Idan ... mun magance matsalolin asali a kimiyyar lissafi. Komai yana jiran ka'idar da babu abin da zai iya fitowa

Me zai ba mu amsar abubuwan da suka sa asirrai kamar duhun kwayoyin halitta da makamashi mai duhu, sirrin farkon talikai, yanayin nauyi, fa'idar kwayoyin halitta akan antimatter, alkiblar lokaci, hadewar nauyi da sauran mu'amala ta zahiri. , babban haɗin kai na sojojin yanayi a cikin asali guda ɗaya, har zuwa abin da ake kira ka'idar komai?

A cewar Einstein da sauran fitattun masana kimiyyar lissafi na zamani, makasudin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi daidai yake don ƙirƙirar ka'idar komai (TV). Duk da haka, manufar irin wannan ka'idar ba ta da tabbas. Wanda aka sani da ka'idar komai, ToE ka'idar zahiri ce ta zahiri wacce ke bayyana komai akai-akai abubuwan mamaki na zahiri kuma yana ba ku damar yin hasashen sakamakon kowane gwaji. A zamanin yau, ana yawan amfani da wannan jimlar don bayyana ka'idodin da ke ƙoƙarin yin alaƙa da su ka'idar gamayya na alaƙa. Ya zuwa yanzu, babu ɗayan waɗannan ka'idodin da ya sami tabbacin gwaji.

A halin yanzu, mafi girman ka'idar da'awar zama TW ta dogara ne akan ka'idar holographic. 11-girma M-ka'idar. Har yanzu ba a samo shi ba kuma mutane da yawa suna la'akari da shi a matsayin alkiblar ci gaba maimakon ainihin ka'idar.

Yawancin masana kimiyya suna shakkar cewa wani abu kamar "ka'idar komai" yana yiwuwa har ma, kuma a mafi mahimmancin ma'ana, bisa la'akari. Ka'idar Kurt Gödel ya ce duk wani isassun tsarin ma'ana ko dai bai dace ba a cikin gida (wanda zai iya tabbatar da jumla da sabani a cikinta) ko kuma bai cika ba (akwai jimloli na gaskiya marasa rahusa wadanda ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba). Stanley Jackie ya bayyana a cikin 1966 cewa TW dole ne ya zama hadadden ka'idar ilmin lissafi, don haka babu makawa ba zai cika ba.

Akwai hanya ta musamman, asali da kuma tunanin tunanin ka'idar komai. holographic hasashe (1), canja wurin aikin zuwa wani tsari na daban. Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi na black hole da alama yana nuna cewa duniyarmu ba ita ce abin da hankulanmu ke gaya mana ba. Gaskiyar da ke kewaye da mu na iya zama hologram, watau. tsinkayar jirgin sama mai girma biyu. Wannan kuma ya shafi ka'idar Gödel kanta. Amma irin wannan ka'idar komai tana magance kowace matsala, shin yana ba mu damar fuskantar ƙalubalen wayewa?

Bayyana duniya. Amma menene sararin duniya?

A halin yanzu muna da manyan ka'idoji guda biyu waɗanda ke bayyana kusan dukkanin abubuwan mamaki na zahiri: Einstein's theory of gravity (general relativity) i. Na farko yayi bayani da kyau motsi na abubuwa macro, daga ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa galaxies. yana da masaniya sosai game da atoms da subatomic particles. Matsalar ita ce wadannan ka'idoji guda biyu suna bayyana duniyarmu ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A cikin injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa, abubuwan da ke faruwa suna faruwa a kan kafaffen bango. sarari-lokaci – yayin da w yake sassauƙa. Yaya ka'idar kididdigar lokaci mai lankwasa sararin samaniya zata yi kama? Ba mu sani ba.

Ƙoƙarin farko na ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar haɗin kai na komai ya bayyana jim kaɗan bayan bugawa ka'idar gamayya na alaƙakafin mu fahimci ainihin dokokin da ke tafiyar da sojojin nukiliya. Wadannan ra'ayoyin, da aka sani da Kaluzi-Klein Theory, nema don haɗa nauyi tare da electromagnetism.

Shekaru da yawa, ka'idar kirtani, wanda ke wakiltar kwayoyin halitta kamar yadda aka yi ƙananan igiyoyin girgiza ko makamashi madauki, ana la'akari da mafi kyawun ƙirƙira Haɗin kai ka'idar kimiyyar lissafi. Duk da haka, wasu masana kimiyya sun fi son kna USB-tsaya madauki nauyiwanda sararin sararin samaniya da kansa ya ƙunshi ƙananan madaukai. Koyaya, ba a tantance ka'idar kirtani ko madauki ba ta hanyar gwaji.

Grand unified theories (GUTs), hada jimla chromodynamics da ka'idar hulɗar lantarki, suna wakiltar ma'amala mai ƙarfi, rauni da na lantarki azaman bayyanar hulɗar guda ɗaya. Koyaya, babu ɗayan manyan haɗe-haɗen ka'idodin da suka gabata da ya sami tabbacin gwaji. Siffar gama gari ta babbar ka'idar haɗin kai ita ce hasashen ruɓar proton. Har yanzu ba a ga wannan tsari ba. Ya biyo baya daga wannan cewa rayuwar proton dole ne ya zama aƙalla shekaru 1032.

Misalin Ma'auni na 1968 ya haɗa ƙarfi, rauni, da ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarƙashin laima ɗaya. An yi la'akari da duk ɓarna da hulɗar su, kuma an yi wasu sababbin tsinkaya, ciki har da babban tsinkaya ɗaya. A babban kuzari, akan tsari na 100 GeV (makamashin da ake buƙata don haɓaka lantarki guda ɗaya zuwa yuwuwar biliyan 100), za'a dawo da ma'aunin daidaita ƙarfin lantarki da raunana.

An yi hasashen samuwar sababbi, kuma tare da gano W da Z bosons a cikin 1983, an tabbatar da waɗannan hasashen. An rage manyan runduna hudu zuwa uku. Manufar da ke tattare da haɗin kai ita ce, dukkanin runduna uku na Standard Model, da kuma watakila ma mafi girman makamashi na nauyi, an haɗa su cikin tsari ɗaya.

2. Ma'auni na Langrange da ke kwatanta daidaitaccen Model, ya kasu kashi biyar.

Wasu sun ba da shawarar cewa a ma mafi girma kuzari, watakila a kusa Ma'aunin Planck, nauyi kuma zai haɗu. Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan ƙarfafa ka'idar kirtani. Abin da ke da ban sha'awa sosai game da waɗannan ra'ayoyin shine cewa idan muna son haɗin kai, dole ne mu dawo da daidaito a mafi girman kuzari. Kuma idan a halin yanzu sun karye, yana haifar da wani abu mai gani, sabon barbashi da sabon hulɗa.

Lagrangian na Madaidaicin Model shine kawai equation da ke kwatanta barbashi i tasiri na Standard Model (2). Ya ƙunshi sassa masu zaman kansu guda biyar: game da gluons a cikin yanki na 1 na ma'auni, raunin bosons a cikin ɓangaren da aka yiwa alama da biyu, alama da uku, bayanin lissafi ne na yadda kwayoyin halitta ke mu'amala da ƙarfi mai rauni da filin Higgs, ɓangarorin fatalwa waɗanda ke raguwa. wuce haddi na filin Higgs a sassa na hudu, da ruhohin da aka kwatanta a ƙarƙashin biyar Fadeev-Popovwanda ke shafar raguwar ma'amala mai rauni. Ba a la'akari da talakawan Neutrino.

Ko da yake Tsarin misali za mu iya rubuta shi a matsayin ma'auni ɗaya, ba ainihin gaba ɗaya ba ce ta ma'anar cewa akwai maganganu daban-daban daban-daban, masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke tafiyar da sassa daban-daban na sararin samaniya. Rarrabe sassa na Standard Model ba sa hulɗa tare da juna, saboda cajin launi ba ya shafar wutar lantarki da ma'amala mai rauni, kuma tambayoyin sun kasance marasa amsa dalilin da yasa hulɗar da ya kamata ya faru, alal misali, cin zarafi na CP a cikin hulɗar karfi, ba sa aiki. faruwa.

Lokacin da aka dawo da symmetry (a mafi girman yiwuwar), haɗin kai yana faruwa. Koyaya, tsinkewar simi a ƙasa ya yi daidai da sararin samaniya da muke da shi a yau, tare da sabbin nau'ikan ɓangarorin ɗimbin yawa. Don haka menene "daga cikin komai" yakamata wannan ka'idar ta kasance? Wanda shine, watau. sararin samaniya na asymmetric na gaske, ko ɗaya kuma mai simmetrical, amma a ƙarshe ba wanda muke hulɗa da shi ba.

Kyawawan yaudara na "cikakken" samfurori

Lars Turanci, a cikin The No Theory of Komai, yana jayayya cewa babu wani tsari guda ɗaya da zai iya Haɗa alaƙa gabaɗaya tare da injiniyoyin ƙididdigasaboda abin da yake gaskiya a matakin ƙididdiga ba lallai ba ne a matakin nauyi. Kuma idan tsarin ya fi girma kuma ya fi rikitarwa, yawancin ya bambanta da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi. "Ma'anar ba shine waɗannan ka'idodin nauyi sun saba wa injiniyoyi na ƙididdigewa ba, amma ba za a iya samo su daga ilimin lissafi ba," in ji shi.

Duk ilimin kimiyya, da gangan ko a'a, yana dogara ne akan tushen kasancewarsu. haƙiƙa na zahiri dokokinwanda ya ƙunshi saiti mai jituwa na asali na asali na zahiri wanda ke kwatanta halayen sararin samaniya da duk abin da ke cikinta. Tabbas, irin wannan ka'idar ba ta haifar da cikakken bayani ko bayanin duk abin da ke akwai ba, amma, mai yuwuwa, yana bayyana dukkan hanyoyin tabbatar da jiki. A hankali, ɗayan fa'idodin nan da nan na irin wannan fahimtar TW zai kasance don dakatar da gwaje-gwajen da ka'idar ke hasashen sakamako mara kyau.

Yawancin masana kimiyyar lissafi za su daina bincike su yi koyarwar rayuwa, ba bincike ba. Duk da haka, mai yiwuwa jama'a ba su damu ba ko za a iya bayyana ƙarfin nauyi ta fuskar karkatar da lokacin sararin samaniya.

Tabbas, akwai wata yuwuwar - Duniya ba za ta haɗu ba. Tambayoyi da muka zo kan su kawai ƙirƙirar lissafin mu ne kawai kuma ba sa kwatanta sararin samaniya.

A cikin babban labarin Nautil.Us, Sabina Hossenfelder (3), masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba na Frankfurt, ta kiyasta cewa "dukkan ra'ayin ka'idar komai yana dogara ne akan zato maras kimiyya." "Wannan ba shine mafi kyawun dabarun haɓaka ka'idodin kimiyya ba. (…) Dogaro da kyakkyawa a cikin ci gaban ka'idar tarihi ya yi aiki mara kyau. ” A ra'ayinta, babu wani dalili na yanayi da za a kwatanta shi da ka'idar komai. Yayin da muke buƙatar ka'idar kididdigar nauyi don guje wa rashin daidaiton ma'ana a cikin dokokin yanayi, dakarun da ke cikin Ma'auni ba sa buƙatar haɗe-haɗe kuma ba sa buƙatar haɗuwa da nauyi. Zai yi kyau, i, amma ba lallai ba ne. Misalin daidaitaccen tsari yana aiki da kyau ba tare da haɗin kai ba, mai binciken ya jaddada. Dabi'a a fili ba ta damu da abin da masana kimiyya ke tunanin kyakkyawan ilimin lissafi ba ne, in ji Ms. Hossenfelder a fusace. A cikin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ci gaba a cikin ci gaban ka'idar yana da alaƙa da maganin rashin daidaituwa na lissafi, kuma ba tare da kyawawan samfura da "ƙammala" ba.

Duk da waɗannan gargaɗin masu hankali, ana ci gaba da gabatar da sabbin shawarwari don ka'idar komai, kamar Garrett Lisi's The Exceptionally Simple Theory of Komai, wanda aka buga a 2007. Yana da fasalin da Prof. Hossenfelder yana da kyau kuma ana iya nuna shi da kyau tare da kyawawan abubuwan gani (4). Wannan ka'idar, mai suna E8, tana da'awar cewa mabuɗin fahimtar sararin samaniya shine abu na lissafi a cikin nau'in rosette mai ma'ana.

Lisi ya ƙirƙiri wannan tsari ta hanyar ƙirƙira ɓangarorin farko akan jadawali wanda kuma yayi la'akari da sanannun mu'amalar jiki. Sakamakon shine hadadden tsarin lissafi mai girma takwas na maki 248. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan maki yana wakiltar barbashi tare da kaddarorin daban-daban. Akwai rukuni na barbashi a cikin zane tare da wasu kaddarorin da "bace". Aƙalla wasu daga cikin waɗannan “bacewar” a ƙa’idar suna da wani abu da ya haɗa da nauyi, wanda ke daidaita tazarar da ke tsakanin injiniyoyin ƙididdiga da alaƙa na gabaɗaya.

4. Ka'idar hangen nesa E8

Don haka dole ne masana kimiyya suyi aiki don cike "Socket Fox". Idan ya yi nasara me zai faru? Mutane da yawa suna ba da amsa cewa babu wani abu na musamman. Za a gama kyakkyawan hoto kawai. Wannan ginin zai iya zama mai kima ta wannan ma'ana, domin yana nuna mana menene ainihin sakamakon kammala "ka'idar komai" zai kasance. Wataƙila maras muhimmanci a zahiri.