Me zai faru idan… mun sami manyan masu zafin jiki? Daurin bege

Layukan watsawa mara lalacewa, injiniyan lantarki mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, superelectromagnets, a ƙarshe a hankali suna matsawa miliyoyin digiri na plasma a cikin ma'aunin wutar lantarki, shiru da sauri maglev dogo. Muna da fata da yawa ga superconductors ...

Babban aiki ana kiran yanayin yanayin sifili na lantarki. Ana samun wannan a wasu kayan a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin gaske. Ya gano wannan adadi mai yawa Kamfanin Camerling Onnes (1) a cikin mercury, a cikin 1911. Classical physics ya kasa siffanta shi. Baya ga juriya na sifili, wani muhimmin fasalin superconductor shine tura filin maganadisu daga ƙarar saabin da ake kira Meissner sakamako (a cikin nau'in I superconductors) ko mayar da hankali kan filin maganadisu zuwa "vortices" (a cikin nau'in II superconductor).

Yawancin na'urori masu sarrafawa suna aiki ne kawai a yanayin zafi kusa da cikakken sifili. An ruwaito 0 Kelvin (-273,15 ° C). Motsin kwayoyin halitta a wannan yanayin kusan babu shi. Wannan shine mabuɗin ga masu sarrafa iko. Kamar yadda aka saba electrons motsi a cikin madugu ya ci karo da wasu atom masu girgiza, yana haddasawa asarar makamashi da juriya. Koyaya, mun san cewa superconductivity yana yiwuwa a yanayin zafi mafi girma. A hankali, muna gano kayan da ke nuna wannan tasirin a ƙaramin Celsius, kuma kwanan nan har ma da ƙari. Koyaya, wannan kuma yawanci ana danganta shi da aikace-aikacen matsi mai tsananin gaske. Babban mafarki shine ƙirƙirar wannan fasaha a cikin zafin jiki ba tare da matsa lamba mai girma ba.

Tushen jiki don bayyanar yanayin superconductivity shine samuwar nau'i-nau'i na masu kwace kaya - abin da ake kira Cooper. Irin wannan nau'i-nau'i na iya tasowa sakamakon haɗin gwiwar electrons guda biyu masu irin wannan makamashi. Fermiego, i.e. mafi kankantar makamashi wanda makamashin tsarin haihuwa zai karu bayan an kara wani abu guda daya, koda kuwa karfin huldar da ke tsakaninsu ya yi kadan. Wannan yana canza kaddarorin lantarki na kayan, tunda masu ɗaukar kaya guda ɗaya ne fermions kuma nau'ikan bosons ne.

Hadin kai don haka tsari ne na fermions guda biyu (misali, electrons) suna mu'amala da juna ta hanyar girgizar lattice crystal, wanda ake kira phonons. An bayyana lamarin Leona ta ba da hadin kai a cikin 1956 kuma wani ɓangare ne na ka'idar BCS na ƙarancin zafin jiki. Ƙwayoyin da suka haɗa nau'in Cooper suna da rabin juzu'i (waɗanda aka karkatar da su a wurare daban-daban), amma sakamakon tsarin ya cika, wato, Cooper pair boson ne.

Superconductors a wasu yanayin zafi wasu abubuwa ne, misali, cadmium, tin, aluminum, iridium, platinum, wasu suna wucewa cikin yanayin superconductivity kawai a matsanancin matsin lamba (misali, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, lithium) ko a cikin nau'i na bakin ciki yadudduka (tungsten, beryllium, chromium), kuma wasu na iya zama ba tukuna zama superconducting, kamar azurfa, jan hankali, zinariya, daraja gas, hydrogen, ko da yake zinariya, azurfa da kuma jan karfe suna daga cikin mafi kyau conductors a dakin zafin jiki.

"Harfin zafin jiki" har yanzu yana buƙatar ƙananan yanayin zafi

A 1964 shekara William A. Little ya ba da shawarar yiwuwar wanzuwar babban zafin jiki a cikin kwayoyin polymers. Wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan haɗaɗɗiyar wutar lantarki mai tsaka-tsaki ta exciton sabanin haɗaɗɗiyar phonon-mediated a ka'idar BCS. An yi amfani da kalmar "superconductors masu zafi" don kwatanta sabon iyali na perovskite yumbu da Johannes G. Bednorz da CA. Müller a shekarar 1986, inda suka samu kyautar Nobel. Wadannan sabbin na'urori masu sarrafa yumbu (2) an yi su ne daga tagulla da oxygen gauraye da wasu abubuwa kamar lanthanum, barium da bismuth.

2. Farantin yumbu da ke shawagi akan maganadisu masu ƙarfi

Daga ra'ayinmu, "high-zazzabi" superconductivity har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai. Don matsa lamba na al'ada, iyaka shine -140 ° C, kuma har ma irin waɗannan masu haɓakawa ana kiran su "high-zazzabi". Matsakaicin zafin jiki na -70 ° C don hydrogen sulfide an kai shi a matsanancin matsanancin matsin lamba. Koyaya, manyan masu zafin jiki na buƙatar ƙarancin nitrogen ruwa mai arha maimakon helium na ruwa don sanyaya, wanda yake da mahimmanci.

A gefe guda, galibi yumbu ne mai karye, ba shi da amfani sosai don amfani da tsarin lantarki.

Masana kimiyya har yanzu sun yi imanin cewa akwai mafi kyawun zaɓin da ake jira don ganowa, sabon abu mai ban mamaki wanda zai cika ka'idoji irin su superconductivity a dakin da zazzabimai araha kuma mai amfani don amfani. Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan jan ƙarfe, wani hadadden crystal wanda ya ƙunshi yadudduka na jan karfe da kuma oxygen atom. An ci gaba da bincike kan wasu rahotanni masu banƙyama amma a kimiyance marasa fa'ida cewa graphite da aka jiƙa da ruwa na iya yin aiki azaman babban mai ɗaukar hoto a cikin ɗaki.

Shekarun baya-bayan nan sun kasance tabbataccen rafi na "juyin juya hali", "nasara" da "sababbin babi" a cikin fage na ƙwazo a yanayin zafi mafi girma. A cikin Oktoba 2020, an ba da rahoto a cikin yanayin zafin jiki (a 15 ° C). carbon disulfide hydride (3), duk da haka, a matsanancin matsin lamba (267 GPa) wanda koren laser ya haifar. Grail Mai Tsarki, wanda zai zama abu mai arha mai arha wanda zai kasance mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗaki da matsi na al'ada, har yanzu ba a samo shi ba.

3. Abubuwan da ke tushen Carbon wanda ke da ƙarfi a 15 ° C.

Alfijir na Magnetic Age

Ƙididdigar yiwuwar aikace-aikace na masu sarrafa zafin jiki na iya farawa tare da kayan lantarki da fasaha na kwamfuta, na'urorin dabaru, abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, masu sauyawa da haɗin kai, janareta, amplifiers, ƙararrawa accelerators. Na gaba akan jeri: na'urori masu mahimmanci don auna filayen maganadisu, ƙarfin lantarki ko igiyoyin ruwa, maganadisu don MRI na'urorin likitanci, Magnetic makamashi ajiya na'urorin, leviating harsashi jiragen kasa, injuna, janareta, transformers da wutar lantarki. Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga wadannan mafarki superconducting na'urorin za su zama low ikon dissipation, high gudun aiki da matsanancin hankali.

ga superconductors. Akwai dalilin da ya sa ake yawan gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki a kusa da biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Ko da kashi 30 cikin dari. halitta da su Wutar lantarki yana iya rasawa a kan layin watsa labarai. Wannan matsala ce ta gama gari game da na'urorin lantarki. Yawancin makamashi yana zuwa zafi. Don haka, an tanadi wani muhimmin sashi na saman kwamfutar don sanyaya sassan da ke taimakawa wajen kawar da zafin da ke haifar da da'irori.

Superconductors magance matsalar asarar makamashi don zafi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na gwaje-gwaje, masana kimiyya, alal misali, suna gudanar da samun abin rayuwa lantarki halin yanzu a cikin superconducting zobe sama da shekaru biyu. Kuma wannan ba tare da ƙarin makamashi ba.

Abin da ya sa yanzu ya tsaya shi ne, ba a samu damar samun helium mai ruwa ba, ba don na yanzu ba zai iya ci gaba da kwarara ba. Gwaje-gwajenmu sun kai mu ga yin imani cewa igiyoyin ruwa a cikin kayan aiki na iya gudana na dubban daruruwan shekaru, idan ba haka ba. Wutar lantarki a cikin superconductors na iya gudana har abada, suna canja wurin makamashi kyauta.

в babu juriya wani katon halin yanzu zai iya gudana ta cikin babbar waya, wanda kuma ya haifar da filayen maganadisu na iko mai ban mamaki. Ana iya amfani da su don motsa jiragen ƙasa na maglev (4), waɗanda za su iya yin gudu har zuwa 600 km / h kuma suna dogara da su. superconducting maganadiso. Ko kuma a yi amfani da su a masana'antar wutar lantarki, ta maye gurbin hanyoyin gargajiya da injina ke jujjuyawa a cikin filayen maganadisu don samar da wutar lantarki. Maɗaukaki masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi na iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa halayen haɗuwa. Waya mai ƙarfi na iya aiki azaman na'urar ajiyar makamashi mai kyau, maimakon baturi, kuma za a adana yuwuwar da ke cikin tsarin har tsawon shekaru dubu da miliyan.

A cikin kwamfutoci masu ƙima, kuna iya gudana ta kusa da agogo ko kuma a kishiyar agogo a cikin babban madubi. Injin jirgin ruwa da na mota zai zama ƙasa da sau goma fiye da yadda suke a yau, kuma injinan MRI masu tsada masu tsada zasu dace da tafin hannun ku. An tattara daga gonaki a cikin ɗimbin hamadar hamada a duniya, ana iya adana makamashin hasken rana da canjawa wuri ba tare da wata asara ba.

4. Jirgin kasa na Maglev na Japan

A cewar masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma shahararren mashahuran kimiyya. Kakufasahohi irin su superconductors za su kawo sabon zamani. Idan har yanzu muna rayuwa a zamanin wutar lantarki, superconductors a dakin da zafin jiki zai zo tare da su zamanin magnetism.