Hannu biyu na tsabar kudin suna rawar jiki akan kirtani ɗaya

Albert Einstein bai taɓa yin nasarar ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar gamayya ba wacce ta bayyana duk duniya cikin tsari guda ɗaya. A cikin tsawon karni guda, masu bincike sun haɗa uku daga cikin sanannun rundunonin jiki zuwa abin da suka kira Standard Model. Duk da haka, akwai sauran ƙarfi na huɗu, nauyi, wanda bai dace da wannan asiri ba.

Ko watakila shi ne?

Godiya ga binciken da kuma ƙarshe na masana kimiyyar lissafi da ke da alaƙa da shahararriyar Jami'ar Princeton ta Amurka, yanzu akwai inuwar damar daidaita ka'idodin Einstein da duniyar ɓangarorin farko, wanda injiniyoyin quantum ke mulki.

Ko da yake har yanzu ba "ka'idar komai ba ce", aikin da aka gudanar fiye da shekaru ashirin da suka wuce kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da karawa, ya bayyana alamu masu ban mamaki na lissafi. Einstein's theory of gravity tare da sauran fannonin kimiyyar lissafi - da farko tare da abubuwan mamaki na subatomic.

Duk ya fara da sawun sawun da aka samu a cikin 90s Igor Klebanov, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Princeton. Ko da yake a gaskiya ya kamata mu kara zurfafa, a cikin 70s, lokacin da masana kimiyya suka yi nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin subatomic da ake kira. kwarkwasa.

Masana kimiyyar lissafi sun gano cewa komai yawan kuzarin da protons suka yi karo da su, quarks ba za su iya tserewa ba - ba koyaushe suna kasancewa cikin tarko a cikin protons ba.

Daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi aiki a kan wannan batu shi ne Alexander Polyakovkuma farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Princeton. Ya juya cewa quarks suna "manne" tare da sababbin ƙwayoyin da ake kira na lokacin yabani. Na ɗan lokaci, masu bincike sun yi tunanin cewa gluons na iya samar da "strings" waɗanda ke ɗaure quarks tare. Polyakov ya ga alaƙa tsakanin ka'idar barbashi da ka'idar struamma ya kasa tabbatar da hakan da wata shaida.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, masu ilimin tauhidi sun fara ba da shawarar cewa ɓangarorin farko a zahiri ƙananan igiyoyin girgiza ne. Wannan ka'idar ta yi nasara. Bayaninsa na gani yana iya zama kamar haka: kamar yadda igiyar girgiza a cikin violin ke haifar da sautuka iri-iri, girgizar igiyar igiya a cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi tana tabbatar da girma da halayen barbashi.

A 1996, Klebanov, tare da dalibi (da kuma daga baya a doctoral dalibi) Steven Gubser da Postdoctoral Fellow Amanda Peet, An yi amfani da ka'idar kirtani don ƙididdige gluons, sannan kuma kwatanta sakamakon da ka'idar kirtani don.

'Yan tawagar sun yi mamakin cewa dukkanin hanyoyin biyu sun haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya. A shekara daga baya, Klebanov nazarin sha rates na baƙar fata ramukan, kuma ya gano cewa wannan lokaci sun dace daidai. Bayan shekara guda, shahararren masanin ilimin lissafi Juan Maldasena ya sami rubutu tsakanin wani nau'i na musamman na nauyi da ka'idar da ke kwatanta barbashi. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, wasu masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a kai kuma sun haɓaka ma'auni na lissafi.

Ba tare da shiga cikin tatsuniyoyi na waɗannan dabarun lissafi ba, duk ya zo ga gaskiyar cewa gravitational da subatomic hulda na barbashi kamar bangarorin biyu ne na tsabar kudin. A gefe guda kuma, wani tsawaita nau'in nauyi ne da aka samo daga ka'idar gamayya ta Einstein ta 1915. A daya bangaren kuma, ka'idar ce da ke bayyana dalla-dalla da dabi'un barbashi na subatomic da mu'amalarsu.

Aikin Klebanov ya ci gaba da Gubser, wanda daga baya ya zama farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a ... Jami'ar Princeton, ba shakka, amma, rashin alheri, ya mutu 'yan watanni da suka wuce. Shi ne ya yi jayayya tsawon shekaru cewa babban haɗin kai na hulɗar hudu tare da nauyi, gami da amfani da ka'idar kirtani, na iya ɗaukar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi zuwa wani sabon matakin.

Koyaya, dogaro da lissafin dole ne a tabbatar da ko ta yaya ta hanyar gwaji, kuma wannan ya fi muni. Ya zuwa yanzu babu wani gwaji na yin hakan.