Tsayinsa shine iyaka

Ana ɗaukar mai iyaka, ko mai iyaka, sarkin duk masu sarrafawa da ke da alhakin haɓakawa da sautin siginar. Kuma ba saboda yana da ko ta yaya musamman hadaddun ko wuya a yi amfani da (ko da yake ya faru), amma saboda m kayyade yadda aikin mu zai yi sauti a sosai karshen.

Menene iyakance ga? Da farko, an yi amfani da shi ne musamman a rediyo, sannan a talabijin, tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye, don kare masu watsawa daga siginar da ke da ƙarfi da ka iya fitowa a lokacin shigarsa, yana haifar da guntuwa, kuma a cikin matsanancin hali har ma da lalata mai watsawa. Ba ku taɓa sanin abin da zai iya faruwa a cikin ɗakin studio ba - makirufo ya faɗi, kayan ado ya faɗi, waƙa mai tsayi da yawa ya shiga - mai iyaka yana kare duk wannan, wanda, a wasu kalmomi, yana dakatar da matakin siginar a bakin kofa da aka saita a ciki. kuma yana hana kara girma.

Amma mai iyaka, ko mai iyaka a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, ba kawai bawul ɗin aminci ba ne. Furodusa a cikin dakunan rikodin da sauri sun ga yuwuwar sa a cikin ayyuka daban-daban. A zamanin yau, mafi yawa a cikin tsarin gudanarwa da muka tattauna a cikin dozin ɗin da suka gabata ko makamancin haka, ana amfani da shi don ƙara ƙarar abin da ake iya fahimta. Sakamakon ya kamata ya kasance mai ƙarfi, amma mai tsabta kuma tare da sautin dabi'a na kayan kiɗa, irin nau'i mai tsarki na ƙwararrun injiniyoyi.

Ƙaddamarwa mai ƙima

Mai iyakance yawanci shine na'ura mai sarrafawa ta ƙarshe wanda aka haɗa cikin rikodin da aka gama. Wannan nau'i ne na ƙarewa, taɓawa ta ƙarshe da Layer na varnish wanda ke ba da komai. A yau, ana amfani da masu iyakance akan abubuwan haɗin analog galibi azaman nau'in kwampreso na musamman, wanda iyakancewar sigar ɗan gyara ce. Compressor ya fi taka tsantsan game da siginar, matakin wanda ya zarce ƙayyadaddun ƙofa. Wannan yana ba shi damar ƙara girma, amma tare da ƙarin damping, wanda rabonsa ya ƙaddara ta hanyar Ratio iko. Misali, rabon 5:1 yana nufin siginar da ta zarce iyakar matsawa ta 5 dB zai ƙara fitowar ta da 1 dB kawai.

Babu ikon Ratio a cikin mai iyaka, tunda wannan sigar tana daidaitawa kuma tana daidai da ∞: 1. Don haka, a aikace, babu siginar da ke da hakkin wuce matakin da aka saita.

Analog compressors/masu iyakoki suna da wata matsala - ba za su iya amsa sigina nan take ba. Akwai ko da yaushe wani jinkiri a cikin aiki (a cikin mafi kyaun na'urorin zai zama da yawa dubun microseconds), wanda zai iya nufin cewa "killer" matakin na sauti yana da lokaci zuwa wuce ta irin wannan processor.

Siffofin zamani na masu iyakancewa na gargajiya a cikin nau'ikan matosai na UAD dangane da na'urorin Audio na Universal.

Don haka, ana amfani da kayan aikin dijital don wannan dalili don ƙwarewa da kuma a tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na zamani. Suna aiki tare da wasu jinkiri, amma a zahiri, gaba da jadawalin. Ana iya bayyana wannan sabani na zahiri kamar haka: ana rubuta siginar shigarwa zuwa majigi kuma yana bayyana a wurin fitarwa bayan ɗan lokaci, yawanci ƴan millise seconds. Sabili da haka, mai iyaka zai sami lokaci don nazarin shi kuma ya shirya yadda ya kamata don amsa abin da ya faru na matakin da ya wuce kima. Ana kiran wannan fasalin lookahead, kuma shine abin da ke sa masu iyakance dijital suyi aiki kamar bangon bulo - don haka sunansu na wasu lokuta: bangon bulo.

Narkar da surutu

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yankewa yawanci shine tsari na ƙarshe da ake amfani da shi zuwa siginar da aka sarrafa. Wani lokaci ana yin shi tare da dithering don rage zurfin bit daga 32 ragowa yawanci ana amfani da su a cikin matakin sarrafawa zuwa daidaitattun 16 ragowa, kodayake yana ƙaruwa, musamman lokacin da aka rarraba kayan akan layi, yana ƙarewa a 24 ragowa.

Dithering ba kome ba ne illa ƙara ƙaramar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar zuwa sigina. Domin lokacin da ake buƙatar yin abu 24-bit zuwa kayan 16-bit, ana cire ƙananan ƙananan rago takwas (watau waɗanda ke da alhakin mafi shuru). Don haka cewa wannan cirewa ba a bayyane yake ba a matsayin murdiya, ana gabatar da kararrakin bazuwar a cikin siginar, wanda, kamar yadda yake, “narke” sautunan mafi shuru, yin yanke mafi ƙarancin ragi kusan ba za a iya ji ba, kuma idan riga, to, a cikin sosai. juzu'i na shiru ko reverberation, wannan hayaniyar kiɗa ce ta dabara.

Dubi karkashin kaho

Ta hanyar tsoho, yawancin masu iyaka suna aiki akan ka'idar haɓaka matakin siginar, yayin da suke rage samfuran tare da mafi girman matakin a wannan lokacin ta daidai da ribar da aka rage madaidaicin matakin da aka saita. Idan ka saita Gain, Threshold, Input a cikin mai iyaka (ko duk wani darajar "zurfin" mai iyakancewa, wanda shine ainihin matakin riba na siginar shigarwa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin decibels), sannan bayan cirewa daga wannan darajar matakin da aka ƙayyade. kamar yadda Peak, Iyaka, Fitarwa, da sauransu.d. (a nan, ma, nomenclature ya bambanta), saboda haka, waɗannan sigina za a danne, wanda matakin ka'idar zai kai 0 dBFS. Don haka samun 3dB da fitarwa na -0,1dB yana ba da ƙimar aiki na 3,1dB.

Iyakokin dijital na zamani na iya zama tsada sosai, amma kuma suna da tasiri sosai, kamar Fab-Filter Pro-L wanda aka nuna anan. Duk da haka, za su iya zama cikakkiyar 'yanci, mafi girman gani, kuma a yawancin lokuta kamar yadda Thomas Mundt Loudmax ya yi tasiri.

Mai iyakance, wanda nau'in kwampreso ne, yana aiki ne kawai don sigina sama da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin - a cikin yanayin sama, zai zama -3,1 dBFS. Duk samfuran da ke ƙasa da wannan ƙimar yakamata a haɓaka su ta 3 dB, watau waɗanda ke ƙasa da bakin kofa za su, a aikace, kusan daidai da matakin mafi ƙarfi, damped ɗaya. Hakanan za'a sami matakin samfurin ko da ƙasa, wanda zai kai -144 dBFS (don kayan 24-bit).

Saboda wannan dalili, bai kamata a yi aikin dithering ba kafin aiwatar da maƙarƙashiya na ƙarshe. Kuma saboda wannan dalili ne masu iyakancewa ke ba da dithering a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙayyadaddun tsari.

Rayuwar misalan rayuwa

Wani abin da ke da mahimmanci ba don siginar kanta ba, amma don karɓar sa daga mai sauraro, shine abin da ake kira matakan tsaka-tsaki. Masu juyawa D/A, waɗanda aka riga aka saba amfani da su a kayan aikin mabukaci, suna bambanta da juna kuma suna fassara siginar dijital daban, wanda galibi sigina ce mai tako. Lokacin ƙoƙarin daidaita waɗannan “matakan” a gefen analog, yana iya faruwa cewa mai canza jujjuyawar yana fassara wani saitin samfuran jeri azaman matakin ƙarfin AC wanda ya fi ƙimar ƙima na 0 dBFS. A sakamakon haka, clipping na iya faruwa. Yawancin lokaci yana da gajere don kunnuwanmu ba za su iya ɗauka ba, amma idan waɗannan gurɓatattun saitin suna da yawa kuma akai-akai, yana iya yin tasiri ga sautin. Wasu mutane suna amfani da wannan da gangan, da gangan suna haifar da karkatattun dabi'u na tsaka-tsaki don cimma wannan tasirin. Koyaya, wannan al'amari ne mara kyau, gami da. saboda irin wannan kayan WAV/AIFF, wanda aka canza zuwa MP3 mai asara, M4A, da sauransu, zai fi karkata kuma kuna iya rasa ikon sarrafa sauti gaba ɗaya. Babu Iyaka Wannan taƙaitacciyar taƙaitacciyar hanya ce ga abin da ke da iyaka da kuma irin rawar da zai iya takawa - ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki da ake amfani da su wajen samar da kiɗa. Mai ban mamaki, saboda yana ƙarfafawa kuma yana danne lokaci guda; cewa bai kamata ya tsoma baki tare da sauti ba, kuma makasudin shi ne a sanya shi a bayyane kamar yadda zai yiwu, amma mutane da yawa suna daidaita shi ta hanyar da zai tsoma baki. A ƙarshe, saboda mai iyaka yana da sauƙi a cikin tsari (algorithm) kuma a lokaci guda yana iya zama mafi mahimmancin siginar siginar, wanda za'a iya kwatanta shi kawai tare da algorithmic reverbs.

Saboda haka, za mu koma gare shi nan da wata guda.