Menene raguwa?

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Basin Turai ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta daga duk abin da talakawan mutum ke hulɗa da su. Wannan ya shafi musamman ga ainihin albashi, wayoyin hannu, kwamfyutocin tafi -da -gidanka, farashin kamfani ko girman injin da hayaki. Abin takaici, rage ma’aikata har yanzu bai shafi irin wannan lalacewar gwamnatin ko gwamnatin jiha ba. Koyaya, ma'anar kalmar "raguwa" a masana'antar kera motoci ba sabuwa ba ce kamar yadda ake gani da farko. A ƙarshen karni na ƙarshe, injunan dizal suma sun juya abubuwan da suka rage a matakin farko, wanda, godiya ga supercharging da allurar kai tsaye ta zamani, ta riƙe ko rage ƙarar su, amma tare da haɓaka ƙima a cikin mahimman sigogin injin.

Zamanin zamani na injunan “alfijir” ya fara ne da zuwan rukunin 1,4 TSi. A kallon farko, wannan a cikin kansa baya kama da raguwa, wanda kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar haɗa shi a cikin Golf, Leon ko Octavia hadaya. Canjin hangen nesa bai faru ba har sai Škoda ya fara haɗa injin 1,4kW 90 TSi cikin mafi girman samfurinsa na Superb. Duk da haka, ainihin nasarar shine shigar da injin TSi 1,2 kW 77 a cikin ingantattun manyan motoci kamar Octavia, Leon har ma da VW Caddy. Daga nan ne aka fara wasan kwaikwayo na gaske kuma, kamar kullum, mafi hikimar wasan kwaikwayon mashaya. Kalmomi irin su: "ba ya ja, ba zai daɗe ba, babu abin da zai maye gurbin ƙara, dorin-gon yana da injin masana'anta, kun ji haka?" Sun kasance fiye da na kowa ba kawai a cikin farashin na'urori na huɗu ba, har ma a cikin tattaunawar kan layi. Ragewa yana buƙatar ƙoƙari na ma'ana daga masana'antun abin hawa don jure matsi akai-akai don rage yawan amfani da hayaƙin da ake ƙiyayya. Tabbas, babu abin da ke kyauta, kuma ko da rage girman ba wai kawai yana kawo fa'ida ba. Saboda haka, a cikin layi na gaba, za mu tattauna dalla-dalla abin da ake kira ragewa, yadda yake aiki da mene ne fa'ida ko rashin amfaninsa.

Menene raguwa da dalilai

Ragewa yana nufin rage matsuguni na injin konewa na ciki yayin da ake kiyaye fitarwa iri ɗaya ko ma mafi girma. A cikin layi daya tare da raguwa a cikin girma, ana yin amfani da cajin caji ta amfani da turbocharger ko na'ura mai kwakwalwa, ko haɗuwa da hanyoyi guda biyu (VW 1,4 TSi - 125 kW). Kazalika alluran man fetur kai tsaye, madaidaicin lokacin bawul, ɗaga bawul, da sauransu. Tare da waɗannan ƙarin fasahohin, ƙarin iska (oxygen) don konewa yana shiga cikin silinda, kuma adadin man da ake bayarwa na iya ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado. Tabbas, irin wannan cakuda iska da man fetur da aka matsa ya ƙunshi ƙarin makamashi. Allurar kai tsaye, haɗe da canjin lokaci da ɗaga bawul, bi da bi yana inganta allurar mai da jujjuyawar, wanda ke ƙara haɓaka aikin konewa. Gabaɗaya, ƙaramin ƙarar silinda ya isa ya saki makamashi iri ɗaya kamar manyan injuna da kwatankwacinsu ba tare da ragewa ba.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka nuna a farkon labarin, fitowar raguwa galibi saboda tsauraran dokokin Turai ne. Galibi yana game da rage gurɓataccen hayaƙi, yayin da mafi bayyane shine tuƙi don rage iskar CO a duk faɗin hukumar.₂... Koyaya, a duk faɗin duniya, ana taƙaita iyakokin fitar da hayaƙi a hankali. Dangane da ƙa'idar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, masu kera motoci na Turai sun ƙuduri niyyar cimma iyakar iskar CO 2015 zuwa 130.₂ a kowace km, ana ƙidaya wannan ƙimar azaman matsakaicin ƙima ga manyan motocin da aka sanya a kasuwa sama da shekara guda. Injin mai yana taka rawa kai tsaye wajen ragewa duk da cewa, ta fuskar inganci, sun fi rage rage amfani (watau CO₂) fiye da na diesel. Duk da haka, wannan ya sa ya zama da wahala ba kawai don farashi mafi girma ba, har ma don kawar da matsala mai tsada da tsada na kawar da hayaki mai cutarwa a cikin iskar gas, irin su nitrogen oxides - NO._x. Don haka, a hankali ƙananan diesel suna daɗaɗawa, kuma ana kunna ƙananan motoci da ƙananan violin. Motoci masu haɗaka da lantarki suma suna fafatawa da rage girman. Ko da yake wannan fasaha tana da alƙawarin, ta fi rikitarwa fiye da sauƙaƙan ragewa, amma duk da haka tana da tsada ga matsakaicin ɗan ƙasa.

A bit of ka'idar

Nasarar rage girman ya dogara da ƙarfin injin, amfani da mai da kuma jin daɗin tuƙi gabaɗaya. Ƙarfi da ƙarfi suna zuwa farko. Yawan aiki yana aiki akan lokaci. Ayyukan da aka gabatar yayin zagaye ɗaya na ingin konewar ciki na walƙiya an ƙaddara su ta hanyar abin da ake kira Otto Cycle.

Matsakaicin tsayin daka shine matsa lamba sama da piston, kuma axis a kwance shine ƙarar silinda. Ana ba da aikin ta wurin da aka ɗaure ta hanyar lanƙwasa. Wannan zane an tsara shi ne saboda ba mu la'akari da musayar zafi tare da yanayi, rashin iskar da ke shiga cikin silinda, da kuma asarar da aka samu ta hanyar ci (danganin mummunan matsin lamba idan aka kwatanta da matsa lamba na yanayi) ko shayewa (dan kadan). Kuma yanzu bayanin labarin kansa, wanda aka nuna a cikin zane (V). Tsakanin maki 1-2, balloon yana cike da cakuda - ƙarar yana ƙaruwa. Tsakanin maki 2-3, matsawa yana faruwa, piston yana aiki kuma yana matsar da cakuda mai-iska. Tsakanin maki 3-4, konewa yana faruwa, ƙarar yana dawwama (piston yana a tsakiyar matattu), kuma cakuda mai yana ƙonewa. Ana canza makamashin sinadarai na man fetur zuwa zafi. Tsakanin maki 4-5, cakuda mai da iska mai ƙonewa yana aiki - faɗaɗawa da matsa lamba akan piston. A cikin sakin layi na 5-6-1, juzu'i na juyawa yana faruwa, wato, shaye-shaye.

Da zarar mun sha cikin cakuda mai-iska, yawancin makamashin sinadarai yana fitowa, kuma yankin da ke ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa yana ƙaruwa. Ana iya samun wannan tasiri ta hanyoyi da yawa. Zaɓin farko shine don ƙara yawan ƙarar silinda daidai, bi da bi. dukan injin, wanda a ƙarƙashin yanayi guda muna samun ƙarin iko - lanƙwasa zai ƙara zuwa dama. Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya jujjuya hawan juzu'i zuwa sama sune, misali, haɓaka rabon matsawa ko ƙara ƙarfin aiki akan lokaci da yin ƙananan ƙananan hawan keke a lokaci guda, wato ƙara saurin injin. Dukansu hanyoyin da aka bayyana suna da lahani da yawa (kunna kai, ƙarfin da ke kan silinda da hatiminsa, ƙãra gogayya a mafi girma gudu - za mu bayyana daga baya, mafi girma watsi, karfi a kan piston ne har yanzu game da guda), yayin da mota yana da. wani in mun gwada da babban iko riba a kan takarda, amma karfin juyi ba ya canja da yawa. Kwanan nan, kodayake Mazda na Jafananci ya sami nasarar samar da injin mai tare da ƙarancin matsawa mai girma (14,0: 1) wanda ake kira Skyactive-G, wanda ke da fa'ida mai ƙarfi sosai tare da ingantaccen amfani da mai, duk da haka, yawancin masana'antun har yanzu suna amfani da yuwuwar. don ƙara ƙarar yanki a ƙarƙashin lanƙwasa. Kuma wannan shine don damfara iska kafin shigar da silinda yayin kiyaye girma - ambaliya.

Sannan hoton p (V) na sake zagayowar Otto yayi kama da wannan:

Tunda cajin 7-1 yana faruwa a wani matsin lamba daban (mafi girma) fiye da kanti 5-6, an ƙirƙiri madaidaicin murfin, wanda ke nufin cewa ana yin ƙarin aiki a cikin bugun piston mara aiki. Ana iya amfani da wannan idan na’urar da ke matse iskar tana samun ƙarfin kuzarin da ya wuce kima, wanda a cikinmu shine ƙarfin kuzarin iskar gas. Irin wannan na'urar turbocharger ne. Hakanan ana amfani da kwampreso na inji, amma ya zama dole a yi la’akari da wani kaso (15-20%) da aka kashe akan aikin sa (galibi ana jujjuya shi ta hanyar crankshaft), saboda haka, wani ɓangare na babban juzu'in yana canzawa zuwa ƙananan. daya ba tare da wani tasiri ba.

Za mu zo na ɗan lokaci, yayin da muke cike da damuwa. An daɗe ana neman injin mai da mai, amma babban burin shine ƙara haɓaka aiki, yayin da ba a yanke shawarar amfani da shi musamman. Don haka injinan iskar gas sun ja su tare don tsira da rayuwarsu, amma kuma sun ci ciyawa a bakin hanya, suna danna gas. Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan. Na farko, rage girman matsi na waɗannan injunan don kawar da ƙona ƙugu. Hakanan akwai batun sanyaya turbo. A manyan kaya, dole ne a wadatar da cakuda da mai don sanyaya iskar gas sannan ta kare turbocharger daga matsanancin zafin iskar gas. Don yin abin da ya fi muni, makamashin da turbocharger ke ba da iskar cajin yana ɓacewa a wani sashi na rarrabuwa saboda birgewar iskar da ke gudana a cikin bututun maƙura. Abin farin ciki, fasahar zamani ta riga ta taimaka don rage yawan amfani da mai koda lokacin injin yana turbo, wanda shine ɗayan manyan dalilan ragewa.

Masu zanen injunan man fetur na zamani suna ƙoƙarin zaburar da waɗannan injunan dizal waɗanda ke aiki a mafi girman matsi kuma a wani ɓangare na nauyi, iskar da ke gudana ta cikin nau'ikan abubuwan sha ba ta iyakance ta hanyar maƙura. Hadarin ƙwanƙwasawa da ke haifar da babban matsewa, wanda ke iya lalata injin da sauri, ana kawar da shi ta hanyar na'urorin lantarki na zamani, waɗanda ke sarrafa lokacin kunna wutar daidai fiye da yadda ake yi har kwanan nan. Babban fa'ida kuma shine yin amfani da allurar mai kai tsaye, wanda man fetur ke ƙafe kai tsaye a cikin silinda. Don haka, cakuda man fetur yana sanyaya yadda ya kamata, kuma an ƙara yawan ƙaddamar da wutar lantarki. Hakanan ya kamata a ambaci tsarin da ake yaɗawa a halin yanzu na lokaci mai canza bawul, wanda ke ba ku damar yin tasiri na ainihin matsi har zuwa wani matsayi. Abin da ake kira zagayowar Miller (tsawon ƙanƙancewa marar daidaituwa da bugun jini). Bugu da kari ga m bawul lokaci, m bawul dagawa kuma taimaka wajen rage yawan amfani, wanda zai iya maye gurbin maƙura sarrafawa da kuma haka rage tsotsa asarar - ta jinkirin iska kwarara ta cikin maƙura (misali Valvetronic daga BMW).

Yawan wuce gona da iri, canza lokacin bawul, ɗaga bawul ko matsin lamba ba panacea bane, don haka masu zanen kaya dole ne suyi la’akari da wasu abubuwan da, musamman, ke shafar kwararar ƙarshe. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, musamman rage raguwa, kazalika da shirye -shirye da ƙona cakuda mai ƙonawa kanta.

Masu zanen kaya sun yi aiki shekaru da yawa don rage rikicewar sassan injin motsi. Dole ne a yarda cewa sun sami babban ci gaba a fagen kayan aiki da sutura, waɗanda a halin yanzu suna da mafi kyawun juzu'i. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da mai da mai. Ba a bar ƙirar injin ɗin kanta ba tare da kulawa ba, inda ma'auni na sassa masu motsi, an haɓaka bearings, siffar zoben piston kuma, ba shakka, adadin silinda bai canza ba. Wataƙila sanannun injunan da ke da adadin “ƙananan” na silinda a halin yanzu sune injunan EcoBoost na Ford uku-Silinda daga Ford ko TwinAir biyu-Silinda daga Fiat. Ƙananan silinda yana nufin ƙananan pistons, sanduna masu haɗawa, bearings, ko bawuloli, don haka a hankali gabaɗayan gogayya. Tabbas akwai iyakoki a wannan yanki. Na farko shine juzu'in da aka adana akan silinda da ya ɓace, amma an daidaita shi zuwa wani yanki ta ƙarin juzu'i a cikin ma'aunin ma'auni. Wani iyakance kuma yana da alaƙa da adadin silinda ko al'adun aiki, wanda ke tasiri sosai ga zaɓin nau'in abin hawa da injin zai tuƙa. A halin yanzu ba za a iya zato ba, alal misali, BMW, wanda aka sani da injunan zamani, an sanye shi da injin tagwayen Silinda. Amma wa ya san abin da zai faru a cikin 'yan shekaru. Tun da gogayya ya karu da murabba'in gudun, masana'antun ba kawai rage gogayya da kanta, amma kuma kokarin tsara injuna don samar da isasshen kuzarin kawo cikas a mafi ƙasƙanci yiwu gudu. Tun da ƙaramar injin mai na yanayi ba zai iya jure wa wannan aikin ba, turbocharger ko na'ura mai turbocharger hade da na'urar kwampreta na inji ya sake zuwa don ceto. Duk da haka, a cikin yanayin supercharging kawai tare da turbocharger, wannan ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Ya kamata a lura cewa turbocharger yana da mahimmancin turbine juyawa inertia, wanda ya haifar da abin da ake kira turbodiera. Na’urar turbocharger tana tafiyar da iskar iskar gas, wanda dole ne injin ya fara samar da shi, ta yadda za a samu wani tsaiko daga lokacin da feda na totur ya karaya zuwa yadda ake sa ran fara tura injin. Tabbas, nau'ikan turbocharging na zamani daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin ƙara ko žasa da samun nasarar rama wannan cuta, kuma sabbin haɓakar ƙirar turbochargers sun zo don ceto. Don haka turbochargers sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma sun fi sauƙi, suna amsawa da sauri da sauri a cikin sauri mafi girma. Direbobin motsa jiki, waɗanda aka haɓaka akan injuna masu sauri, suna zargin irin wannan injin turbocharged mai “sauyi mai sauri” don rashin amsawa. babu iko gradation kamar yadda gudun karuwa. Don haka injin yana jan motsin rai a ƙasa, tsakiya da babban revs, rashin alheri ba tare da kololuwar iko ba.

Abubuwan da ke tattare da cakuda mai ƙonewa da kanta bai tsaya a gefe ba. Kamar yadda ka sani, injin mai yana ƙone abin da ake kira cakuda stoichiometric na iska da mai. Wannan yana nufin cewa ga 14,7 kilogiram na man fetur - fetur akwai 1 kg na iska. Ana kuma kiran wannan rabo a matsayin lambda = 1. An ce cakuda man fetur da iska kuma ana iya kona su a cikin wasu ma'auni. Idan kun yi amfani da adadin iska daga 14,5 zuwa 22: 1, to, akwai babban wuce haddi na iska - muna magana ne game da abin da ake kira gauraye. Idan rabo ya juya baya, adadin iska ya kasance ƙasa da stoichiometric kuma adadin man fetur ya fi girma (rabo na iska zuwa man fetur yana cikin kewayon 14 zuwa 7: 1), ana kiran wannan cakuda abin da ake kira. cakuda mai arziki. Sauran ma'auni da ke wajen wannan kewayon suna da wahalar ƙonewa saboda sun yi yawa ko sun ƙunshi iska kaɗan. A kowane hali, duka iyakoki biyu suna da sabanin tasiri akan aiki, amfani da hayaƙi. Dangane da fitar da hayaki, a cikin yanayin cakuda mai wadatar, haɓakar CO da HC mai mahimmanci yana faruwa._x, samarwa NO_x in mun gwada da ƙananan saboda ƙananan yanayin zafi lokacin ƙona cakuda mai arziki. A gefe guda, NO samarwa ya fi girma musamman tare da ƙona ƙonawa._xsaboda yawan zafin konewa. Kada mu manta game da ƙimar ƙonawa, wanda ya bambanta ga kowane abun da ke ciki na cakuda. Yawan ƙonewa abu ne mai mahimmanci, amma yana da wuya a sarrafa shi. Har ila yau, yawan konewa na cakuda yana shafar yanayin zafin jiki, digiri na swirl (wanda ake kiyaye shi ta hanyar saurin injin), zafi da haɗin man fetur. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan yana da hannu ta hanyoyi daban-daban, tare da juyawa da jikewa na cakuda yana da tasiri mafi girma. Cakuda mai wadatarwa yana ƙonewa da sauri fiye da mai ƙwanƙwasa, amma idan cakuda ya yi yawa, ƙimar ƙonewa ta ragu sosai. Lokacin da aka kunna cakuda, konewa yana jinkirin farko, tare da karuwar matsa lamba da zafin jiki, yawan ƙonewa yana ƙaruwa, wanda kuma yana taimakawa ta hanyar ƙara yawan juzu'i na cakuda. Lean konewa konewa na taimaka wa wani karuwa a konewa yadda ya dace har zuwa 20%, yayin da, bisa ga halin yanzu capabilities, shi ne matsakaicin a wani rabo na game da 16,7 zuwa 17,3: 1. Tun da cakuda homogenization deteriorates a lokacin ci gaba durƙusad da, sakamakon da gagarumin rage da ƙonawa kudi, rage inganci, da yawan aiki, masana'antun sun fito da abin da ake kira cakuda Layering. A wasu kalmomi, cakuda mai ƙonewa yana raguwa a cikin sararin konewa, don haka rabon da ke kewaye da kyandir shine stoichiometric, wato, yana da sauƙin ƙonewa, kuma a cikin sauran yanayi, akasin haka, abun da ke cikin cakuda shine. mafi girma. An riga an yi amfani da wannan fasaha a aikace (TSi, JTS, BMW), abin takaici, ya zuwa yanzu kawai har zuwa wasu gudu ko. a yanayin kaya mai haske. Duk da haka, ci gaba mataki ne mai sauri.

Amfanin ragewa

• Irin wannan injin ba ƙarami ba ne kawai amma yana da girma, don haka ana iya kera shi da ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi.
• Tunda injina suna amfani da irin wannan, idan ba iri ɗaya ba, injin zai yi sauƙi saboda ƙaramin girman sa. Duk tsarin abin hawa zai iya zama ƙasa da ƙarfi sabili da haka ya fi sauƙi kuma mai rahusa. tare da injin wutar da ke akwai, ƙarancin lodin axle. A wannan yanayin, aikin tuki shima yana inganta, tunda injin mai nauyi ba shi da tasiri sosai.
• Irin wannan injin ɗin yana da ƙanƙanta kuma yana da ƙarfi, sabili da haka ba zai yi wahala a gina ƙaramin mota mai ƙarfi ba, wanda wani lokacin ba ya aiki saboda ƙarancin injin.
• Hakanan ƙaramin motar yana da ƙarancin inertial taro, don haka baya cinye ikon da yawa don motsawa yayin canje -canjen wutar lantarki kamar babban motar.

Illolin raguwa

• Irin wannan motar tana fuskantar matsanancin zafi da na inji sosai.
• Kodayake injin yana da sauƙi a cikin ƙima da nauyi, saboda kasancewar ƙarin ƙarin sassa kamar turbocharger, intercooler ko allurar gas mai ƙarfi, jimlar nauyin injin yana ƙaruwa, farashin injin yana ƙaruwa, kuma duk kayan aikin yana buƙatar karuwar kulawa. kuma haɗarin gazawa ya fi girma, musamman ga turbocharger wanda ke ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafi da na inji.
• Wasu tsarin taimako suna cinye makamashi a cikin injin (misali famfon piston kai tsaye don injin TSI).
• Tsara da kera irin wannan injin yana da wahala da rikitarwa fiye da na injin da ke cike da yanayi.
• Amfani na ƙarshe har yanzu yana da dogaro sosai kan salon tuki.
• Rikicin cikin gida. Ka tuna cewa gogayyar injin ya dogara da saurin gudu. Wannan yana da ƙarancin kulawa ga famfon ruwa ko mai canzawa inda rigima ke ƙaruwa cikin layi tare da sauri. Koyaya, gogayen kyamarori ko zoben piston yana ƙaruwa daidai gwargwado na tushen murabba'i, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙaramin babban mota don nuna ƙwanƙwasawar ciki mafi girma fiye da ƙarar girma da ke gudana a cikin ƙananan gudu. Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata, abubuwa da yawa sun dogara da ƙira da aikin injin.

Don haka akwai makomar rage ma'aikata? Duk da wasu gazawa, ina ganin haka. Injiniyoyin da ake nema ba sa tafiya nan da nan, duk da haka, kawai saboda tanadin samarwa, ci gaban fasaha (Mazda Skyactive-G), nostalgia, ko al'ada. Ga wadanda ba 'yan bangar siyasa ba wadanda ba su amince da karfin karamin injin ba, ina ba da shawarar loda irin wannan motar da mutane hudu masu koshin lafiya, sannan su kalli tudu, su wuce da gwaji. Dogaro ya kasance babban lamari mai rikitarwa. Akwai mafita ga masu siyan tikiti, koda kuwa zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci fiye da gwajin gwaji. Jira 'yan shekaru don injin ya bayyana sannan yanke shawara. Gaba ɗaya, duk da haka, ana iya taƙaita haɗarin kamar haka. Idan aka kwatanta da injin da ke da ƙarfi na dabi'a mai ƙarfi iri ɗaya, ƙaramin injin turbocharged yana da nauyi sosai tare da matsin silinda da zafin jiki. Sabili da haka, irin waɗannan injunan suna da ƙarin ɗaukar nauyi masu ɗaukar nauyi, crankshaft, shugaban silinda, juyawa, da sauransu. Koyaya, haɗarin gazawa kafin rayuwar sabis ɗin da aka tsara ya ƙare kaɗan, kamar yadda masana'antun ke ƙera injin don wannan nauyin. Koyaya, za a sami kurakurai, na lura, alal misali, matsaloli tare da sarkar lokacin tsallake a cikin injunan TSi. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, ana iya cewa tsawon rayuwar waɗannan injunan wataƙila ba zai kasance ba kamar yadda injunan da aka ɗora su a zahiri. Wannan galibi ya shafi motocin da ke da nisan mil. Hakanan yakamata a biya ƙarin hankali ga amfani. Idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin injunan mai na turbocharged, turbochargers na zamani na iya aiki sosai da tattalin arziƙi, yayin da mafi kyawun su ya dace da amfani da dizal mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a cikin aikin tattalin arziƙi. Ƙasa ita ce dogaro mai ɗorewa kan salon tuƙin direba, don haka idan kuna son yin tuƙi ta hanyar tattalin arziki, kuna buƙatar yin taka tsantsan da matattarar iskar gas. Koyaya, idan aka kwatanta da injunan dizal, injunan gas ɗin turbocharged sun cika wannan raunin tare da ingantacciyar tsaftacewa, ƙananan matakan amo, madaidaicin saurin amfani mai amfani ko rashin DPF mai yawan sukar.