ke Zurich, Switzerland, ta shirya gasar wasannin motsa jiki ta Cybathlon ta farko ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta amfani da mutummutumi masu taimako. Ɗaya daga cikin horon shine tseren exoskeleton akan hanya mai cikas ga mutanen da ke fama da gurguwar ƙafar ƙafa. A cikin wannan nuni na fasaha da fasaha, masu amfani da exoskeleton dole ne su yi ayyuka kamar su zama a kan kujera da tashi, tafiya a kan gangara, taka kan duwatsu (kamar lokacin haye kogin dutse mai zurfi), da hawan matakan hawa. Ya bayyana cewa babu wanda ya iya kware dukkan atisayen, kuma an dauki kungiyoyin da suka fi sauri fiye da mintuna 50 kafin su kammala wasan cikas na mita 8. Abu na gaba zai faru a cikin 2020 a matsayin mai nuna ci gaban fasahar exoskeleton.
2019 – A lokacin zanga-zangar rani a Cibiyar Koyarwa ta Commando a Lympston, UK, Richard Browning, mai ƙirƙira kuma Shugaba na Masana'antu na Gravity, ya nuna kwat da wando na Daedalus Mark 1 exoskeleton jet, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga sojoji, kuma ba kawai Burtaniya ba. Ƙananan injunan jet guda shida - biyu daga cikinsu an shigar da su a baya kuma biyu a cikin nau'i na ƙarin nau'i-nau'i a kowane hannu - ba ka damar hawa zuwa tsayin daka har zuwa mita 600. Ya zuwa yanzu, akwai isasshen man fetur kawai na minti 10 na man fetur. jirgi...
