Menene motsin iska?

Idan aka kalli hotunan tarihi na kyawawan motocin almara, nan da nan kowa zai lura cewa yayin da muke kusantar kwanakinmu, jikin abin hawa yana raguwa sosai.

Wannan saboda yanayin iska ne. Bari muyi la’akari da menene keɓancewar wannan tasirin, me yasa yana da mahimmanci muyi la’akari da dokokin aerodynamic, da kuma waɗanne motoci da suke da mummunan daidaituwa, kuma waɗanne ne suke da kyau.

Menene motar aerodynamics

Duk da cewa baƙon abu ne, da sauri motar ke tafiya akan hanya, hakan zai sa ta sauko daga ƙasa. Dalili kuwa shi ne, iska da abin hawa ya yi karo da ita an yanke ta jikin mota biyu. Goesayan yana tsakanin tsakanin ƙasa da farfajiyar hanya, ɗayan kuma ya wuce rufin, kuma ya zagaye kewayen na'urar.

Idan ka kalli jikin motar daga gefe, to a zahiri zai yi kama da reshen jirgin sama. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan jigilar jirgin shine cewa yanayin iska akan lanƙwasa ya wuce hanya fiye da ƙarƙashin madaidaicin ɓangaren ɓangaren. Saboda wannan, ana haifar da yanayi, ko yanayi a kan fikafikan. Tare da ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan ƙarfin yana ɗaga jiki sosai.

An ƙirƙiri irin wannan tasirin ɗaga motar. Ruwa yana gudana a kusa da bonnet, rufi da akwati, yayin da ƙasan ke gudana a ƙasan ƙasan kawai. Wani abin da ke haifar da ƙarin juriya shi ne sassan jikin da ke kusa da tsaye (ƙyallen radiator ko gilashin gilashi).

Saurin jigilar kai tsaye yana tasiri tasirin ɗagawa. Bugu da ƙari, siffar jiki tare da bangarori na tsaye yana haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali, wanda ke rage ƙwanƙwasa abin hawa. A saboda wannan dalili, masu motocin gargajiya da yawa masu fasali iri-iri, lokacin da za a kunna, dole ne a haɗa ɓarnata da sauran abubuwa a jiki waɗanda ke ba da damar ƙara ƙarfin motar.

Me yasa ya zama dole

Ragewa yana ba iska damar yin saurin tafiya cikin sauri ba tare da yanayin da ba dole ba. Lokacin da kariyar iska ta hana abin hawa, injin din zai cinye karin mai, kamar dai motar na dauke da karin lodi. Wannan zai shafi ba kawai tattalin arzikin motar ba, har ma da yadda za a fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa ta hanyar bututun shaye-shaye zuwa muhalli.

Tsara motoci tare da ingantaccen iska, injiniyoyi daga manyan kamfanonin kera motoci suna lissafin alamun masu zuwa:

• Yaya yawan iska dole ne ya shiga cikin sashin injin don injin ɗin ya karɓi sanyayayyen yanayi mai dacewa;
• A waɗanne sassa na jiki za a ɗauki iska mai tsabta don cikin motar, da kuma inda za a sake ta;
• Me za a yi don rage iska a cikin mota;
• Dole ne a rarraba ƙarfin ɗaga kowane shinge daidai da halayen fasalin jikin abin hawa.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan ana la'akari dasu yayin haɓaka sabbin ƙirar injina. Kuma idan tun da farko abubuwan da ke jikin zasu iya canzawa sosai, a yau masanan kimiyya sun riga sun samar da ingantattun siffofin da ke samar da raguwar ƙarfin gaban gaba. Saboda wannan, yawancin samfuran zamani na iya bambanta ta waje kawai ta ƙananan canje-canje a cikin sifar masu yaɗawa ko reshe idan aka kwatanta da tsara ta baya.

Toari da kwanciyar hankali a hanya, aerodynamics na iya ba da gudummawa wajen rage ƙazantar wasu sassan jikin. Don haka, a karo tare da fuskantar iska ta iska, fitilun saman da ke tsaye, damina da gilashin gilashin motar za su zama da sauri da sauri daga fasa ƙananan kwari.

Don rage mummunan tasirin dagawa, masu kera motoci suna nufin ragewa yarda har zuwa matsakaicin darajar da aka yarda. Koyaya, tasirin gaba ba shine kawai mummunan tasirin da ke shafar kwanciyar hankali na inji ba. Injiniyoyi koyaushe suna 'daidaitawa' tsakanin daidaitattun hanyoyin gaba da na gefe. Ba shi yiwuwa a cimma daidaitaccen sifa a kowane yanki, sabili da haka, yayin ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in jiki, ƙwararru koyaushe suna yin wani sulhu.

Basic aerodynamic gaskiya

Daga ina wannan juriya ta fito? Duk abu mai sauki ne. A kewayen wannan duniyar tamu akwai wani yanayi mai dauke da sinadarin gas. A matsakaita, tsayin daka-dalla-dalla na sararin samaniya (sarari daga ƙasa zuwa idanun tsuntsaye) yakai kimanin kilogram 1,2 / murabba'in mita. Lokacin da abu ke motsi, sai yaci karo da kwayoyin gas wadanda suka hada iska. Thearfin saurin, ƙarfin ƙarfin waɗannan abubuwan zasu bugi abu. A saboda wannan dalili, yayin shiga sararin samaniya, kumbon zai fara zafi sosai daga karfin gogayya.

Aikin farko wanda masu haɓaka sabon ƙirar ƙirar suke ƙoƙarin jimrewa shi ne yadda za a rage ja. Wannan ma'aunin yana ƙaruwa sau 4 idan abin hawa ya ƙaru tsakanin zangon daga 60 km / h zuwa 120 km / h. Don fahimtar yadda mahimmancin wannan yake, la'akari da ƙaramin misali.

Nauyin jigilar kaya ya kai kilogiram dubu 2. Shiga cikin hanzari zuwa kilomita 36 / h. A wannan halin, ana kashe watts 600 na iko don shawo kan wannan ƙarfin. Sauran komai an kashe kan overclocking. Amma tuni cikin saurin 108 km / h. An riga an yi amfani da 16 kW na ƙarfi don shawo kan juriya na gaba. Lokacin tuki a gudun 250 km / h. Motar ta riga ta kashe kuɗaɗe kamar 180 a kan ƙarfin jan jiki. Idan direba yana son ƙara motar da sauri, har zuwa kilomita 300 / awa, ban da ƙarfin ƙara gudu, motar zata buƙaci cinye dawakai 310 don jimre da yanayin iska na gaba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa motar wasanni take buƙatar irin wannan ƙarfin ƙarfin.

Don haɓaka mafi sauƙi, amma a lokaci guda mai sauƙin hawa, injiniyoyi suna ƙididdige ƙimar Cx. Wannan ma'aunin cikin kwatancen samfurin shine mafi mahimmanci dangane da yanayin ƙirar jikin mutum. Digon ruwa yana da madaidaicin girman wannan yanki. Tana da wannan coefficient of 0,04. Babu wani mai kera motoci da zai yarda da irin wannan fasalin na asali don sabon tsarin motar sa, kodayake a da akwai wasu zabin a da.

Akwai hanyoyi biyu don rage ƙarfin iska:

1. Canja surar jikin don iska ta gudana a kusa da motar gwargwadon iko;
2. Sanya motar tayi kunkuntar.

Lokacin da na'urar ke motsawa, ƙarfin tsaye yana aiki akan shi. Zai iya samun tasirin tasirin ƙasa, wanda ke da tasiri mai tasiri akan gogewa. Idan matsi akan motar bai karu ba, sakamakon hakan zai tabbatar da rabuwa da abin hawa daga kasa (kowane mai sana'anta yayi kokarin kawar da wannan tasirin gwargwadon iko).

A gefe guda, yayin da motar ke motsawa, ƙarfi na uku yayi aiki a kanta - ƙarfin gefe. Wannan yanki ma ba a iya sarrafashi kamar yadda yawancin abubuwa masu canzawa ke shafar shi, kamar hanyar wucewa yayin tuki kai tsaye ko kuma kusurwa. Ofarfin wannan mawuyacin abu ne wanda ba zai yuwu a faɗi ba, don haka injiniyoyi ba sa kasada da shi kuma ƙirƙirar lamura tare da faɗi wanda ke ba da damar yin wani sulhu a cikin haɓakar Cx.

Don ƙayyade gwargwadon yadda za a iya yin la'akari da abubuwan da ke tsaye, na gaba da na gefe, manyan kamfanonin kera abin hawa suna kafa dakunan gwaje-gwaje na musamman da ke gudanar da gwajin iska. Dogaro da yuwuwar kayan aiki, wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya haɗawa da ramin iska, wanda a cikin sa ake duba ingancin aikin jigilar kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin babban iska mai gudana.

Tabbas, masana'antun sabbin motoci suna kokarin ko dai su kawo kayayyakin su zuwa kashi 0,18 (yau wannan shine mafi kyau), ko kuma su wuce shi. Amma har yanzu babu wanda ya yi nasara a karo na biyu, saboda ba shi yiwuwa a kawar da wasu ƙarfin da ke aiki a kan inji.

Arfafawa da ɗaga ƙarfi

Anan ga wani nuance wanda ya shafi tasirin jigilar kaya. A wasu lokuta, ba za a rage girman ja ba. Misalin wannan shine motocin F1. Kodayake jikinsu ya daidaita sosai, ƙafafun a buɗe suke. Wannan shiyyar na haifar da matsaloli ga masu kerawa. Don irin wannan jigilar, Cx yana cikin kewayon daga 1,0 zuwa 0,75.

Idan ba za a iya kawar da juyawar baya a wannan yanayin ba, to ana iya amfani da kwararar don ƙara haɓaka tare da waƙa. Saboda wannan, an sanya ƙarin ɓangarorin a jikin da ke haifar da ƙarfi. Misali, damben gaban yana dauke da mai batawa wanda zai hana shi dagawa daga kasa, wanda yake da matukar mahimmanci ga motar motsa jiki. An haɗa irin wannan fukafikan a bayan motar.

Bangaran gaba yana jagorantar kwararar ba ƙarƙashin motar ba, amma a ɓangaren sama na jiki. Saboda wannan, hancin abin hawan koyaushe yana fuskantar hanya. Wani yanayi ne ya fito daga ƙasa, kuma motar da alama tana makale waƙar. Mai ɓatarwa na baya ya hana samuwar wata mahaɗa a bayan motar - ɓangaren ya ɓata kwararar kafin a fara tsotsarsa zuwa yankin ɓoye a bayan motar.

Elementsananan abubuwa kuma suna shafar rage ja. Misali, gefen murfin kusan dukkanin motocin zamani ya rufe abubuwan goge-goge. Tun daga gaban mota mafi yawan haɗu da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ne, ana mai da hankali har ma da irin waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa kamar masu saukar da iska.

Lokacin shigar da kayan jikin motsa jiki, kuna buƙatar la'akari da cewa ƙarin ƙarfin aiki yana sa motar ta kasance da gaba gaɗi akan hanya, amma a lokaci guda kwararar shugabanci na ƙara ja. Saboda wannan, saurin ƙimar irin wannan jigilar zai zama ƙasa da ba tare da abubuwan iska ba. Wani mummunan tasirin shi ne cewa motar tana da rauni sosai. Gaskiya ne, za a ji tasirin kayan aikin motsa jiki a cikin gudun kilomita 120 a kowace awa, don haka a mafi yawan yanayi a kan hanyoyin jama'a irin waɗannan bayanai.

Misalai marasa kyau:

Sh 0,7 - Caterham 7

Cx 0,6 - UAZ (469, mafarauci)

Cx 0,58 - Jeep Wrangler (TJ)

Cx 0,57 - Hummer (H2)

Cx 0,56 - VAZ "na gargajiya" (01, 03, 05, 06, 07)

Nauyin 0,54-Mercedes-Benz (G-aji)

Cx 0,53 - VAZ 2121

Model tare da mai kyau aerodynamic ja:

Sh 0,18 - VW XL1

Cx 0,19 - GM EV1

Cx 0,21 - Tesla (Model3)

Cx 0,23 - Audi A4

Cx 0,23 - Mercedes-Benz CLA

Cx 0,23 - Mercedes-Benz (S 300h)

Cx 0,24 - Misalin Tesla S

Cx 0,24 - Tesla (Model X)

Cx 0,24 - Hyundai Sonata

Cx 0,24 - Toyota Prius

Cx 0,24 - Mercedes-Benz C aji

Cx 0,25 - Audi A2

Cx 0,25 - Alfa Romeo (Giulia)

Cx 0,25 - Peugeot 508

Cx 0,25 - Hankalin Honda

Cx 0,26 - BMW (jerin 3 a bayan E90)

Cx 0,26 - BMW i8

Cx 0,26 - Mercedes-Benz (B)

Cx 0,26 - Mercedes-Benz (E-Class)

Cx 0,26 - Jaguar XE

Cx 0,26-Nissan GT-R

Cx 0,26 - Infiniti Q50

Bugu da ƙari, kalli ɗan gajeren bidiyo game da yanayin motar:

Motocin motsa jiki, menene shi? Yadda ake inganta aerodynamics? Yaya BA za a yi jirgin sama daga mota ba?