Mu yi abin namu, watakila za a yi juyin juya hali

Babban bincike, m theories, kimiyya ci gaban. Kafofin watsa labaru suna cike da irin wannan tsari, yawanci ƙari. Wani wuri a cikin inuwar "babban ilimin kimiyyar lissafi", LHC, tambayoyi masu mahimmanci na cosmological da kuma yaƙi da Standard Model, masu bincike masu aiki tuƙuru suna yin aikinsu cikin shiru, suna tunanin aikace-aikace masu amfani da haɓaka iliminmu mataki-mataki.

"Bari mu yi namu abu" tabbas zai iya zama taken masana kimiyya da ke da hannu a cikin haɓakar haɗin gwiwar thermonuclear. Domin, duk da manyan amsoshi ga manyan tambayoyi, maganin matsalolin aiki, da alama marasa mahimmanci da ke da alaƙa da wannan tsari yana da ikon yin juyin juya hali a duniya.

Wataƙila, alal misali, zai yiwu a yi ƙananan ƙwayar nukiliya - tare da kayan aiki wanda ya dace a kan tebur. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Washington sun gina na'urar a bara Z- tsunkule (1), wanda ke da ikon kiyaye halayen fusion a cikin daƙiƙa 5, kodayake babban bayani mai ban sha'awa shi ne ƙarami na reactor, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 1,5 kawai. Z-pinch yana aiki ta hanyar tarko da matsawa plasma a cikin filin maganadisu mai ƙarfi.

Ba tasiri sosai ba, amma mai yuwuwa mai mahimmanci kokarin zuwa . Bisa ga binciken da Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE), da aka buga a watan Oktoba 2018 a cikin mujallar Physics of Plasmas, fusion reactors suna da ikon sarrafa plasma oscillation. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa suna fitar da barbashi masu ƙarfi daga yankin amsawa, suna ɗaukar wasu makamashin da ake buƙata don halayen haɗin gwiwa. Sabon bincike na DOE ya bayyana ƙayyadaddun kwamfyutocin kwamfyuta waɗanda za su iya waƙa da hasashen samuwar igiyar ruwa, yana ba masana kimiyyar lissafi ikon hana tsarin da kiyaye barbashi ƙarƙashin kulawa. Masana kimiyya suna fatan aikin su zai taimaka wajen gini ITER, watakila sanannen aikin gwajin fusion reactor a Faransa.

Haka kuma nasarori irin su plasma zazzabi 100 miliyan Celsius, wanda ƙungiyar masana kimiyya a cibiyar nazarin kimiyyar Plasma ta kasar Sin ta samu a ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata a cikin gwajin Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), misali ne na ci gaba mataki-mataki don haɗawa mai inganci. A cewar masana da ke yin tsokaci kan binciken, yana iya zama muhimmiyar ma'ana a cikin aikin ITER da aka ambata, wanda kasar Sin ke halartar taron tare da wasu kasashe 35.

Superconductors da lantarki

Wani yanki da ke da fa'ida mai girma, inda ake ɗaukar ƙananan matakai masu ɗorewa maimakon manyan ci gaba, shine neman manyan masu zafin jiki. (2). Abin takaici, akwai ƙararrawa na ƙarya da yawa da damuwa da ba a kai ba. Galibi rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai masu zazzafan ra'ayi sun zama wuce gona da iri ko kuma ba gaskiya ba ne. Ko da a cikin mafi tsanani rahotanni akwai ko da yaushe "amma". Kamar yadda a cikin wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan, masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Chicago sun gano babban ƙarfin hali, ikon gudanar da wutar lantarki ba tare da asara ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma da aka taɓa samu. Yin amfani da fasahar yanke-tsaye a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Argonne na kasa, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya na gida sun yi nazarin nau'in kayan aiki inda suka lura da ƙarfin hali a yanayin zafi a kusa da -23 ° C. Wannan tsalle ne na kusan digiri 50 daga rikodin da aka tabbatar a baya.

2. Superconductor a cikin filin maganadisu

Kama, duk da haka, shine dole ne ku yi amfani da matsi mai yawa. Abubuwan da aka gwada sune hydrides. Na ɗan lokaci, lanthanum perhydride yana da sha'awa ta musamman. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa samfuran sirara na wannan kayan suna nuna haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba daga 150 zuwa 170 gigapascals. An buga sakamakon ne a watan Mayu a cikin mujallar Nature, wanda Prof. Vitaly Prokopenko da Eran Greenberg.

Don yin tunani game da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen waɗannan kayan, dole ne ku rage matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki, saboda har zuwa -23 ° C ba shi da amfani sosai. Aiki a kai shi ne na yau da kullun ƙananan matakan kimiyyar lissafi, yana gudana tsawon shekaru a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a duniya.

Hakanan ya shafi bincike mai amfani. abubuwan maganadisu a cikin kayan lantarki. Kwanan nan, ta yin amfani da bincike na maganadisu mai matuƙar mahimmanci, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta sami shaida mai ban mamaki cewa maganadisu da ke faruwa a mahaɗin siraran siraran da ba na maganadisu ba za a iya sarrafa su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan ƙarfin injina. Binciken, wanda aka sanar a cikin Physics na Nature Physics a watan Disambar da ya gabata, yana nuna sabuwar hanya mara tsammani don sarrafa maganadisu, a ka'ida ta ba da damar yin tunani game da ƙwaƙwalwar maganadisu mai ƙarfi da spintronics, alal misali.

Wannan binciken yana haifar da sabuwar dama don ƙara haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar magnetic, waɗanda a yau sun riga sun sami girman dubun nanometer da yawa, amma ƙarin ƙarancin su ta amfani da fasahar da aka sani yana da wahala. Hanyoyin haɗin oxide sun haɗu da adadin abubuwan ban sha'awa na jiki kamar haɓaka mai girma biyu da haɓakawa. Gudanar da halin yanzu ta hanyar maganadisu filin ne mai matukar tasiri a cikin kayan lantarki. Nemo kayan da madaidaitan kaddarorin, duk da haka mai araha da arha, zai ba mu damar yin mahimmanci game da haɓakawa spintronic.

yana da gajiya kuma sarrafa zafi na sharar gida a cikin kayan lantarki. A baya-bayan nan ne injiniyoyin UC Berkeley suka ƙera wani siriri-fim (kaurin fim ɗin 50-100 nanometers) waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don dawo da zafin sharar gida don samar da wutar lantarki a matakan da ba a taɓa ganin irin wannan fasahar ba. Yana amfani da tsarin da ake kira canjin wutar lantarki na pyroelectric, wanda sabon binciken injiniya ya nuna ya dace da amfani da shi a wuraren zafi da ke ƙasa da 100 ° C. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin sabbin misalan bincike a wannan yanki. Akwai daruruwan ko ma dubban shirye-shiryen bincike a duniya da suka shafi sarrafa makamashi a cikin kayan lantarki.

"Ban san dalili ba, amma yana aiki"

Gwaji tare da sababbin kayan, canjin lokaci da abubuwan da suka faru na topological yanki ne mai ban sha'awa na bincike, ba shi da inganci, mai wahala kuma da wuya ga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin binciken da aka fi ambata a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, duk da cewa ya samu karbuwa sosai a kafafen yada labarai, abin da ake kira. na al'ada yawanci ba sa yin nasara.

Gwaje-gwaje tare da sauye-sauyen lokaci a cikin kayan wani lokaci suna kawo sakamako mara tsammani, misali karfe na narkewa tare da manyan abubuwan narkewa zafin dakin. Misali shine nasarar da aka samu na narkewar samfuran gwal na baya-bayan nan, wanda yawanci ke narkewa a 1064 ° C a yanayin zafin daki, ta amfani da filin lantarki da na'urar gani ta lantarki. Wannan canjin ya kasance mai jujjuyawa saboda kashe wutar lantarki na iya ƙara ƙarfafa gwal ɗin. Don haka, filin lantarki ya shiga cikin sanannun abubuwan da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen lokaci, ban da zafin jiki da matsa lamba.

An kuma ga canje-canjen lokaci a lokacin tsanani bugun jini na Laser haske. An buga sakamakon binciken wannan lamari a lokacin rani na 2019 a cikin mujallar Nature Physics. Nuh Gedik ne ya jagoranci tawagar kasa da kasa domin cimma hakan.3), farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts. Masanan kimiyyar sun gano cewa a lokacin narkewar gani da ido, canjin lokaci yana faruwa ta hanyar samuwar singularities a cikin kayan, wanda aka fi sani da lahani na topological, wanda hakan ke shafar tasirin lantarki da haɓakar lattice a cikin kayan. Wadannan lahani na yanayi, kamar yadda Gedik ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa, suna kamanceceniya da kananan vortices da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa kamar ruwa.

Don binciken su, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da fili na lanthanum da tellurium LaTe.₃. Masu binciken sun bayyana cewa mataki na gaba zai kasance don ƙoƙarin sanin yadda za su iya "samar da waɗannan lahani ta hanyar sarrafawa." Mai yuwuwa, ana iya amfani da wannan don adana bayanai, inda za'a yi amfani da bugun haske don rubutawa ko gyara lahani a cikin tsarin, wanda zai dace da ayyukan bayanai.

Kuma tun lokacin da muka sami ultrafast Laser bugun jini, amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu ban sha'awa da yawa da aikace-aikace masu yuwuwar a aikace shine batun da galibi ya bayyana a cikin rahotannin kimiyya. Alal misali, ƙungiyar Ignacio Franco, mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilmin sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Rochester, kwanan nan ya nuna yadda za a iya amfani da bugun jini na ultrafast laser. karkatar da kaddarorin kwayoyin halitta Oraz lantarki halin yanzu samar a cikin sauri fiye da kowace fasaha da aka sani zuwa yanzu. Masu binciken sun yi maganin filayen siraran gilashin da tsawon miliyan daya na biliyan daya na dakika daya. Cikin kiftawar ido, kayan gilashin ya koma wani abu kamar karfe mai sarrafa wutar lantarki. Wannan ya faru da sauri fiye da kowane tsarin da aka sani idan babu wutar lantarki mai aiki. Ana iya sarrafa jagorancin kwarara da ƙarfin halin yanzu ta hanyar canza kaddarorin katako na Laser. Kuma tunda ana iya sarrafa shi, kowane injiniyan lantarki yana kallo da sha'awa.

Franco ya bayyana a cikin wani bugu na Nature Communications.

Ba a cika fahimtar yanayin zahirin waɗannan abubuwan ba. Franco kansa yana zargin cewa hanyoyin kamar m tasiri, ma'ana, daidaitawar fitarwa ko ɗaukar adadin haske tare da filin lantarki. Idan zai yiwu a gina tsarin lantarki masu aiki bisa waɗannan abubuwan mamaki, da za mu sami wani sashi na jerin injiniyan da ake kira Ba Mu San Me ya sa ba, Amma Yana Aiki.

Hankali da ƙananan girma

Gyroscopes na’urori ne da ke taimaka wa ababen hawa, jirage marasa matuki, da kuma kayan aikin lantarki da na’urori masu ɗaukuwa don kewaya sararin samaniya mai girma uku. Yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a cikin na'urorin da muke amfani da su kowace rana. Da farko, gyroscopes sun kasance nau'in ƙafafun kafa na gida, kowannensu yana jujjuyawa a gefensa. A yau, a cikin wayoyin hannu, muna samun na'urori masu auna firikwensin microelectromechanical (MEMS) waɗanda ke auna canje-canje a cikin sojojin da ke aiki akan ɗimbin yawa iri ɗaya, motsi da motsi ta gaba.

MEMS gyroscopes suna da mahimmin gazawar hankali. Don haka yana gini na gani gyroscopes, ba tare da sassa masu motsi ba, don ayyuka iri ɗaya waɗanda ke amfani da abin mamaki da ake kira Sagnac sakamako. Duk da haka, har ya zuwa yanzu an sami matsala ta kankantar su. Ƙananan gyroscopes na gani mafi ƙanƙanta da ke akwai sun fi girma fiye da ƙwallon ping pong kuma bai dace da aikace-aikace masu ɗaukuwa da yawa ba. Sai dai kuma injiniyoyi a jami’ar fasaha ta Caltech karkashin jagorancin Ali Hadjimiri, sun kirkiro wani sabon na’ura mai kwakwalwa na gani wanda zai iya amfani da shi. kasa da dari biyarabin da aka sani zuwa yanzu4). Yana kara masa hankali ta hanyar amfani da wata sabuwar dabara mai suna "karfafa juna» Tsakanin ƙullun haske guda biyu waɗanda ake amfani da su a cikin na'ura mai mahimmanci na Sagnac interferometer. An bayyana sabuwar na'urar a cikin labarin da aka buga a cikin Nature Photonics a watan Nuwamban da ya gabata.

4. Giroscope na gani wanda Ali Hadjimiri da abokan aikinsa suka yi. 

Haɓaka ingantaccen gyroscope na gani na iya inganta yanayin wayowin komai da ruwan. Bi da bi, masana kimiyya daga Columbia Engineering ne suka gina shi. ruwan tabarau na farko lebur mai ikon mayar da hankali daidai gwargwado na launuka iri ɗaya a lokaci guda ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin abubuwa na iya shafar damar ɗaukar hoto na kayan aikin hannu ba. Leben lebur na ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi ne mai juyi ya fi sira sosai fiye da takardar takarda kuma yana ba da aikin kwatankwacin ƙimar ruwan tabarau mai haɗaka. An gabatar da sakamakon binciken kungiyar karkashin jagorancin Nanfang Yu, mataimakin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, a wani binciken da aka buga a mujallar Nature.

Masana kimiyya sun gina lebur ruwan tabarau daga "metaatoms". Kowane metaatom ɗan guntu ne na tsawon tsawon haske a girman kuma yana jinkirta raƙuman haske ta wani adadin daban. Ta hanyar gina wani ɗan ƙaramin lebur na nanostructures a kan wani abu mai kauri kamar gashin ɗan adam, masanan sun sami damar yin aiki iri ɗaya kamar tsarin ruwan tabarau na al'ada mai kauri da nauyi. Metalens na iya maye gurbin tsarin ruwan tabarau mai girman gaske kamar yadda TV ɗin allo mai lebur suka maye gurbin TV ɗin cathode ray tube.

Me yasa babban karo idan akwai wasu hanyoyi

Ilimin lissafi na ƙananan matakai kuma na iya samun ma'anoni daban-daban da ma'anoni. Misali - Maimakon gina manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da kuma neman girma, kamar yadda mutane da yawa ilimin lissafi zasu iya ƙoƙarin neman amsoshin manyan tambayoyi tare da ƙarin kayan aiki masu ƙima.

Yawancin na'urori masu hanzari suna haɓaka katako na barbashi ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki da filayen maganadisu. Duk da haka, na dan lokaci ya yi gwaji da wata dabara ta daban- plasma accelerators, hanzarin abubuwan da aka caje kamar su electrons, positrons da ions ta amfani da filin lantarki hade da igiyar ruwa da aka samar a cikin plasma na lantarki. Kwanan nan ina aiki a kan sabon sigar su. Ƙungiyar AWAKE a CERN tana amfani da protons (ba electrons) don ƙirƙirar igiyar plasma. Canja zuwa protons na iya ɗaukar barbashi zuwa matakan makamashi mafi girma a cikin mataki ɗaya na hanzari. Sauran nau'ikan hanzarin filin farkawa na plasma suna buƙatar matakai da yawa don isa matakin makamashi iri ɗaya. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin fasahar tushen proton na iya ba mu damar gina ƙarami, mai rahusa, da ƙarin ƙarfi a nan gaba.

5. Mai haɓaka ƙarami mai mataki biyu daga DESY - gani

Bi da bi, masana kimiyya daga DESY (gajeren Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - Jamus lantarki synchrotron) kafa wani sabon rikodin a fagen miniaturization na barbashi accelerators a watan Yuli. The terahertz accelerator fiye da ninki biyu makamashi na allurar electrons (5). A lokaci guda, saitin ya inganta ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki idan aka kwatanta da gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata tare da wannan fasaha.

Franz Kärtner, shugaban ultrafast optics da X-ray kungiyar a DESY, yayi bayani a cikin wata sanarwa da aka fitar. -

Na'urar da ke da alaƙa ta samar da filin haɓakawa tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin 200 volts a kowace mita (MV/m) - daidai da mafi ƙarfi na zamani na al'ada.

Bi da bi, sabon, in mun gwada da ƙaramin inji ALFA-g (6), wanda kamfanin Kanada TRIUMF ya gina kuma aka tura shi zuwa CERN a farkon wannan shekara, yana da aikin auna gravitational hanzari na antimatter. Shin antimatter yana hanzari a gaban filin gravitational a saman duniya da +9,8 m/s2 (sauka), ta -9,8 m/s2 (sama), da 0 m/s2 (babu hanzarin gravitational kwata-kwata), ko yana da wasu sauran darajar? Yiwuwar ta ƙarshe za ta kawo sauyi a kimiyyar lissafi. Ƙananan na'ura na ALPHA-g na iya, ban da tabbatar da wanzuwar "anti-nauyi", ya jagoranci mu kan hanyar da za ta kai ga mafi girman asirai na sararin samaniya.

A kan ƙaramin ma'auni, muna ƙoƙarin yin nazarin abubuwan mamaki na matakin ƙaramin matakin. Sama Juyin juya halin biliyan 60 a sakan daya Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Purdue da jami'o'in kasar Sin za su iya tsara shi. A cewar mawallafin gwajin a wata kasida da aka buga ƴan watanni da suka gabata a cikin Wasiƙun Nazari na Jiki, irin wannan halitta mai saurin juyawa zai ba su damar fahimtar da kyau. sirrin .

Abun, wanda ke cikin matsananciyar jujjuyawa iri daya, wani nau'in nanoparticle ne mai fadin nanometer 170 da tsayin nanometer 320, wanda masanan kimiyya suka hada su daga silica. Tawagar masu binciken sun tarar da wani abu a sarari ta hanyar amfani da Laser, wanda daga nan sai ya buga shi da sauri. Mataki na gaba zai kasance don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje tare da madaidaicin saurin juyawa, wanda zai ba da damar ingantaccen bincike na ainihin ka'idodin zahiri, gami da nau'ikan juzu'i a cikin sarari. Kamar yadda kuke gani, ba kwa buƙatar gina kilomita na bututu da manyan na'urori masu ganowa don fuskantar asirai na asali.

A shekara ta 2009, masana kimiyya sun yi nasarar ƙirƙirar wani nau'in baƙar fata na musamman a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje wanda ke ɗaukar sauti. Tun daga nan wadannan sauti  an tabbatar da cewa yana da amfani azaman analogues na dakin gwaje-gwaje na abu mai ɗaukar haske. A cikin wata takarda da aka buga a mujallar Nature a cikin watan Yuli, masu bincike a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Technion Israel sun bayyana yadda suka kirkiri black hole na sonic da kuma auna zafinsa na Hawking radiation. Waɗannan ma'aunai sun yi daidai da yanayin zafin da Hawking ya annabta. Don haka, da alama ba lallai ba ne a yi balaguro zuwa rami mai baƙar fata don bincika shi.

Wanene ya san idan waɗannan ayyukan kimiyya da ba su da fa'ida, ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na dakin gwaje-gwaje da gwaje-gwajen maimaitawa don gwada ƙananan ƙa'idodin rarrabu, ƙila ba su zama amsoshin manyan tambayoyi ba. Tarihin kimiyya ya koyar da cewa hakan na iya faruwa.