Dokta Robot - farkon aikin mutum-mutumi na likita

Ba dole ba ne ya zama ƙwararren mutummutumi mai sarrafa hannun Luke Skywalker wanda muka gani a cikin Star Wars (1). Ya isa motar ta ci gaba da yin kamfani kuma watakila nishadantar da yara marasa lafiya a asibiti (2) - kamar yadda yake a cikin aikin ALIZ-E wanda Tarayyar Turai ta biya.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan aikin, XNUMX Nao robotswadanda aka kwantar da yara masu ciwon suga. An tsara su don ayyuka na zamantakewa kawai, sanye take da magana da ƙwarewar fahimtar fuska, da kuma ayyuka daban-daban na didactic da suka danganci bayanai game da ciwon sukari, tafarkinsa, alamomi da hanyoyin magani.

Tausayi a matsayin masu fama da cutar babban ra'ayi ne, amma rahotanni suna zuwa daga ko'ina cewa mutum-mutumi na yin aikin likita na gaske da gaske. Daga cikinsu, alal misali, Veebot, wanda farawar California ta ƙirƙira. Aikinsa shi ne ya dauki jini domin bincike (3).

Na'urar tana sanye da tsarin "hangen nesa" infrared kuma yana nufin kyamarar da ke daidai da jijiya. Da zarar ya same shi, sai ya kara duba shi da na'urar duban dan tayi don ganin ko ya dace a cikin ramin allura. Idan komai ya daidaita, sai ya manna allura ya dauki jini.

Dukkanin hanya yana ɗaukar kusan minti ɗaya. daidaiton zaɓin jirgin ruwan Veebot shine kashi 83 cikin ɗari. Karami? Wata ma'aikaciyar jinya da ke yin hakan da hannu tana da irin wannan sakamako. Bugu da kari, ana sa ran Veebot zai wuce 90% ta lokacin gwaji na asibiti.

1. Likitan Robot daga Star Wars

2. Robot da ke raka yara a asibiti

Dole ne su yi aiki a sararin samaniya.

ra'ayin gini mutummutumi na tiyata da dai sauransu. A cikin 80s da 90s, Amurka NASA ta gina dakunan aiki na fasaha waɗanda za a yi amfani da su a matsayin kayan aiki don jiragen sama da sansanonin sararin samaniya waɗanda ke shiga shirye-shiryen binciken sararin samaniya.

3. Veebot - mutum-mutumi don tattarawa da kuma nazarin jini

Kodayake shirye-shiryen sun rufe, masu bincike a Intuitive Surgical sun ci gaba da yin aikin tiyata na mutum-mutumi, tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna ba da gudummawar ƙoƙarinsu. Sakamakon shine da Vinci, wanda aka fara gabatarwa a California a ƙarshen 90s.

Amma na farko a duniya robot tiyata Amincewa da kuma yarda don amfani a cikin 1994 ta Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka shine tsarin robotic AESOP.

Ayyukansa shine rikewa da daidaita kyamarorin yayin tiyatar da ba ta da yawa. Na gaba shi ne ZEUS, mutum-mutumi mai hannu uku, mutum-mutumi da ake amfani da shi wajen tiyatar laparoscopic (4), mai kama da robot da Vinci da zai zo daga baya.

A watan Satumba na 2001, yayin da yake New York, Jacques Maresco ya cire gallbladder na wani majiyyaci mai shekaru 68 a asibitin Strasbourg ta hanyar amfani da tsarin tiyata na mutum-mutumi na ZEUS.

Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin fa'idar ZEUS, kamar kowa robot tiyata, shi ne cikakken kawar da tasirin rawar hannu, wanda hatta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitocin fiɗa a duniya ke fama da su.

4. ZEUS robot da tashar sarrafawa

Robot ɗin daidai ne godiya ga amfani da tace mai dacewa wanda ke kawar da girgizawa a mitar kusan 6 Hz, na yau da kullun don musafaha na ɗan adam. Da Vinci (5) da aka ambata a baya ya shahara a farkon 1998 lokacin da tawagar Faransa ta gudanar da aikin zagaye na farko a duniya.

Bayan 'yan watanni, an yi nasarar yin aikin tiyatar mitral valve, watau. tiyata a cikin zuciya. Don magani a wancan lokacin, wannan lamari ne mai kama da saukowar binciken Pathfinder a saman Mars a cikin 1997.

Hannun Da Vinci guda hudu, suna ƙarewa a cikin kayan aiki, suna shiga jikin majiyyaci ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin fata. Na'urar tana sarrafa na'urar ta wani likitan tiyata da ke zaune a na'ura mai kwakwalwa, sanye take da tsarin hangen nesa na fasaha, godiya ga abin da yake kallon wurin da aka sarrafa a cikin nau'i uku, a cikin HD ƙuduri, a cikin launuka na halitta kuma tare da girman girman 10x.

Wannan fasaha ta ci gaba tana ba da damar cire gabaɗayan nama marasa lafiya, musamman waɗanda ke fama da ciwon daji, da kuma bincika wuraren da ke da wuyar isa, kamar ƙashin ƙugu ko gindin kwanyar.

Sauran likitocin na iya lura da ayyukan da Vinci ko da a wuraren dubban mil nesa. Wannan yana ba da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin tiyata masu rikitarwa ta hanyar amfani da ilimin ƙwararrun kwararru, ba tare da kawo su cikin ɗakin aiki ba.

Nau'in mutum-mutumin likita Robots na tiyata - mafi mahimmancin fasalin su shine haɓaka daidaito da ƙarancin haɗarin kuskure. Ayyukan gyaran gyare-gyare - sauƙaƙe da tallafawa rayuwar mutanen da ke da nakasa na dindindin ko na wucin gadi (a lokacin dawowa), da kuma nakasassu da tsofaffi.  

Ana amfani da mafi yawan rukuni don: ganewar asali da farfadowa (yawanci a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, kuma mai zaman kansa ta mai haƙuri, yawanci a cikin telerehabilitation), canza matsayi da motsa jiki a gado (gadaje na robotic), inganta motsi (kujerun nakasassu na robotic ga nakasassu da kuma motsa jiki). exoskeletons), reno (robots), koyo da taimakon aiki (guraben aiki na robot ko dakunan mutum-mutumi), da kuma jiyya ga wasu rikice-rikice na fahimi (mutumin jiyya ga yara da tsofaffi).

Biorobots rukuni ne na mutummutumi da aka ƙera don kwaikwayon mutane da dabbobi waɗanda muke amfani da su don fahimi. Misali shi ne mutum-mutumi na ilimi na Japan da likitocin nan gaba ke amfani da su don horar da aikin tiyata. Robots da ke maye gurbin mataimaki yayin aikin - babban aikace-aikacen su ya shafi ikon likitan tiyata don sarrafa matsayi na kyamarar robotic, wanda ke ba da kyakkyawan "ra'ayi" na wuraren da ake sarrafawa.

Akwai kuma wani mutum-mutumi na Poland

История likita mutummutumi a Poland an fara shi a cikin 2000 da masana kimiyya daga Zabrze Cardiac Surgery Development Foundation, waɗanda ke haɓaka samfuri na dangin RobinHeart na mutummutumi (6). Suna da tsarin da aka raba wanda ke ba ka damar zaɓar kayan aiki masu dacewa don ayyuka daban-daban.

An ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran masu zuwa: RobinHeart 0, RobinHeart 1 - tare da tushe mai zaman kansa kuma mai sarrafa kwamfuta ta masana'antu; RobinHeart 2 - a haɗe zuwa teburin aiki, tare da maƙallan biyu waɗanda za ku iya shigar da kayan aikin tiyata ko hanyar kallo tare da kyamarar endoscopic; Ana amfani da RobinHeart mc2 da RobinHeart Vision don sarrafa endoscope.

Mai ƙaddamarwa, mai gudanarwa, mahaliccin zato, tsare-tsaren ayyuka da yawancin hanyoyin aikin injina. Robot ɗin tiyata na Poland Robinhart likita ne. Zbigniew Nawrat. Tare da marigayi Prof. Zbigniew Religa ya kasance uban dukkan ayyukan da kwararru daga Zabrze suka yi tare da tuntubar cibiyoyin ilimi da cibiyoyin bincike.

Ƙungiyar masu zane-zane, kayan lantarki, IT da makanikai waɗanda suka yi aiki a kan RobinHeart sun kasance cikin shawarwari akai-akai tare da ƙungiyar likitocin don sanin irin gyare-gyaren da ake bukata don yin shi.

“A watan Janairun 2009, a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Jami’ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Silesia da ke Katowice, lokacin da ake jinyar dabbobi, mutum-mutumi ya yi duk ayyukan da aka ba shi cikin sauƙi. A halin yanzu, ana ba da takaddun shaida.

6. Robot likita na Poland RobinHeart

Lokacin da muka sami masu tallafawa, za ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen samarwa, "in ji Zbigniew Nawrat daga Gidauniyar Bunkasa Ci gaban tiyatar zuciya a Zabrze. Tsarin Yaren mutanen Poland yana da alaƙa da yawa tare da American da Vinci - yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar hoto na 3D a cikin ingancin HD, yana kawar da rawar hannu, kuma kayan aikin telescopically sun shiga cikin haƙuri.

Ba a sarrafa RobinHeart ta hanyar joysticks na musamman, kamar na Vinci, amma ta maɓalli. Wasan hannu ɗaya robot likitan tiyata iya amfani da kayan aiki har zuwa guda biyu, waɗanda, haka kuma, ana iya cire su a kowane lokaci, misali, don amfani da su da hannu.

Abin takaici, makomar robot ɗin tiyata ta farko ta Poland ta kasance marar tabbas sosai. Ya zuwa yanzu, akwai mc2 guda daya da bai riga ya yi wa mara lafiya aiki tiyata ba. Dalili? Babu isassun masu zuba jari.

Dr. Navrat yana neman su shekaru da yawa, amma gabatarwar RobinHeart mutummutumi a asibitocin Poland yana buƙatar kusan zł miliyan 40. A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar da ta gabata, an gabatar da wani nau'in na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto mai ɗaukar hoto mai ɗaukar nauyi don aikace-aikace iri-iri na asibiti: RobinHeart PortVisionAble.

Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaba ta ƙasa ce ta dauki nauyin gina shi, da kuɗi daga asusun haɓaka aikin tiyata na zuciya da masu tallafawa da yawa. A wannan shekara an shirya sakin nau'ikan na'urar guda uku. Idan Kwamitin Da'a ya yarda ya yi amfani da su a gwaji na asibiti, za a gwada su a yanayin asibiti.

Ba kawai tiyata ba

Da farko, mun ambaci robots da ke aiki tare da yara a asibiti da kuma tattara jini. Magunguna na iya samun ƙarin amfani da "zamantakewa" don waɗannan inji.

Misali shine mutum-mutumin magana Bandit, wanda aka ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Kudancin California, an tsara shi don tallafawa jiyya ga yaran da ke da Autism. Yana kama da abin wasa wanda aka ƙera don sauƙaƙe hulɗa da marasa lafiya.

7. Robot Clara sanye da kayan aikin jinya

Akwai kyamarori guda biyu a cikin "idanun", kuma godiya ga na'urori masu auna firikwensin infrared da aka shigar, robot, yana motsawa a kan ƙafafun biyu, yana iya ƙayyade matsayin yaron kuma ya dauki matakan da suka dace.

Ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, yana ƙoƙari ya fara tuntuɓar ƙaramin majiyyaci, amma idan ya gudu, sai ya tsaya ya yi masa nuni da zuwa.

Yawanci, yara za su kusanci mutum-mutumin kuma su kulla alaƙa da shi saboda ikonsa na bayyana motsin rai tare da "hanyoyin fuska".

Wannan yana ba yara damar shiga cikin wasan, kuma kasancewar na'urar robot yana sauƙaƙe hulɗar zamantakewa kamar tattaunawa. Kyamarar robot ɗin kuma suna ba da damar yin rikodin halayen yaron, suna tallafawa maganin da likita ya bayar.

Aikin gyarawa samar da daidaito da maimaitawa, suna ba da damar yin motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya tare da ƙarancin sa hannu na masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, wanda zai iya rage farashi da haɓaka adadin mutanen da ke jurewa jiyya (ana ɗaukar exoskeleton da aka goyan baya ɗaya daga cikin mafi haɓaka nau'ikan robot mai gyarawa).

Bugu da ƙari, daidaito, wanda ba zai iya samuwa ga mutum ba, yana sa ya yiwu a rage lokacin gyaran gyare-gyare saboda mafi yawan inganci. amfani gyaran mutum-mutumi duk da haka, ana buƙatar kulawa daga masu kwantar da hankali don tabbatar da tsaro. Marasa lafiya sau da yawa ba sa lura da ciwo mai yawa a lokacin motsa jiki, kuskuren gaskatawa cewa, alal misali, babban nauyin motsa jiki yana haifar da sakamako mai sauri.

Mai ba da magani na gargajiya zai iya lura da jin zafi mai yawa da sauri, kamar yadda motsa jiki yake da haske. Har ila yau, wajibi ne don samar da yiwuwar katsewar gaggawa na gyare-gyare ta amfani da robot, alal misali, idan tsarin sarrafawa ya kasa.

Robot Clara (7), wanda USC Interaction Lab ya ƙirƙira. robot ma'aikacin jinya. Yana tafiya tare da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyi, yana gano cikas. Ana gane marasa lafiya ta hanyar duba lambobin da aka sanya kusa da gadaje. Robot yana nuna umarnin da aka riga aka yi rikodi don motsa jiki na gyarawa.

Sadarwa don dalilai na bincike tare da majiyyaci na faruwa ta hanyar amsoshin "e" ko "a'a". Robot an yi shi ne don mutane bayan hanyoyin zuciya waɗanda ke buƙatar yin motsa jiki na spirometry har sau 10 a cikin awa ɗaya na kwanaki da yawa. An kuma halicce shi a Poland. mutum-mutumi na gyarawa.

Michal Mikulski, ma'aikaci ne na Sashen Kulawa da Robotics na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Silesian a Gliwice ne ya haɓaka shi. Samfurin shine exoskeleton - na'urar da aka sawa a hannun majiyyaci, mai iya yin nazari da inganta aikin tsoka. Koyaya, yana iya yin hidima ga majiyyaci ɗaya kawai kuma zai yi tsada sosai.

Masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar mutum-mutumi mai rahusa wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gyara kowane bangare na jiki. Duk da haka, tare da duk sha'awar robotics, yana da daraja tunawa cewa amfani da mutummutumi a magani an tarwatsa ba kawai tare da wardi ba. A cikin tiyata, alal misali, wannan yana da alaƙa da farashi mai mahimmanci.

Hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da Vinci, wanda ke cikin Poland, yana kimanin kimanin 15-30 dubu. PLN, kuma bayan hanyoyin goma kuna buƙatar siyan sabon saitin kayan aikin. NHF ba ta mayar da kuɗin ayyukan da aka yi a kan wannan kayan aiki a cikin adadin kusan PLN miliyan 9.

Har ila yau, yana da lahani na ƙara lokacin da ake buƙata don aikin, wanda ke nufin cewa mai haƙuri dole ne ya kasance a karkashin maganin sa barci na tsawon lokaci kuma a haɗa shi da wurare dabam dabam (a cikin yanayin aikin tiyata na zuciya).