Mutum yana magana da kayan aiki da akasin haka

An gina ɗaruruwan su. Ton na juzu'i da rarrabawa. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, wasu kuma wasu 'yan kaɗan ne ke amfani da su, amma suna da mahimmanci saboda suna da alhakin mahimman sassan kwamfuta da hanyoyin sadarwa. Duk da irin wannan ɗimbin yawa, babu rinjaye sama da biyu a kowane ɓangaren kasuwa.

wanda ke gudana akan kwamfutarka. Yana sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, matakai, da duk software da hardware. Hakanan yana ba ku damar sadarwa tare da kwamfutar ba tare da sanin "harshen" na'ura ba. A mafi yawan lokuta, yawancin shirye-shirye daban-daban suna gudana akan na'urar a lokaci guda, kuma kowannensu dole ne ya sami damar yin amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa kansa (CPU), ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da kuma ajiya. tsarin aiki yana daidaita shi duka, yana ba kowane shirin abin da yake buƙata. Idan ba tare da tsarin aiki ba, software ba za ta ma iya mu'amala da hardware ba, kuma kwamfutar za ta zama mara amfani.

Masu amfani da aikace-aikace shirye-shirye sami damar yin amfani da sabis ɗin da tsarin aiki ke bayarwa ta hanyar kiran tsarin da mu'amalar shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen. Suna mu'amala da tsarin aikin kwamfutar. daga musaya na layin umarni (KLI) zane-zane musaya mai amfani da aka sani da GUI (duba kuma: ). A takaice, tsarin aiki yana ba masu amfani damar yin hulɗa tare da tsarin kwamfuta ta hanyar aiki azaman mu'amala tsakanin masu amfani ko shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen da kayan aikin kwamfuta.

1. Logos na mafi mashahuri tsarin aiki

OS (1) ana iya samunsa akan kusan kowace na'ura da ta haɗa da kwamfutarka - daga wayoyin hannu i wasan wasan bidiyo po supercomputers i sabobin intanet. Misalan mashahuran tsarin aiki na zamani sune: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, ko z/OS daga IBM. Duk waɗannan tsarin, ban da Windows da/da z/OS, UNIX kafe ne. Kwanan nan, idan ba ku bambance tsakanin dandamali na tebur da na wayar hannu ba, Windows ba ta mamaye ba, amma ita ce (2).

2. Canji a cikin rabon kasuwar duniya don tsarin aiki a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata gaba ɗaya bisa ga StatCounter

3. Canji a kasuwar duniya na tsarin sarrafa tebur a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, a cewar StatCounter.

4. Canji a kasuwar duniya na tsarin aiki a cikin shekarar da ta gabata a cikin na'urorin hannu, a cewar StatCounter

5. Hannun jari na nau'ikan tsarin aiki a cikin kasuwar uwar garken a cikin 2018

Shahararrun tsarin aiki guda uku don kwamfutoci na sirri sune: Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X i Linux, wanda rabonsa ya bambanta kusan 1-2%. (3) A cikin na'urorin wayar hannu, Android ta mamaye na'urorin Apple na iOS, wanda ke matsayi na biyu tare da karuwar kasuwannin kwanan nan (4). Kuma a kasuwar uwar garken ta duniya, kusan rabinsu suna da kayayyakin Microsoft, duk da cewa wannan kaso na raguwa sannu a hankali, kuma tare da yaduwar Red Hat Linux, waɗannan tsarin guda biyu suna da kusan 4/5 na wannan kasuwa (5).

Daga smartphone zuwa uwar garken

Microsoft ya ƙirƙira Windows tsarin aiki a tsakiyar 80s. Ya dogara ne akan kernel MS-DOS, a lokacin mai sarrafa shirye-shirye da aka fi amfani dashi don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace. Sannan, gami da babban sabuntawa na farko a cikin 1987, sannan Windows 3.0. Bayan 'yan shekaru, sigar ta gaba, Windows 95, ta zama babbar manhaja. Masana sun ce tsarin Microsoft bai canza asali ba dangane da tsarin gine-ginen da ke cikinsa tun daga Windows 95, kodayake ya kara yawan fasali don biyan sabbin buƙatun kwamfuta. Yawancin abubuwan da muka sani a yau sun kasance tun daga 90s, kamar menu na farawa, da taskbar, da Windows Explorer (yanzu da ake kira "Explorer").

An halicce shi tsawon shekaru da yawa daban-daban iri na Windows. Mafi shaharar su sune Windows 7 (An sake shi 2009) Windows Vista (2007) da kuma Windows XP (2001). An riga an shigar da Windows akan yawancin sababbin PCswanda ake ganin shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya mamaye duniya. Mai amfani da ya sayi PC ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ko haɓaka Windows akan kwamfutar su na iya zaɓar daga nau'ikan tsarin daban-daban, gami da Home Premium, Professional ko Karshe.

Haka ga kowa da kowa sababbin kwamfutocin Macintosh ko Mack pre-shigar a factory tun 2002. Apple tsarin aiki, yanzu aka sani da MacOS (tsohon OS X da kuma Mac OS X). Tsarukan aiki na Apple dangi ne na tsofaffin tsarin aiki na tushen UNIX wanda ke samuwa kawai don kwamfutocin Apple waɗanda aka riga aka shigar tun 2002. An sanar da sunan tsarin a cikin 2016 a taron WWDC saboda buƙatar haɗa sunayen da Apple ke amfani da su don tsarin aiki (don haka, macOS yana cikin jerin: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, da dai sauransu).

Bayan haka tsohon UNIX A baya an yi amfani da tushen ƙirƙirar tsarin Apple na zamani Tsarin gaba na gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na 80s, wanda Apple ya saya tare da masana'anta NeXT a cikin 1996. Sigar ƙarshe ta wannan tsarin kwamfuta na “classic” Macintosh shine Mac OS 9. A cikin 2006, an fitar da sigar farko don sabon x86 Macs. - Mac OS X 10.4. A cikin 2005, an fitar da sigar farko wacce ta dace da sigar ta uku ta Uniform UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, tana aiki akan PowerPC da x86 "mac" ta amfani da fasaha mai suna Universal Binary, wanda shine tsarin fayil mai aiwatarwa wanda ke gudana akan gine-ginen biyu. Dangane da wannan sigar, an ƙirƙiri tsarin iOS (asali iPhone OS), tsarin aiki na Apple Inc.,. don iPhone, iPod touch da iPad na'urorin hannu. Kamar yadda kake gani, tarihin tsarin Apple / tsarin aiki ya fi na Windows wahala.

Duk da haka, wannan ba kome ba ne idan aka kwatanta da bambancin iyali. Linux, shigar da tsarin aiki, wanda ke nufin kowa zai iya gyara su kuma ya sake rarraba su a ko'ina cikin duniya. Ya bambanta sosai da software na mallakar gida kamar Windows, wanda kamfanin da ke da shi ne kawai zai iya canza shi. Amfanin Linux ita ce “software ce ta kyauta” kuma akwai nau’ukan rarrabawa (versions) da yawa da za ku iya zaɓar wacce ta dace da bukatunku. Kowane rarraba yana da kamanni daban-daban. Shahararrun rabawa ana san su da: Ubuntu, Mint da Fedora. Sunan Linux bayan sunan iyali Linus Torvalds newanda ya kirkiro kernel Linux a cikin 1991.

An fara rarraba Linux ƙarƙashin lasisin Jama'a na GNU a cikin 1992. Ya girma daga layukan farko na lambar tushe a farkon sakin sa zuwa sama da layukan miliyan ashirin a yau. Wannan tsarin kowa na iya canza shi don manufar kansa. Sakamakon haka muna da ɗaruruwan tsarin aiki na Linuxake kira rabawa. Wannan ya sa zabar tsakanin su ya zama mai wahala, da wahala fiye da zabar sigar tsarin.

Rarraba Linux iri-iri yana da sanyi sosai cewa kowa zai sami abin da ya dace da bukatunsa da abubuwan da yake so. Misali, akwai nau'ikan da suka kwaikwayi mashahurin Windows XP. Hakanan akwai ƙarin dandano na Linux na musamman, kamar rarrabawar da aka ƙera don ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga tsoffin kwamfutoci, ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi, ko rarrabawa masu aminci waɗanda zasu iya. gudu daga kebul na USB. Tabbas, akwai nau'ikan Linux da yawa don gudanar da sabar da sauran aikace-aikacen aji na kamfani. Masu ɗaukar Linux suna ba da shawarar Ubuntu a matsayin mafari mai kyau. Wannan tsari ne mai matukar dacewa (ko da idan aka kwatanta da Windows), amma a lokaci guda m da multifunctional. Masana fasahar kwamfuta.

, sun bambanta sosai da kwamfutocin tebur da kwamfutoci, don haka suna aiki akan tsarin aiki da aka kera musamman don na'urorin hannu. Tsarukan aiki don na'urorin hannu gabaɗaya baya bayar da fa'idodi da yawa kamar waɗanda aka ƙera don kwamfutoci ko kwamfyutoci kuma ba za su iya gudanar da duk shirye-shiryen da aka sani na PC ba. Koyaya, har yanzu kuna iya yin abubuwa da yawa tare da su, kamar kallon fina-finai, lilo a Intanet, sarrafa kalanda, yin wasanni, da ƙari.

Akwai kuma tsarin aiki don sabobin, watau. nauyi da karin nauyi a cikin nauyi. Menene bambanci tsakanin tsarin aiki na uwar garken a tsarin aiki don matsakaita mai amfani? Na’urar “Normal” tana iya tafiyar da manhajoji irin su MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, da kuma manhajojin zane-zane, na’urar wasan bidiyo, da sauransu. Yana kuma ba ka damar gudanar da aikace-aikacen da ke sauƙaƙa yin lilo a yanar gizo da duba saƙonnin imel. Yana amfani da haɗin LAN da Bluetooth kuma yana da arha fiye da tsarin aiki na uwar garken.

Tsarin aiki na uwar garken ya fi tsada saboda wasu dalilai. Manufarsa ita ce ba da damar haɗin kai mara iyaka ga masu amfani, samar da albarkatun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mafi girma, da kuma aiki azaman sabar duniya don gidajen yanar gizo, imel, da bayanan bayanai. Tsarin uwar garken na iya ƙunsar kwamfutoci da yawa saboda an inganta shi don sadarwar ba don mai amfani ɗaya ba.

Tsarukan aiki don na'urorin IoT

Contiki - Tsarin aiki mai buɗewa wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2002, galibi ya mai da hankali kan ƙananan na'urori masu sarrafa wutar lantarki da na'urorin IoT.

Android Kaya - Google ne ya kirkireshi. Tsohon sunansa Brillo. Yana goyan bayan fasahar Bluetooth da Wi-Fi.

Riot - yana da babban al'umma mai haɓakawa kuma an sake shi a ƙarƙashin GNU Lesser General License. Don haka, ana kiran RIOT Linux na duniyar IoT.

Minti na Apache - kama da tsarin aiki na RIOT. An sake shi ƙarƙashin lasisin Apache 2.0. Yana aiki a ainihin lokacin. Ana iya amfani dashi a cikin masu sarrafa microcontroller da yawa, na'urorin IoT na masana'antu da na'urorin likitanci.

LiteOS - Kamfanin fasaha na kasar Sin Huawei ya kaddamar da shi a cikin 2015. Ana la'akari da shi mai lafiya da haɗin gwiwa.

Zephyr - An sake shi a cikin 2016 ta Linux Foundation. Sauƙin haɗa na'urorin IoT iri-iri ya sanya wannan tsarin aiki ya zama mafi shahara a duniya.

cizo shine babban tsarin aiki na Ubuntu IoT. Dangane da al'ummar Ubuntu, yana ba da garantin tsaro mai ƙarfi ga na'urorin IoT.

Karamin OS - An fara fitowa a cikin 2000. Yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin tsarin aiki don na'urorin IoT. Yana amfani da cibiyoyin firikwensin waya musamman. 

Windows Intanet na Abubuwa – a baya kuma aka sani da Windows Embedded. An canza shi zuwa Windows IoT tare da zuwan Windows 10.

Rasparin tsarin aiki ne na tushen Debian don Rasberi Pi kawai. Kwayar tana kama da kwaya ta Unix.

Freertos tsarin aiki ne na buɗaɗɗen tushe don microcontrollers. Yana amfani da sabis na girgije na Amazon watau AWS.

saka Linux - Ana amfani da tsarin aiki na Linux a cikin wannan sigar don TVs masu wayo, masu amfani da mara waya (Wi-Fi), da sauransu.

Takaitaccen tarihin GUI

Yawancin mutane suna amfani da su tsarin aikiwacce ake sanyawa a kan kwamfutarsu kafin su saya, amma ba shakka koyaushe yana yiwuwa a canza, haɓakawa ko ma musanya ta. Tsarukan aiki na zamani suna amfani da ƙirar mai amfani da hoto ko GUI wanda ke ba ka damar amfani da linzamin kwamfuta ko faifan taɓawa don danna gumaka, maɓalli, da menus, kuma ana nuna komai akan allon ta amfani da haɗin zane da rubutu. Kafin GUI, hanyar haɗin kwamfuta ta ƙunshi layin umarni, kuma mai amfani dole ne ya shigar da kowane umarni a cikin kwamfutar, kuma injin yana nuna rubutu kawai.

An yi la'akarin farkon mai amfani da hoto mai hoto a matsayin sakin Apple System 1 a cikin Janairu 1984. Windows 1, wanda aka saki a watan Nuwamba mai zuwa, kuma ya ba da GUI, ƙirar mai amfani mai hoto 16-bit. A lokacin, ban da Apple, wasu kamfanoni sun baje kolin samfura na yanayin hoto, kamar VisiCorp a COMDEX a 1982, kuma babban dalilin ƙirƙirar Windows GUI shine damuwa. Bill Gates don asarar matsayi a cikin kasuwar IBM PC.

Ƙaddamarwar sa, kamar yadda muka ambata, yana da ƙarin ra'ayoyi Windows tsarin aiki dogara Fara Menuwanda aka fara gabatarwa a cikin Windows 95 (1995) 6. Maɓallin farawa i Fara Menu tare da yakin talla don jawo hankalin masu amfani zuwa tsarin ƙaddamar da sabon shirin. Lokacin da Windows 2012 ya fito a shekarar 8, maballin ya ɓace kuma nan da nan aka ɗauki mai amfani da shi zuwa cikakken allon farawa, wanda aka tsara don dacewa da sababbin na'urorin taɓawa. Allon farawa yana mai da hankali kan gumakan app da fale-falen fale-falen da za ku iya dannawa, kamar a mashaya ta Apple, maimakon jerin zaɓuɓɓukan tsarin da shirye-shiryen da Windows ke amfani da menu na Fara a shekarun baya.

6. Amfani da Maɓallin Fara Windows

A 2013 akwai Windows version 8.1wanda ya dawo da maɓallin Fara don sauƙaƙa wa abokan cinikin Microsoft yin amfani da tsarin farawa. A cikin 2014, Windows 10 ya dawo da maɓallin farawa ƙaunataccen da Fara menu don kyau.

An ambaci sananne ga masu amfani Dokar Apple An gabatar da shi a cikin 2000 tare da sakin Mac OS X mai suna Cheetah. Kafin shekara ta 2000, masu amfani da babbar manhajar kwamfuta ta Apple sun yi amfani da babbar mashigin menu don ƙaddamar da zaɓen shirye-shirye, da kuma yin sauye-sauye ga aikace-aikacen da ke gudana. Lokacin aiki X 10.5, kuma aka sani da Leopard, wanda aka saki a cikin Oktoba 2007, Dock (7) an sake tsara shi ta amfani da tsarin gani iri ɗaya da muka sani a yau.

UNIX da UNIX

Tsarin Windows, Mac OS i daban-daban rarraba Linux (ciki har da Android na wannan iyali) - wannan ba duk abin da kasuwa ke bayarwa ba. Ya kamata a bayyana cewa yawancin kayayyaki daban-daban a wannan duniyar suna da alaƙa da juna ta wata hanya ko wata; Misali, Linux an tsara shi ne da tsohon tsarin UNIX wanda Bell Labs ya kirkira tun karshen shekarun 60. Tsarin Apple na zamani sun fito ne daga UNIX. Don haka, akwai hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, amma yawancin masu shirye-shirye, musamman ma waɗanda suka ƙirƙira waɗannan tsarin, suna ƙoƙarin kada su gan su a matsayin “mahimmanci iri ɗaya” kuma suna jaddada bambance-bambance. Sunan Linux da kansa yakamata ya zama gajarce don "Linux Is Not UniX". Wannan yana nufin cewa Linux yayi kama da UNIX, amma an ƙirƙira shi ba tare da lambar Unix ba, sabanin, misali, BSD() da bambance-bambancen sa.

Misalin irin wannan tsarin mai alaƙa amma banbancen shine Chrome OS, wanda Google ya kirkira, babban aikin tsarin shine ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen intanet. Ana samunsa akan kwamfutoci marasa tsada da tsada da yawa. Kwamfutocin da aka riga aka shigar da Chrome OS an san su a kasuwa chromebooks.

Daya daga cikin zuriyar BSD na sama da ake kira FreeBSD (takwas). An fito da sigar farko ta tsarin a shekarar 8. A halin yanzu akwai tsayayyen juzu'i guda biyu da ake da su kuma ana tallafawa: 1993 da 11.4. Sunan FreeBSD ya fito da shi David Greenman daga CD ɗin Walnut Creek wanda ya goyi bayan aikin tun daga farko. Mascot na FreeBSD shine aljani, kalmar hukuma ita ce "Ikon Hidima". Saboda inganci da amincinsa, galibi ana amfani da ita azaman uwar garken ko Tacewar zaɓi. Ana amfani da FreeBSD, alal misali. ta Apache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo!, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

Tsarin aiki wanda aka ƙera don gida (sauƙaƙan sarrafawa, multimedia) da aikace-aikacen ofis, bi da bi Syllable. An halitta a Yuli 2002 kamar yadda reshe na tsarin AtheOSwanda marubucinsa Kurt Skauen ya yi watsi da shi. Kwaya da tsarin gine-gine, kamar aikin AtheOS, an yi musu wahayi AmigaOS tsarin.

Ana ɗaukar ReactOS a matsayin clone na Windows, tsarin aiki irin na kwamfuta kyauta wanda ke yin mu'amala da nau'ikan Windows daban-daban. Zato na tsarin sun haɗa da ikon yin amfani da aikace-aikacen Windows da direbobi, da OS/2, Java, da aikace-aikacen POSIX.

An rubuta ReactOS a cikin Cda wasu abubuwa kamar ReactOS Explorer a cikin C++. Masu haɓaka ReactOS suna da'awar cewa ba clone na Windows ba ne. ReactOS yana cikin haɓaka tun 1996. Komawa cikin 2019, har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in alpha na software wanda bai cika ba, don haka masu haɓakawa kawai sun ba da shawarar ta don dalilai na gwaji. Yawancin aikace-aikacen Windows kamar Adobe Reader 6.0 da OpenOffice a halin yanzu suna aiki akan sa.

Ba kowa ya sani ba Solaris tsarin aiki ne na tushen UNIX wanda Sun Microsystems ya samo asali a tsakiyar 90s, amma an sake masa suna a cikin 2010 zuwa Oracle Solaris biyo bayan samun Sun Microsystems ta Oracle. An san shi don girman girmansa da wasu siffofi da yawa waɗanda suka sa aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa ya yiwu.

Akwai tsarin aiki da yawa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a zamaninsu amma ba su kai girman AmigaOS ba; OS/2 daga IBM da Microsoft, classic Mac OS, watau. wanda ba Unix ya riga ya wuce zuwa Apple MacOS, BeOS, XTS-300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, Bare-Metal da FreeMint. Wasu daga cikinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin manyan kasuwanni kuma ana ci gaba da haɓaka su azaman dandamali na tsiraru don al'ummar masu sha'awar ci gaba da aikace-aikace.

Buɗe VMS halitta a DEC yana nan . Ana amfani da wasu tsarukan aiki kusan na musamman a cikin ilimin kimiyya don koyar da tsarin aiki ko kuma bincika dabarun OS. Misali na yau da kullun na tsarin da ke yin duka shine MINIX. Ɗayan, mai suna ɗaya, ana amfani dashi kawai don bincike. Oberon ya ci gaba a ETH Zurich Nicholas Virta, Yurga Gutknehta da ƙungiyar ɗalibai a cikin 80s, an yi amfani da shi musamman don bincike, koyarwa da aikin yau da kullum a cikin ƙungiyar Wirth. Koyaya, wasu tsarin aiki waɗanda ba su sami babban rabon kasuwa ba sun gabatar da sabbin abubuwa waɗanda ke yin tasiri ga manyan ci gaba. Wannan gaskiya ne na bincike da gwaji na Bell Labs.

iri daya ne daban-daban Tsarukan aiki don dandamali banda PC, wayoyi da Allunan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an samar da mafita daban-daban don smart TVs, motoci, agogo, Intanet na Abubuwa (9), da sauransu. misali Tsarin aiki Android TV OS ba daidai yake da abin da muke da shi a cikin wayar hannu ba. Na'urorin da aka haɗa da ake amfani da su a cikin motoci, alal misali, na iya zama nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, tare da saitunan da yawa don na'ura ɗaya, saboda tsarin lantarki a cikin motoci yana da dumbin na'urori masu sarrafawa. Kowane processor (a wannan yanayin, microcontroller) na iya samun tsarin aiki daban-daban (ko iri ɗaya) ko babu ɗaya.

9. Tsarin aiki don Intanet na abubuwa

Tsarin buɗaɗɗen wayar hannu kuma ana sarrafa shi ta tsakiya

Kimanin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, ya mamaye kasuwar sadarwar wayar hannu. Tsarin Symbian, a yau shine ainihin tarihin OS, kamar PalmOS, webOS. A halin yanzu, kamar yadda kuka sani, kasuwar wayoyin hannu ta mamaye kasuwar Android, buɗaɗɗen software na kyauta wanda Google ya ƙera wanda ya ƙunshi babban tsarin aiki, middleware da mahimman aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su akan wayoyin hannu.

Linux kernel kuma ana fitar da wasu abubuwan da aka daidaita don Android a ƙarƙashin GNU GPL. Koyaya, Android baya haɗa lamba daga aikin GNU. Wannan fasalin ya bambanta Android daga yawancin rabawa na Linux a yau. A baya an buga sabunta tsarin aiki na Android ƙarƙashin sunaye masu alaƙa da kayan zaki (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, zuma, Ice Cream Sandwich). Shekaru biyu yanzu, nau'ikan Android kawai ana ƙidaya su a jere.

na biyu IOS tsarin wayar hannu ne, samfurin Apple don iPhone, iPod touch, da na'urorin hannu na iPad. Sunan na yanzu yana aiki tun 2010. An san tsarin a baya da iPhone OS. Wannan tsarin yana dogara ne akan Mac OS X 10.5. Ana samun iOS akan na'urorin Apple kawai saboda kamfanin baya lasisin tsarin aiki don na'urori daga wasu masana'antun. Ana fitar da duk software daban-daban ta Apple Inc. kuma an rarraba shi daga ma'ajiya guda ɗaya () a tsakiya ta hanyar AppStore tare da sa hannun tabbatar da bayanan sirri na wajibi. Wannan samfurin rarraba, kodayake ana sarrafa shi ta tsakiya, yana ba da izini hana yaduwar malware, ingantaccen gyare-gyare da haɓakawa kuma don haka babban ma'auni na aminci da inganci mara kyau ga duk masu amfani.

Windows Mobile tsarin aiki na wayar hannu Microsoft ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin wayoyi da na'urorin hannu - tare da allon taɓawa ko kuma ba tare da su ba. Tsarin aiki na Wayar hannu ya dogara ne akan Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

Windows Mobile tsarin aiki ne da aka ƙera don PocketPC PDAs, PDAs, da wayoyi. Wanda ya gaji jerin wayoyin hannu na Windows shine Windows Phone, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2011. A shekara ta 2015, Microsoft ya koma sunan tsohon suna tare da shigar da tsarin Windows 10 Mobile, amma wannan tsarin ba ya cikin dangin Windows Mobile, wanda ya dogara da Windows CE kernel. Nasa ne na Windows 10 iyali a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirƙirar dandamali na duniya da ake kira Platform Windows Universal.

Wani tsarin da aka sani a kasuwar OS ta wayar hannu shine BlackBerryOS, tsarin aiki ne na wayar hannu mai mallakar mallakar ta Research In Motion don amfani da na'urorin hannu na BlackBerry sananne shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Dandalin BlackBerry ya shahara ga masu amfani da kamfani saboda, idan aka haɗa shi da Server ɗin Kasuwancin BlackBerry, yana ba da aiki tare da Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, imel ɗin Novell GroupWise, da sauran software na kasuwanci.

Akwai wasu shawarwarin da ba a san su ba kamar su Bada, Samsung tsarin aiki don wayoyin hannuwanda aka kaddamar a shekarar 2010. Wayar farko da aka fara amfani da ita ita ce Samsung Wave. Tsarin aiki wannan bi da bi Rarraba Linux, an ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗa rarraba Moblin (wanda Intel ya ƙirƙira) da Yanayi (Nokia ne ke ɗaukar nauyin) don na'urorin hannu da aikace-aikace daban-daban kamar motoci, jiragen ruwa, wayoyi, netbooks ko kwamfutar hannu. An gabatar da wayar hannu ta farko tare da MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2011.

Barka da zuwa gidan zoo na tsarin aiki

Kamar yadda kake gani, tsarin aiki yana tururuwa. Sun taso kuma suka rikide, suna reshe zuwa sabbin juzu'i, musamman idan aka zo ga iyalai da Ƙarni na Linuxdon saduwa da wasu lokuta daban-daban bukatun kwararru. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan haɗaɗɗiyar juyin halitta da rassa da yawa, da yawa na asali, idan ba abin mamaki ba, an ƙirƙira su.

Irin wannan bakon halitta, alal misali. Haikali, Tsohon J Operating System, SparrowOS da LoseThos - haske tsarin aiki na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Wani Ba’amurke ne ya tsara shi kamar yadda haikali na uku ya annabta a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Terriego A. Davis. Davis ya yi iƙirarin cewa fasalin tsarin kamar ƙudurin pixel 640×480, nuni mai launi 16, da sarrafa sauti na musamman ne Allah ya ba shi. An tsara shi ta amfani da ainihin bambance-bambancen harshen C (wanda ake kira HolyC) kuma ya haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, na'urar kwaikwayo ta jirgin sama, mai tarawa, da kernel.

Wani yanayi mai kama da shi yana lullube a cikin rugujewar OS bayan apocalyptic, wanda Virgil Dupras ya kirkira. Wannan tsarin aiki yana bayarwa saitin shirye-shiryen sake haifar da kai i shigar kai a cikin na'urori iri-iri, da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. Babban aikin tsarin shine ƙaddamarwa akan nau'ikan na'urori na yau da kullun waɗanda zasu iya rayuwa bayan bala'in duniya.

Sauran ƙirar asali, Hutu, An yi niyya don sake ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar da aka saba da masu amfani da tsofaffin injunan Amiga akan PC na zamani. Duk da haka, bayan lokaci, yayin da ya samo asali, software ya fi girma na asali, ya zama samfurin asali wanda ba shi da dangantaka da kwanakin soyayya na kwamfuta.

An san Koriya ta Arewa ta ware kanta daga waje. Wannan kuma ya shafi software. Kwamfuta a cikin DNR-D Ba sa aiki akan tsarin Windows ko Apple, amma akan Red Star (Pulgunbyol). An samar da wannan tsarin aiki na UNIX a can a Cibiyar Kwamfuta ta Kasa da ya haɗa da gyare-gyaren burauza bisa Firefoxwanda ke ba ka damar shiga yanar gizo na zamani, editan rubutu, har ma da wasanni. Har ila yau, Red Star yana da fasali irin su tsarin alamar ruwa wanda ke alamar duk fayiloli tare da lambar shigarwa ta musamman don za a iya gano su, da kuma hanyar bayan gida ga hukumomin leken asirin Koriya.

An yi cikinsa kaɗan kamar Sabili tsarin, wanda kuma aka sani da "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". Sabily shine rarraba Linux nata. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2007 don hidimar masu amfani da Musulmai. Baya ga daidaitattun fasalulluka da tsarin aiki ke bayarwa, Sabily ya haɗa da tallafin harshen Larabci daga cikin akwatin. Hakanan tsarin aiki yana da wasu shirye-shirye na musamman, kamar alamar da ke kiran musulmi da kiran sallah sau da yawa a rana, ko Zakka Calc taimaka wa mai amfani wajen tantance adadin ladan layya na farilla daban-daban. An dakatar da aikin Sabily a cikin 2011 amma ana samunsa akan ArchiveOS.

Cike da ƙulli Linux kashe kansawanda bayan shigar da umarnin da ma'aunin Linux bai gane ba, yana tsara rumbun kwamfutarka, wanda ya kamata a fahimta a matsayin "hukunci". Ko PonyOS, Tsarin sha'awa da aka gina tun daga ƙasa har zuwa ga magoya bayan My Little Pony dangane da wani tsarin da ba a sani ba, Toaru. Baya ga keɓance mai cike da kyawawan doki, PonyOS yana ba da fasali ɗaya mai ban sha'awa - windows GUI mai jujjuyawa baya ga raguwar al'adarsu da motsi.

Digital Real World OS

Wannan a zamaninmu ne. Kuma tsarin aiki suna shirye don shi. Kamfanin Veritone na Amurka ya sanar a cikin Afrilu 2020 cewa ya yi nasarar haɓaka na farko a duniya. Samfurinsa mai suna "aiWARE" yana gudanar da algorithms AI maimakon shirye-shirye. Na asali aiWARE ya haɗa da magana, rubutu, murya, ɗaukar hoto, nazarin halittu, nazarin bayanai, canjin bayanai da ƙari. Don haka, alal misali, aikin taimakon muryar an riga an gina shi cikin na'urorin gargajiya kuma ana samunsa a cikin wani aikace-aikacen daban.

Tunda hankali na wucin gadi, fahimtar magana ko hoto, mataimakan kama-da-wane i Dabaru Abin da ake kira na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na inji ya fara haifar da sabon yanayi a yau wanda mutum na zamani zai iya motsawa, rayuwa, aiki, saya, wasa da sauransu, manufar "tsarin aiki" yana tasowa kuma yana motsawa daga duniyar kwakwalwa. da sauran na'urorin kwamfuta kawai don muhallinmu, kewaye da duniyar da muke rayuwa a kowace rana.

Shin makomar gaba tana cikin "tsarin aiki na duniya", wato, mafita da ke daidaita wani abu fiye da aikin software da hardware? Shin sabbin tsarin aiki ba da jimawa ba za su tabbatar da hulɗar aiki da sassauƙar aiki na abubuwan kama-da-wane, na'ura da na zahiri? Irin wannan tsarin zai kasaftawa ba kawai albarkatun kwamfuta na mai sarrafawa ba, har ma da samun damar fahimtarmu, hankali da iyawarmu, watau. zuwa kwakwalwarmu.

Bayanin nau'ikan tsarin aiki daban-daban

Tsarin aiki na lokaci na ainihi (tsarin aiki na ainihi, RTOS) - don biyan buƙatun don lokacin aiwatar da ayyukan da ake so. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan tsarin azaman abubuwa na tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta da ke aiki a ainihin lokacin. Bisa ga wannan ma'auni, tsarin aiki na ainihin lokaci ya kasu kashi biyu:

• m, i.e. wadanda aka san mafi munin lokacin amsawa kuma an san ba za a wuce su ba;
• taushi, i.e. waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin amsawa da sauri, amma ba a san menene tsayin lokacin amsawa zai iya zama ba.

A cikin tsarin aiki na lokaci-lokaci, ya zama dole a tantance wane tsari ya kamata a ware na'ura mai sarrafawa da tsawon lokacin da duk hanyoyin aiwatarwa zasu cika iyakokin lokacinsu. Ana danganta fitowar tsarin aiki na irin wannan nau'in, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, tare da buƙatar kayan aikin soja a cikin sarrafa makami mai linzami akan lokaci. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan tsarin aiki yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a masana'antar farar hula, kuma suna sarrafa na'urori kamar musayar tarho, NASA Mars landers, da ABSs na kera motoci. Sanannen misalan su ne Windows CE, OS-9, Symbian da LynxOS.

Ta hanyar sadarwa tare da mai amfani, mun bambanta:

• Tsarin rubutu - sadarwa ta amfani da umarni da aka bayar daga layin umarni ko, a wasu kalmomi, daga layin umarni (misali, UNIX, MS-DOS).
• Tsarin zane-zane - sadarwa ta amfani da taga mai hoto da alamomi (GUI). Ana sarrafa kwamfutar ta amfani da siginan linzamin kwamfuta (misali, dangin MS Windows, Mac OS).

Ta hanyar gine-gine, tsarin aiki ya kasu zuwa:

• tsarin manufa guda ɗaya. Waɗannan su ne tsarin monolithic na ƙirar mafi sauƙi. Tsarin zai iya yin aiki ɗaya kawai a lokaci ɗaya. Shirin daya ne kawai zai iya gudana a lokaci guda (misali, MS-DOS).
• Tsarin ayyuka da yawa (multitasking). Waɗannan tsarukan matakai ne masu yawa tare da tsarin tsarin umarnin tsarin. Tsarin na iya yin ayyuka da yawa a lokaci guda (misali, sarrafa tsarin bugu yayin gyara rubutu a cikin shirin). Yawancin shirye-shirye na iya gudana lokaci guda (misali MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Haɗin kai tsarin shiga. Waɗannan su ne tsarin da ke goyan bayan mai amfani ɗaya kawai a lokaci guda (misali MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me). 
• multiuser tsarin. Waɗannan su ne tsarin da ke goyan bayan masu amfani da yawa a lokaci guda. Mai sarrafa na'ura yana yin ayyuka da yawa bi da bi, yana canzawa akai-akai ta yadda masu amfani za su iya hulɗa da shirin yayin da yake gudana (misali MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Tsarukan uwar garken abokin ciniki. Waɗannan tsare-tsare ne masu sarƙaƙƙiya waɗanda ke kula da tsarin na biyu da aka sanya akan kwamfutoci masu haɗin gwiwa. Ana ɗaukar aikace-aikacen ta tsarin aiki azaman “abokan ciniki” na sabar da ke ba su sabis. "Abokan ciniki" suna sadarwa tare da sabobin ta hanyar tushen tsarin, kuma kowane uwar garken yana gudana a cikin nasa, keɓancewa da kariya ta sararin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da keɓe da sauran matakai.

Tsarin da aka haɗa - tsarin kwamfuta na musamman wanda ya zama wani bangare na kayan aikin da yake aiki. Dole ne ya cika wasu buƙatu, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sharuddan ayyukan da dole ne ya yi. Don haka, ba za a iya kiranta da kwamfuta ta sirri mai aiki da yawa ba. Kowane tsarin da aka haɗa yana dogara ne akan microprocessor (ko microcontroller) wanda aka tsara don aiwatar da iyakataccen adadin ayyuka, ko ma ɗawainiya ɗaya. An yi imanin cewa kwamfutar da ke sarrafa kumbon Apollo na Amurka ita ce kwamfuta ta farko da aka gina a ciki. Duk da haka, an yi amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta farko da aka samar don sarrafa makami mai linzami na LGM-30 Minuteman I. Misalai kaɗan su ne Windows CE, FreeBSD, da Minix 3.

saka tsarin aiki. Amfani da Linux a cikin tsarin da aka saka ana kiransa Linux Embedded. 

Tsarin aiki na wayar hannu (ko OS ta hannu) - tsarin aiki don wayowin komai da ruwan, Allunan, PDAs ko wasu na'urorin hannu. Tsarukan aiki na wayar hannu suna haɗa fasalin kwamfuta tare da wasu fasalulluka masu amfani ga wayar hannu ko wasu na'urorin hannu; yawanci waɗannan sune: allon taɓawa, waya, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, kewayawa, kyamara, kyamara, tantance magana, rikodin murya, mai kunna kiɗan, NFC da tashar infrared. Na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka masu iya sadarwa (kamar wayoyin hannu) sun ƙunshi na'urori masu amfani da wayar hannu guda biyu - babban shirin da ake iya gani ga mai amfani, wanda aka ƙara shi da ƙaramin tsari na ainihin lokacin da ke tallafawa rediyo da sauran abubuwa. Fitattun misalan sun haɗa da Blackberry OS, Google Android, da Apple iOS.