Bayan shekaru goma babu wanda ya san yaushe

Ga mutumin da ba shi da masaniya wanda ya karanta ɗimbin ɗimbin wallafe-wallafe game da kwamfutoci masu ƙima, mutum na iya samun ra'ayi cewa waɗannan injuna ne na “kashe-tsaye” waɗanda ke aiki daidai da kwamfutoci na yau da kullun. Babu wani abu da zai iya zama kuskure. Wasu ma sun yi imanin cewa babu kwamfutoci masu yawa tukuna. Wasu kuma suna mamakin abin da za a yi amfani da su, tunda ba a tsara su don maye gurbin tsarin sifili ɗaya ba.

Sau da yawa muna jin cewa kwamfutocin ƙididdiga na ainihi na farko da ke aiki da kyau za su bayyana a cikin kusan shekaru goma. Koyaya, kamar yadda Linley Gwennap, babban manazarta a rukunin Linley, ya lura a cikin talifin, “lokacin da mutane suka ce kwamfutoci masu yawa za su bayyana nan da shekaru goma, ba su san lokacin da zai faru ba.”

Duk da wannan m halin da ake ciki, yanayin gasa ga abin da ake kira. rinjaye rinjaye. Bisa damuwa game da aikin ƙididdigewa da nasarar Sinawa, gwamnatin Amurka a watan Disambar da ya gabata ta zartar da Dokar Ƙaddamar da Ƙididdigar Ƙasa (National Quantum Initiative Act).1). An yi nufin takaddar don samar da tallafin tarayya don bincike, haɓakawa, nunawa, da aikace-aikacen ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da fasaha. A cikin shekaru goma masu ban mamaki, gwamnatin Amurka za ta kashe biliyoyin ginin ƙididdiga na abubuwan more rayuwa, yanayin muhalli, da ɗaukar mutane. Duk manyan masu haɓaka kwamfutocin ƙididdiga - D-Wave, Honeywell, IBM, Intel, IonQ, Microsoft da Rigetti, da kuma masu ƙirƙira ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga na 1QBit da Zapata sun yi maraba da wannan. Ƙaddamarwa Ƙididdigar Ƙasa.

D-WAve Majagaba

A cikin 2007, D-Wave Systems ya gabatar da guntu 128-qubit (2), ana kiransa kwamfuta kididdigar farko a duniya. Duk da haka, babu tabbas ko za a iya kiran hakan - aikinsa kawai aka nuna, ba tare da wani cikakken bayani game da gininsa ba. A cikin 2009, D-Wave Systems sun ƙirƙira injin binciken hoto na "kwamba" don Google. A cikin Mayu 2011, Lockheed Martin ya sami kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa daga D-Wave Systems. D-wave daya don $ 10 miliyan, yayin sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru masu yawa don aiki da haɓakar algorithms masu alaƙa.

A cikin 2012, wannan na'ura ya nuna tsarin gano kwayoyin sunadaran sunadaran helical tare da mafi ƙarancin makamashi. Masu bincike daga D-Wave Systems suna amfani da tsarin tare da lambobi daban-daban qubits, ya yi lissafin lissafin lissafi da dama, wanda wasu daga cikinsu sun yi nisa fiye da ƙarfin kwamfutoci na gargajiya. Duk da haka, a farkon 2014, John Smolin da Graham Smith sun buga labarin cewa na'urar D-Wave Systems ba inji ba ce. Jim kadan bayan haka, Physics of Nature ya gabatar da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da ke tabbatar da cewa D-Wave One har yanzu ...

Wani gwajin da aka yi a watan Yuni 2014 bai nuna wani bambanci tsakanin na'urar kwamfuta ta gargajiya da na'urar D-Wave Systems ba, amma kamfanin ya amsa cewa bambamcin ya kasance sananne ne kawai don ayyuka masu rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda aka warware a cikin gwajin. A farkon shekarar 2017, kamfanin ya kaddamar da wata na'ura da ake ganin ta kunshi dubu 2 dubuwanda ya kasance sau 2500 da sauri fiye da mafi sauri algorithms na gargajiya. Kuma a sake, bayan watanni biyu, gungun masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa wannan kwatancen bai yi daidai ba. Ga masu shakka da yawa, tsarin D-Wave har yanzu ba kwamfutoci masu yawa ba ne, amma nasu kwaikwayo ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya.

Tsarin D-Wave na ƙarni na huɗu yana amfani da shi jimla annealingskuma jihohin qubit ana samun su ta hanyar juzu'o'in ƙididdigewa (dangane da abin da ake kira Josephson junctions). Suna aiki a cikin yanayi kusa da cikakken sifili kuma suna alfahari da tsarin 2048 qubits. A ƙarshen 2018, D-Wave ya gabatar da kasuwa BUNCE, wato ku yanayin aikace-aikacen ƙididdiga na ainihin lokaci (KAE). Maganin girgije yana ba abokan ciniki na waje damar samun damar yin amfani da ƙididdiga na lokaci-lokaci.

A cikin Fabrairu 2019, D-Wave ya sanar da tsara na gaba  Pegasus. An sanar da zama "tsarin kididdigar kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya" tare da haɗin kai goma sha biyar a kowace qubit maimakon shida, tare da fiye da 5 qubits da kuma kunna rage amo a wani matakin da ba a sani ba a baya. Ya kamata na'urar ta bayyana akan siyarwa a tsakiyar shekara mai zuwa.

Qubits, ko maɗaukaki masu girma da haɗin kai

Daidaitattun na'urori masu sarrafa kwamfuta sun dogara da fakiti ko guntun bayanai, kowanne yana wakiltar e ko a'a guda ɗaya. Na'urori masu sarrafawa na Quantum sun bambanta. Ba sa aiki a cikin duniyar sifili ɗaya. gwiwar hannu kashi, mafi ƙanƙanta kuma ba za a iya rarraba bayanan ƙididdiga ba shine tsarin da aka kwatanta mai girma biyu hilbert sarari. Saboda haka, ya bambanta da classic kidan da zai iya zama a ciki kowane superposition Jihohin adadi biyu. Samfurin jiki na qubit galibi ana bayar da shi azaman misali na barbashi mai jujjuyawar ½, kamar na'urar lantarki, ko polarization na photon guda ɗaya.

Don amfani da ƙarfin qubits, dole ne ka haɗa su ta hanyar da ake kira rudani. Tare da kowane ƙara qubit, ikon sarrafawa na mai sarrafawa ninki biyu kansu, tun da yawan abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da haɗuwa da sabon qubit tare da duk jihohin da aka riga aka samu a cikin na'ura (processor).3). Amma ƙirƙira da haɗa qubits, sannan a ce su yi ƙididdiga masu rikitarwa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba. Suna zama matuƙar kula da tasirin wajewanda zai iya haifar da kurakurai na lissafi kuma, a mafi munin yanayi, zuwa lalata qubits masu kama da juna, watau. rashin daidaituwawanda shine ainihin la'anar tsarin ƙididdiga. Yayin da aka ƙara ƙarin qubits, mummunan tasirin dakarun waje yana ƙaruwa. Hanya ɗaya don magance wannan matsalar ita ce kunna ƙarin qubits "KULKI"wanda aikinsa kawai shine duba da gyara abubuwan da aka fitar.

3. Alamar alama ta tsarin 50-qubit IBM

Duk da haka, wannan yana nufin cewa za a buƙaci kwamfutoci masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi, masu amfani don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kamar tantance yadda ƙwayoyin furotin ke ninkawa ko daidaita tsarin tafiyar da jikin atom. sosai qubit. Tom Watson na Jami'ar Delft a Netherlands ya shaida wa BBC kwanan nan cewa:

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A takaice dai, idan kwamfutocin kwamfutoci za su tashi, akwai bukatar fito da hanya mai sauki don kera manyan na’urorin sarrafa qubit.

Tun da qubits ba su da kwanciyar hankali, yana da matukar wahala a ƙirƙiri tsarin tare da yawancin su. Don haka idan, a ƙarshe, qubits a matsayin ra'ayi don ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta kasa, masana kimiyya suna da madadin: qubit quantum gates.

Tawaga daga Jami'ar Purdue ta buga wani bincike a cikin npj Quantum Information wanda ke ba da cikakken bayanin halittar su. Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da haka kudisabanin qubits, suna iya wanzuwa a cikin fiye da jihohi biyu, kamar 0, 1, da 2, kuma ga kowace jiha da aka ƙara, ƙarfin lissafin qudit ɗaya yana ƙaruwa. A wasu kalmomi, kuna buƙatar ɓoyewa da aiwatar da adadin bayanai iri ɗaya. kasa daukaka fiye da qubits.

Don ƙirƙirar ƙofofin ƙididdiga waɗanda ke ɗauke da qudits, ƙungiyar Purdue ta sanya qudits huɗu cikin hotuna biyu masu ruɗewa dangane da mita da lokaci. Ƙungiyar ta zaɓi hotuna saboda ba sa tasiri ga muhalli cikin sauƙi, kuma ta yin amfani da yankuna da yawa da aka yarda don ƙarin haɗaka tare da ƙananan hotuna. Ƙofar da aka gama tana da ƙarfin sarrafa qubits 20, ko da yake tana buƙatar qudit huɗu ne kawai, tare da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali saboda amfani da photon, wanda ya sa ta zama tsari mai ban sha'awa ga kwamfutoci masu yawa a nan gaba.

Silicon ko ion tarko

Ko da yake ba kowa ne ke da wannan ra'ayi ba, amma yin amfani da siliki don gina kwamfutoci na ƙididdigewa ga alama yana da fa'ida sosai, saboda fasahar siliki ta kafu sosai kuma an riga an sami babbar masana'anta da ke da alaƙa da ita. Ana amfani da Silicon a cikin na'urori masu sarrafawa na Google da IBM, ko da yake an sanyaya su zuwa yanayin zafi sosai. Ba abu ne mai kyau ba don tsarin ƙididdiga, amma masana kimiyya suna aiki akai.

A cewar wani wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan a cikin Nature, ƙungiyar masu bincike sun yi amfani da makamashin microwave don daidaita ƙwayoyin lantarki guda biyu da aka dakatar a cikin siliki sannan suka yi amfani da su don yin lissafin gwaji. Ƙungiyar, wanda ya haɗa da, musamman, masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison "sun dakatar da" qubits electron qubits a cikin tsarin siliki, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar makamashin microwave radiation. A cikin babban matsayi, wani lantarki a lokaci guda ya juya kusa da gatari biyu daban-daban. Daga nan sai aka hada qubits guda biyu aka tsara su don yin lissafin gwaji, bayan haka masu binciken sun kwatanta bayanan da tsarin ya samar da bayanan da aka samu daga kwamfuta mai inganci da ke yin lissafin gwaji iri daya. Bayan gyara bayanan, mai shirye-shirye biyu-bit quantum silicon processor.

Ko da yake yawan kurakurai har yanzu sun fi na abin da ake kira tarkon ion (na'urori waɗanda aka caje su kamar ions, electrons, protons ana adana su na ɗan lokaci) ko kwamfutoci.  dangane da manyan na'urori irin su D-Wave, nasarar ta kasance mai ban mamaki saboda ware qubits daga hayaniyar waje yana da matukar wahala. Kwararru suna ganin dama don haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin. Kuma amfani da silicon, ta fuskar fasaha da tattalin arziki, yana da mahimmanci a nan.

Koyaya, ga masu bincike da yawa, silicon ba shine makomar kwamfutoci masu yawa ba. A cikin watan Disambar shekarar da ta gabata, bayanai sun bayyana cewa injiniyoyin kamfanin IonQ na Amurka sun yi amfani da ytterbium wajen samar da kwamfutoci mafi inganci a duniya, wanda ya zarce tsarin D-Wave da IBM.

Sakamakon shine injin da ke ɗauke da zarra guda ɗaya a cikin tarkon ion (4) yana amfani da qubit ɗin bayanai guda ɗaya don ɓoyewa, kuma ana sarrafa qubits kuma ana auna su ta amfani da bugun laser na musamman. Kwamfutar tana da ma’adanar ma’adanar bayanai da za ta iya taskance bayanai 160 qubits. Hakanan yana iya yin lissafin lokaci guda akan qubits 79.

4. Tsarin tarkon IonQ ion

Masana kimiyya daga IonQ sun gudanar da gwajin gwaji na abin da ake kira Bernstein-Waziraniego algorithm. Aikin na'urar shine ta tantance lamba tsakanin 0 zuwa 1023. Kwamfutoci na gargajiya suna ɗaukar zato goma sha ɗaya don lamba 10-bit. Kwamfutocin kwamfutoci suna amfani da hanyoyi biyu don tantance sakamakon da tabbaci 100%. A yunƙurin farko, kwamfutar ƙididdiga ta IonQ ta ƙiyasta matsakaita na 73% na lambobin da aka bayar. Lokacin da algorithm ke gudana ga kowane lamba tsakanin 1 da 1023, ƙimar nasara ga kwamfuta ta yau da kullun shine 0,2%, yayin da na IonQ shine 79%.

Masana IonQ sun yi imanin cewa tsarin da aka dogara da tarkon ion sun fi kwamfutocin kwamfutocin siliki da Google da sauran kamfanoni ke ginawa. Matrix ɗin su 79-qubit ya fi na'urar sarrafa ƙididdiga ta Google's Bristlecone da 7 qubits. Sakamakon IonQ shima yana da ban sha'awa idan ya zo lokacin tsarin aiki. A cewar wadanda suka kirkiro na'urar, na qubit guda daya, ya kasance a 99,97%, wanda ke nufin kuskuren 0,03%, yayin da mafi kyawun sakamakon gasar ya kai kusan 0,5%. Kuskuren 99,3-bit na na'urar IonQ yakamata ya zama 95%, yayin da yawancin gasar ba ta wuce XNUMX%.

Yana da daraja ƙara da cewa, a cewar Google bincike girman girman adadi – Ma’anar da kwamfuta kwamfyuta ta fi duk sauran na’urori da ake da su – za a iya isa da ita da kwamfutar kididdigar da ke da qubits 49, muddin dai kuskuren da ke kan kofofin qubit biyu ya kasa da kashi 0,5%. Koyaya, hanyar tarkon ion a cikin ƙididdige ƙididdigewa har yanzu tana fuskantar manyan matsaloli don shawo kan: jinkirin lokacin aiwatarwa da girman girma, da daidaito da haɓakar fasahar.

Ƙarfin sifa a cikin rugujewa da sauran sakamako

A cikin Janairu 2019 a CES 2019, Shugaba na IBM Ginni Rometty ya sanar da cewa IBM ya riga ya ba da tsarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga don amfanin kasuwanci. IBM quantum kwamfutoci5) suna cikin jiki a New York a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin IBM Q Tsarin Daya. Yin amfani da cibiyar sadarwar Q da Cibiyar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Q, masu haɓakawa za su iya amfani da software na Qiskit cikin sauƙi don haɗa algorithms na ƙididdiga. Don haka, ikon sarrafa kwamfutocin IBM quantum yana samuwa azaman sabis na lissafin girgije, farashi mai araha.

D-Wave kuma yana ba da irin waɗannan ayyuka na ɗan lokaci yanzu, kuma sauran manyan 'yan wasa (kamar Amazon) suna shirin yin hadayun girgije iri ɗaya. Microsoft ya ci gaba da gabatarwa Q# yaren shirye-shirye (lafazi kamar) wanda zai iya aiki tare da Visual Studio kuma yana aiki akan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Masu shirye-shirye suna da kayan aiki don kwaikwayi algorithms na ƙididdigewa da ƙirƙirar gadar software tsakanin ƙirar gargajiya da ƙididdiga.

Koyaya, tambayar ita ce, menene ainihin kwamfutoci da ikon sarrafa kwamfuta za su iya amfani da su? A cikin wani binciken da aka buga a watan Oktoban da ya gabata a cikin mujallar Kimiyya, masana kimiyya daga IBM, Jami'ar Waterloo da Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich sun yi ƙoƙarin kimanta nau'ikan matsalolin da kwamfutocin kwamfutoci ke ganin sun fi dacewa da magance su.

Bisa ga binciken, irin waɗannan na'urori za su iya magance hadaddun algebra na layi da matsalolin ingantawa. Yana da wuyar fahimta, amma ana iya samun damar samun mafita mafi sauƙi da rahusa ga al'amuran da a halin yanzu ke buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa, albarkatu da lokaci, kuma wasu lokuta sun fi ƙarfinmu.

5. IBM quantum computer

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga masu amfani diametrically canza fagen cryptography. Godiya a gare su, za a iya fashe lambobin ɓoye da sauri kuma, mai yiyuwa, fasahar blockchain za ta lalace. Rufewar RSA a yanzu yana kama da tsaro mai ƙarfi kuma mara lalacewa wanda ke kare yawancin bayanai da sadarwa a duniya. Koyaya, isasshe mai ƙarfi kwamfutoci na iya sauƙi crack RSA boye-boye tare da taimakon Algorithm Shora.

Yadda za a hana shi? Wasu suna ba da shawarar ƙara tsayin maɓallan ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen jama'a zuwa girman da ake buƙata don shawo kan ɓarna ƙididdigewa. Ga wasu, yakamata a yi amfani da ita ita kaɗai don tabbatar da amintattun sadarwa. Godiya ga ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga, ainihin aikin kutse bayanan zai lalata su, bayan haka wanda ke kutsawa cikin kwayar cutar ba zai iya samun bayanai masu amfani daga gare ta ba, kuma za a yi gargaɗi ga mai karɓa game da ƙoƙarin satar bayanan.

Hakanan ana yawan ambaton yuwuwar aikace-aikacen ƙidayar ƙididdiga. nazari da hasashen tattalin arziki. Godiya ga tsarin ƙididdigewa, za a iya faɗaɗa hadaddun samfuran halayen kasuwa don haɗa da ƙarin masu canji da yawa fiye da da, wanda ke haifar da ingantattun bincike da tsinkaya. Ta hanyar sarrafa dubban masu canji a lokaci guda ta kwamfuta mai ƙididdigewa, zai yiwu kuma a rage lokaci da farashin da ake buƙata don haɓakawa. sababbin magunguna, hanyoyin sufuri da dabaru, sarƙoƙi, samfuran yanayida kuma don warware da yawa wasu matsaloli na gigantic hadaddun.

Dokar marigold

Duniyar tsoffin kwamfutoci tana da nata ka'idar Moore, yayin da kwamfutoci masu yawa dole ne su jagoranci abin da ake kira. Dokar marigold. Yana da sunansa ga ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƙwararrun ƙididdiga a Google, Hartmut Nevena (6), wanda ya bayyana cewa a halin yanzu ana samun ci gaba a fasahar ƙididdiga ta ƙididdiga gudun ma'auni biyu.

Wannan yana nufin cewa maimakon yin ninki biyu tare da maimaita maimaitawa, kamar yadda ya faru da kwamfutoci na gargajiya da kuma dokar Moore, fasahar ƙididdigewa tana haɓaka aiki da sauri.

Masana sun yi hasashen samun fifikon kwamfutoci, wanda ba wai kawai za a iya fassara shi zuwa fifikon kwamfutocin kwamfutoci fiye da na gargajiya ba, har ma a wasu hanyoyi - a matsayin farkon zamanin kwamfutoci masu amfani. Wannan zai ba da hanya don samun ci gaba a cikin ilmin sunadarai, ilmin taurari, likitanci, tsaro, sadarwa, da sauransu.

Duk da haka, akwai kuma ra'ayi cewa irin wannan fifiko ba zai taba wanzuwa ba, akalla ba a nan gaba ba. A mafi sauki sigar shakku ita ce Kwamfutoci masu yawa ba za su taɓa maye gurbin kwamfutoci na gargajiya ba saboda ba a tsara su don yin hakan ba. Ba za ku iya maye gurbin iPhone ko PC da injin ƙididdigewa ba, kamar yadda ba za ku iya maye gurbin takalman wasan tennis ba ... tare da jigilar jirgin nukiliya.. Kwamfutoci na gargajiya suna ba ku damar yin wasanni, bincika imel, kewaya yanar gizo, da gudanar da shirye-shirye. Kwamfutocin kwamfutoci a mafi yawan lokuta suna yin siminti waɗanda ke da sarƙaƙiya ga tsarin binary da ke gudana akan raƙuman kwamfuta. A takaice dai, daidaikun masu siye ba za su sami wani fa'ida daga kwamfutocinsu na ƙididdiga ba, amma ainihin waɗanda za su ci gajiyar ƙirƙirar za su kasance, misali, NASA ko Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.

Lokaci zai nuna wace hanya ce ta fi dacewa - IBM ko Google. Bisa ga dokar Neven, 'yan watanni kawai ya rage mu ga cikakken nunin fifikon adadi ta wata ƙungiya ko wata. Kuma wannan ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne “a cikin shekaru goma, wato, ba wanda ya san yaushe.”