Wurin kasuwanci. Kudi na jira a sararin samaniya, kawai harba roka

Hatta a cikin almara na kimiyya, muna samun misalan jiragen sama da ke sararin samaniya wanda akida ke da alaƙa da kasuwanci. A cikin littafin HG Wells na 1901 Mazajen Farko a Wata, mai kwadayi Mista Bedford yana tunanin zinare ne kawai, yana adawa da matsayin abokinsa na kimiyya. Don haka, tunanin kasuwanci ya daɗe yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin binciken sararin samaniya.

1. Iridium wayar tauraron dan adam

A halin yanzu ana darajar masana'antar sararin samaniya a kusan dala biliyan 340. Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi daga Goldman Sachs zuwa Morgan Stanley sun yi hasashen darajarsa za ta tashi zuwa dala tiriliyan 1 ko fiye a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. Tattalin arzikin sararin samaniya yana kan hanya mai kama da juyin juya halin Intanet: kamar yadda a lokacin dot-com zamanin, ƙwararrun mutane na Silicon Valley da ingantaccen yanayin haɓakar jarin jari sun haifar da wani abu mai fashewa da ke fashe tare da sabbin dabarun kasuwanci, haka ma tushen farawa. akan hamshakan attajirai irin su Elon Musk's SpaceX ko Blue Origin na Jeff Bezos. Dukansu sun yi arzikinsu a lokacin haɓakar com shekaru ashirin da suka gabata.

Kamar kamfanonin Intanet, kasuwancin sararin samaniya ya kuma fuskanci "huɗawar balloon". A farkon karni, yanayin sararin samaniya ya yi kama da filin ajiye motoci a karkashin filin wasa inda ake buga wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Ci gaban yanar-gizon ya mamaye kuma ya yi fatara kusan kusan farkon farkon masana'antar sararin samaniya. Tsarin Wayar Tauraron Dan Adam Iridium (1) cikin jagoranci.

2. Microsatellite na nau'in CubeSats

3. Alamar masana'antar sararin samaniya - jerin

Kamfanin Bessemer Venture Partners

Shekaru kaɗan suka shuɗe, kuma kasuwancin sararin samaniya ya fara komawa cikin wani motsi. ya tashi SpaceX, Elona Muska, da kuma rundunonin farawa sun mayar da hankali musamman akan tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na micro-communication, wanda kuma aka sani da tauraron dan adam (2). Shekaru bayan haka, ana ɗaukar sarari a buɗe don kasuwanci (3).

Muna shiga sabon zamani inda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke ba da damar shiga sararin samaniya mai arha da aminci. Wannan zai iya ba da hanya don sababbin kasuwanci da masana'antu irin su otal-otal na orbital da haƙar ma'adinai na taurari. Mafi shahara shine tallan hanyoyin harba jiragen sama, tauraron dan adam, da lodin kaya, kuma nan ba da jimawa ba, tabbas, mutane. A cewar wani rahoto da wani kamfanin saka hannun jari na Space Angels, an zuba jarin da ya fi yawa a kamfanonin sararin samaniya masu zaman kansu a bara. Kamfanonin zuba jari 120 nau'in, wanda ke fassara zuwa kudade a cikin adadin dala biliyan 3,9. A haƙiƙanin haƙiƙa, kasuwancin sararin samaniya kuma ya zama na duniya kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke wajen fannin ikon sararin samaniya na gargajiya, watau.

Kasuwar ta kasance ƙasa da sananne fiye da kasuwar Amurka Farawar sararin samaniyar kasar Sin. Watakila a ga wasu cewa batun binciken sararin samaniya yana hannun jihar gaba daya. Ba gaskiya bane. Akwai kuma kamfanonin sararin samaniya masu zaman kansu. A baya-bayan nan SpaceNews ta bayar da rahoton cewa, wasu kamfanoni biyu na kasar Sin sun yi nasarar gwada makaman roka a matsayin tushen sake amfani da motocin harba su. A cewar Reuters, an yanke shawarar bude kasuwar kananan tauraron dan adam ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a cikin 2014, kuma a sakamakon haka, an ƙirƙiri aƙalla kamfanoni goma sha biyar na SpaceX.

Kamfanin fara sararin samaniyar kasar Sin LinkSpace ya harba roka na gwaji na farko a watan Afrilu RLV-T5, nauyi fiye da 1,5 tons. Hakanan aka sani da Sabon Layin-1A cewar SpaceNews, a cikin 2021 za ta yi ƙoƙarin sanya nauyin kilo 200 a cikin kewayawa.

Wani kamfani, watakila mafi ci gaba a cikin masana'antu Abubuwan da aka bayar na Beijing LandSpace Technology Limited (LandSpace), kwanan nan an kammala nasarar gwajin tan 10 Injin roka na Phoenix zuwa ruwa oxygen / methane. A cewar majiyoyin kasar Sin. ZQ-2 zai iya ƙaddamar da nauyin nauyin tan 1,5 a cikin tazarar kilomita 500 na aiki tare da hasken rana ko 3600 kg zuwa cikin ƙasa mai ƙarancin kilomita 200. Sauran kamfanonin fara sararin samaniyar kasar Sin sun hada da OneSpace, iSpace, ExPace - ko da yake hukumar ta CASIC ce ke ba da kuɗaɗen na biyun kuma kawai ya kasance kamfani mai zaman kansa.

Wani babban fannin sararin samaniya mai zaman kansa yana kuma tasowa a Japan. A cikin 'yan watannin kamfanin Interstellar Technologies cikin nasara harbawa sararin samaniya Roket MOMO-3, wanda cikin sauƙi ya wuce abin da ake kira layin Karman (kilomita 100 sama da matakin teku). Babban burin Interstellar shi ne shigar da shi cikin kewayar sararin samaniya a ɗan ƙaramin kuɗin gwamnati. JAXA Agency.

Tunanin kasuwanci, ko yanke farashi, yana kaiwa ga ƙarshe cewa yin komai a duniya sannan harba roka yana da tsada da wahala. Don haka an riga an sami kamfanoni waɗanda ke ɗaukar hanya ta daban. Suna ƙoƙari su samar da abin da za su iya a sararin samaniya.

Misali shine Anyi a sararin samaniya, wanda ke gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya tare da kera sassan ta amfani da bugu na 3D. Ana iya ƙirƙirar kayan aiki, kayan gyara da na'urorin likitanci na ma'aikatan jirgin bisa buƙata. Amfani babban sassauci Oraz mafi kyawun sarrafa kaya a kan. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yin wasu samfurori a sararin samaniya. mafi inganci fiye da na Duniya, alal misali, zaruruwa masu tsafta. A cikin hangen nesa ba buƙatar ɗauka ko ɗaya ba. wasu albarkatun kasa da kayan samarwa, saboda sau da yawa sun riga sun wanzu. Ana iya samun karafa a cikin taurarin taurari, kuma an riga an samu ruwan da za a kera roka a matsayin kankara a duniyoyi da wata.

Wannan kuma yana da mahimmanci ga kasuwancin sararin samaniya. rage haɗari. A cewar wani binciken da Bankin Amurka ya yi, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin ko da yaushe shine gazawar harba makami mai linzami. Koyaya, tun farkon karni na 0,79, jiragen saman sararin samaniya sun zama mafi aminci. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, kashi 50 cikin ɗari kawai na ƙaddamar da mutum ya gaza. A cikin 2016s, hudu daga cikin biyar manufa ba su yi nasara ba, kuma a cikin 5, rabon kamfanonin sararin samaniya ya fadi zuwa kusan XNUMX%.

Makarantar Rage Surutu

Yayin da sabbin rokoki da jirage masu saukar ungulu ke wakiltar wani karamin kaso ne kawai, ba kaso mafi girma ba, na jimillar kudaden shigar da masana'antar sararin samaniya ke samu - idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan tauraron dan adam kamar su talabijin, broadband da kuma kallon duniya, harba rokoki masu ban sha'awa ko da yaushe shine mafi ban sha'awa. Kuma don samun kuɗi da yawa, kuna buƙatar motsin rai, walƙiya talla da nishaɗi, wanda shugaban SpaceX da aka ambata a baya, Elon Musk ya fahimta sosai. Saboda haka, a cikin jirgin gwaji, mai girma Makamai masu linzami na Falcon Heavy Ya aika zuwa sararin samaniya ba capsule mai ban sha'awa ba, amma Motar Tesla Roadster tare da cushe 'yan sama jannati "Starman" a cikin dabaran, duk ga music David Bowie.

Yanzu yana sanar da cewa zai tura mutane biyu su kewaya duniyar wata, jirgin fasinja mai zaman kansa na farko a tarihi. Asalin, kama da Mask, wanda aka zaɓa don wannan manufa, Yusaku Maezawa, an bukaci ya biya dala miliyan 200 don zama a cikin jirgin. Wannan shine kashi na farko. Duk da haka, tun da an ƙiyasta jimillar kuɗin aikin a dala biliyan 5, za a buƙaci ƙarin kudade. Wannan na iya zama da wahala idan aka yi la'akari da cewa Maezawa tana aika sakonni kwanan nan cewa ba ta da kayan aiki. Wataƙila wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ba za a yi shelar tashin wata da babbar murya ba nan da wasu shekaru masu zuwa. Tambayar ita ce, shin da gaske yana da mahimmanci? Bayan haka, tallan tallace-tallace da carousel na talla yana juyawa.

Musk ya fito fili daga makarantar rage hayaniyar kasuwanci. Ba kamar babban mai fafatawa ba, Jeff Bezos, wanda ya kafa Amazon da kamfanin sararin samaniya Blue Origin. Wannan yana da alama yana bin wata tsohuwar ka'idar kasuwanci: "Kudi yana son shiru." Yana da wuya wani ya ji da'awar Musk na cewa zai aika mutane ɗari a lokaci guda cikin kyawawan abubuwan gani. taurari. Wanda ba a san shi sosai ba, shine shirin Blue Origin na baiwa masu yawon bude ido tikitin mintuna goma sha daya a bana. tashi zuwa gefen sararin samaniya. Kuma wa ya san ko za su zama gaskiya a cikin 'yan watanni.

duk da haka SpaceX yana da wani abu da Bezos ba shi da shi. Yana daga cikin dabarun abin hawa na NASA (ko da yake Bezos ya ƙare aiki tare da hukumar akan ƙaramin ma'auni).. A cikin 2014, Boeing da SpaceX sun sami umarni daga Shirin Ma'aikatan Kasuwancin NASA. Boeing ya ware dala biliyan 4,2 don raya kasa Capsules CST-100 Starliner (4) kuma SpaceX sun samu dala biliyan 2,6 daga wani mutum dodon. Hukumar ta NASA ta ce a wancan lokacin manufar ita ce kaddamar da akalla daya daga cikinsu nan da karshen shekarar 2017. Kamar yadda muka sani, har yanzu muna jiran aiwatarwa.

4. Capsule Boeing CST-100 Starliner tare da ma'aikatan jirgin - hangen nesa

Jinkiri, wani lokacin ma tsayi sosai, na zama ruwan dare a masana'antar sararin samaniya. Wannan ya faru ba kawai ga ƙwarewar fasaha da sabon salo na ƙira ba, har ma da matsanancin yanayin aiki na fasahar sararin samaniya. Yawancin ayyuka ba a aiwatar da su kwata-kwata, saboda an katse su saboda matsalolin da suka taso. Saboda haka, za a canza ranakun farawa. Dole ne ku saba da shi.

Boeing, alal misali, ya yi shirin tashi zuwa ISS na kasa da kasa a cikin kwandon sa na CST-2018 a watan Agusta 100, wanda zai dace da jirgin SpaceX Demo-1 a cikin Maris na wannan shekara (5). Duk da haka, a watan Yunin da ya gabata, matsala ta taso yayin gwajin motar Starliner Starter. Ba da daɗewa ba, jami'an Boeing sun ba da sanarwar cewa kamfanin yana jinkirta aikin gwajin, wanda aka fi sani da Orbital (OFT), zuwa ƙarshen 2018 ko farkon 2019. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake dage OFT, zuwa Maris 2019, sannan zuwa Afrilu, Mayu, da kuma ƙarshe Agusta. Jami'ai sun ce har yanzu kamfanin yana da niyyar yin jirgin gwaji na farko zuwa ISS a bana.

5. Cire capsule na Dragon Crew daga cikin teku bayan gwajin Maris.

Hakanan, capsule na ma'aikatan SpaceX ya sami mummunan hatsari yayin gwajin ƙasa a cikin Afrilu na wannan shekara. Ko da yake da farko ba a so a bayyana gaskiyar lamarin, amma bayan ƴan kwanaki an bayyana cewa hakan ya faru. Fashewa da lalata dodon. , a fili ya saba da irin waɗannan yanayi, ya yi sharhi cewa wannan ci gaba mara kyau yana ba da damar da za ta sa macijin da ke aiki ya fi kyau da aminci.

"Wannan shine abin da ake gwadawa," in ji shugaban NASA Jim Bridenstine a cikin wata sanarwa. "Za mu koya, mu yi gyare-gyaren da suka dace, kuma za mu ci gaba cikin aminci tare da shirinmu na jiragen sama na kasuwanci."

Koyaya, wannan yana iya nufin wani jinkiri a cikin lokacin gwajin gwaji na Dragon 2 (Demo-2), wanda aka shirya don Yuli 2019. kwarara kuma kada ya fashe. Kamar yadda ya faru a watan Mayu, akwai matsaloli tare da ingantaccen aiki na parachutes Dragon 100, don haka komai zai iya jinkirtawa. To, kasuwanci ne.

Koyaya, babu wanda ke tambayar iyawa da cancantar SpaceX ko Boeing. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, Muska ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni masu fa'ida da haɓaka sararin samaniya a duniya. A cikin 2018 kadai, ya ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa 21, wanda shine kusan kashi 20% na duk ƙaddamar da duniya. Ya kuma burge da nasarori irin su gwanintar fasaha maido da manyan sassan roka a kasa mai wuya (6) ko dandamalin teku. Maimaita amfani da makami mai linzami yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen rage tsadar harba makamai masu linzami na gaba. Koyaya, dole ne a yarda cewa a karon farko an sami nasarar saukowar roka bayan jirgin sama ba ta SpaceX ba, amma ta Blue Origin (karamin New Shepard).

6. Saukowa manyan sassan rokar Falcon Space X

Babban nau'in babban roka na Falcon Heavy na Musk - wanda aka sani da an riga an gwada jirgin - yana da ikon harba fiye da ton 60 zuwa ƙananan kewayar duniya. Faɗuwar da ta gabata, Musk ya ƙaddamar da ƙira don roka mafi girma. Babban Falcon Rocket (BFR), cikakken abin hawa harbawa da tsarin jirgin sama wanda aka ƙera don manufa ta Martian nan gaba.

A cikin Nuwamba 2018, matsayi na biyu da jirgin ruwa da Elon Musk aka sake masa suna zuwa Starship da aka ambata (7), yayin da aka sanya sunan na farko. super nauyi. Matsakaicin nauyin da ake biya zuwa kewayawar Duniya shine aƙalla tan 100 a cikin BFR. Akwai shawarwarin cewa hadaddun na Starship-Super Heavy yana iya ƙaddamar da ton 150 ko fiye a cikin LEO (ƙananan kewayar duniya), wanda shine cikakken rikodin ba kawai a tsakanin data kasance ba, har ma da roka da aka tsara. An fara shirya jirgin farko na orbital na BFR don 2020.

7. Hana hangen nesa na Starship detachment daga Big Falcon roka.

Jirgin ruwa mafi aminci

Kasuwancin Jeff Bezos da shi ba su da kyan gani sosai. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Tushensa na Blue zai inganta tare da sabunta Testbed 4670 a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Marshall a Huntsville, Alabama, don samun damar gwadawa a can. Injin roka BE-3U da BE-4. Site 1965, wanda aka gina a cikin 4670, ya zama tushen aiki a kai Saturn V yana gudana don shirin Apollo.

Bezos yana da tsarin gwajin mataki biyu don 2021. Rockets New Glenn (sunan ya fito daga John Glenn, Ba'amurke na farko da ya fara zagayawa Duniya), mai iya harba tan 45 zuwa ƙananan kewayar duniya. An tsara sashinsa na farko don shiga cikin teku kuma a sake amfani da shi har sau 25.

Blue Origin ya kammala gina sabuwar masana'anta mai fadin murabba'in murabba'in 70. m², wanda aka ƙera don kera waɗannan rokoki, yana kusa da Cibiyar sararin samaniya ta Kennedy a Florida. An riga an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin tare da abokan cinikin kasuwanci da yawa masu sha'awar New Glenn. Za a yi amfani da shi ne da injin BE-4, wanda kamfanin kuma ya sayar wa United Launch Alliance (ULA), Lockheed Martin da kuma kamfanin Boeing da aka kafa a shekara ta 2006 don yi wa abokan cinikin gwamnatin Amurka hidima ta hanyar kaddamar da kaya a sararin samaniya. A watan Oktoban da ya gabata, duka Blue Origin da ULA sun sami kwangiloli daga rundunar sojojin saman Amurka don tallafawa haɓaka motocin harba su.

New Glenn yana ginawa akan ƙwarewar Blue Origin tare da Sabuwar Shepard (8) na yanki na "masu yawon buɗe ido" mai suna bayan Alan Shepard, Ba'amurke na farko a sararin samaniya ( gajeriyar jirgin karkashin kasa, 1961). Sabon Shepard ne, wanda ke da wurin zama na shida, wanda zai iya zama motar yawon shakatawa ta farko da ta isa sararin samaniya a wannan shekara, kodayake ... wannan ba tabbas ba ne.

Jeff Bezos ya ce a taron Wired25 a watan Oktoban da ya gabata. -

An san Elon Musk don haɓaka ra'ayin yin ɗan adam "Wayewar Duniya ta Duniya". An san da yawa game da ayyukansa na Lunar da Martian. A halin yanzu, shugaban Blue Origin yayi magana - kuma: ya fi shuru - kawai game da Wata. Kamfaninsa ya yi tayin haɓaka jirgin ƙasa na wata. blue Moon domin isar da kaya da kuma, a ƙarshe, mutane zuwa ga duniyar wata. Mai yiyuwa ne a gabatar da shi kuma a yi la'akari da shi a cikin gasar NASA na masu saukar da wata.

Baƙi na Orbital?

A canza launin ra'ayoyi kan yawon shakatawa na sararin samaniya suna iya kawo alkawuran da yawa ga hukunci. Wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya faru da Space Adventures, wanda dan kasuwa dan kasar Ostiriya kuma dan wasan kasada Harald McPike ya kai kara kan maido da dala miliyan 7 da aka biya na kujeru a aikin Soyuz na zagayen wata. Duk da haka, wannan baya hana masu kasuwa na balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro na gaba.

Kamfanin Amurka Orion Span, da ke Houston, yana aiki a kan wani jirgin sama, alal misali, wanda ya bayyana da "otal ɗin alatu na farko a sararin samaniya"(9). Ita Tashar Aurora ya kamata a kaddamar da shi a cikin 2021. Tawagar ta biyu za ta bi abokan ciniki masu biyan karimci waɗanda ke kashe sama da PLN miliyan 2,5 a kowane dare, wanda, tare da hutun kwana goma sha biyu, yana ba da jimlar zama kusan miliyan PLN 30. Otal din orbital ya kamata ya kewaya Duniya "kowane minti 90", yana ba da "fitowar alfijir da faɗuwar rana marasa adadi" da ra'ayoyi marasa ƙima. Tafiyar za ta kasance tafiya mai tsanani, kamar "ƙwarewar 'yan sama jannati na gaske" fiye da hutun malalaci.

Sauran masu hangen nesa daga Gidauniyar Gateway, wanda tsohon matukin jirgi John Blinkow ya kafa da mai tsara sararin samaniya Tom Spilker, wanda ya taba yin aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jet Propulsion, suna son ginawa. Cosmodrome tashar. Wannan zai ba da damar duka gwaje-gwajen kimiyya da hukumomin sararin samaniya na ƙasa da yawon buɗe ido ke gudanarwa. A cikin kyakkyawan bidiyo da aka buga akan YouTube, gidauniyar ta nuna kyawawan tsare-tsarenta, gami da otal mai daraja ta Hilton. Tashar ya kamata ta juya, maiyuwa ta kwatanta nauyi a matakai daban-daban. Wadanda suke so suna ba da "memba" a cikin Ƙofar Ƙofar da shiga cikin tsarin zane. A dawowar kuɗin shekara-shekara, muna karɓar "wasiƙun labarai", "rangwamen taron" da kuma damar samun nasarar tafiya kyauta zuwa tashar sararin samaniya.

Ayyukan Bigelow Aerospace sun yi kama da na zahiri - galibi saboda gwaje-gwajen da aka yi akan ISS. Ta kera masu yawon bude ido a sararin samaniya m modules B330wanda ke rubewa ko "kumburi" a sararin samaniya. Sanya ƙananan kayayyaki guda biyu a cikin orbit ya ƙara sahihanci ga tsare-tsaren Robert Bigelow. Farawa I da IIkuma, sama da duka, gwaji mai nasara tare da BEAM module. An ƙirƙira ta ne ta hanyar amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya da aka gwada akan ISS na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan a cikin 2018 NASA ta karbe shi a matsayin cikakken tsarin tashar.