Masu ɗaukar makamai M2, M3/M5/M9

Daruruwan sojoji masu sulke M2, M3/M5/M9 Motar Half-track M2 Motar Half-track M2A1 Mai ɗaukar rabin-track na Ma'aikata M3 Mai ɗaukar rabin-track na Ma'aikata M5 Motar Half-track M9 A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Amurka masana'antu samar da wata babbar adadin rabin-track sulke ma'aikata dako - fiye da 41 dubu. Masu ɗaukar makamai masu sulke da aka samar suna da kusan halaye iri ɗaya kuma suna cikin manyan jerin abubuwa guda huɗu: M2, M3, M5 da M9. Kowane jerin yana da gyare-gyare da yawa. Dukkanin injunan an ƙirƙira su ne tare da faffadan amfani da na'urorin kera motoci, nauyinsu ya kai ton 8-9, kuma nauyinsu ya kai tan 1,5. Jirgin da ke cikin su ya yi amfani da waƙoƙin roba tare da ƙarfafa ƙarfe, ƙananan ƙafafun titin mai diamita da axle na gaba tare da tuƙi da kuma tuki. ƙafafun tuƙi. Don haɓaka ƙarfin ƙetare, an sanye su da winches na dawo da kai. Injin ne ya kora winches. Rumbun sulke yana buɗe daga sama, faranti na sulke suna nan ba tare da gangarewa ba. Farantin sulke na gaba na kokfit, sanye take da ramummuka na kallo, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana iya naɗewa sama kuma a daidaita shi a kwance akan raƙuman. Don shiga da fita na ma'aikatan jirgin da saukarwa, akwai kofofi biyu a cikin jirgin da kuma kofa daya a farantin sulke na baya. Makamai, a matsayinka na mai mulki, ya ƙunshi bindiga guda 12,7mm da aka ɗora a kan turret kusa da taksi ɗin direba, da kuma bindigar 7,62mm guda ɗaya a kan farantin sulke na baya. Motoci masu sulke masu sulke masu sulke sun tabbatar da kansu da kyau a matsayin motoci masu sauƙi kuma abin dogaro. Rashin lahaninsu ya kasance rashin isassun motsa jiki a kan ƙasa maras kyau da rashin nasarar tsarin kariyar sulke. M2 na'ura mai ɗaukar nauyi Jirgin mai sulke mai sulke na M2, wanda ya kasance ci gaban T14, an sanye shi da injin White 160AX, yayin da T14 ke da injin farar 20A mai kawuna masu siffar L. An zaɓi injin White 160AX daga nau'ikan injin guda uku da farko don ingantaccen amincin sa. Domin sauƙaƙa ƙirar na'ura, axle na gaba da tuƙi ana yin su kusan iri ɗaya da kan babbar mota. Watsawa yana da gudu biyar - hudu gaba da daya baya. Sitiyarin yana gefen hagu. Dakatar da baya - Timken 56410-BX-67 tare da waƙar roba. Caterpillar wani simintin roba ne, wanda aka yi a kan ƙwanƙwasa ta hanyar igiyoyi kuma an sanye shi da jagororin ƙarfe. A kan babbar hanya, M2 ya haɓaka zuwa gudun 72 km / h, kodayake a kan hanya ya motsa sosai a hankali. Tsarin motar da aka bibiyar gabaɗaya yayi kama da tsarin Motar Motar Scout M3A1. Yawanci ana sanya mutane goma a baya - uku a gaba da bakwai a baya. Wurin sarrafawa yana da ƙarin kujeru biyu, na hagu na direba kuma na dama na fasinja. Tsakanin matsananciyar kujerun gaba biyu, an shigar da wani wurin zama tare da juyawa baya. A hannun dama da hagu na wannan wurin akwai manyan akwatunan kaya. An saita wurin zama na tsakiya kusan rabin tsawon na'ura. Ana yin murfi na akwatunan kaya, ban da haka, ana iya samun damar yin amfani da kututturewa ta hanyar ƙyanƙyashe a cikin ganuwar kwandon. Bayan kujerun dama da hagu akwai manyan tankunan mai guda biyu. An yi tankunan ne da karfen tsari na yau da kullun, amma sanye da roba mai hana kai lokacin da harsashi ya same su. An ɗora babban kayan yaƙi a kan hanyar dogo mai jagora wanda ke tafiya tare da gefen bangon ciki na bangon jiki. A hukumance, motar tana dauke da bindiga mai girman mm 12,7 da kuma bindigu mai girman mm 7,62. A gaban gaba, ma'aikatan sun yi amfani da makamai masu sulke zuwa iyakar karfinsu da karfinsu. Baya ga dogogin, an ɗora mashin ɗin a kan turret da aka ɗora a gaban kujerar gaba ta tsakiya. An yi jikin motar da faranti na sulke mai kauri na 6,3 mm. An makale faranti na sulke zuwa firam ɗin ƙarfe tare da sanduna masu kaifi. Kauri daga cikin flaps a gaban farantin sulke na jiki ne 12,5 mm. Don samun damar shiga motar a cikin sassan jiki, a cikin yanki na sashin kulawa, an yi kofofin irin nau'in mota. Ana kuma yin saukar ƙasa da hakowa ta saman bangon jikin. Ba a iya yin ƙofofin da ke bayan kwal ɗin ba saboda kasancewar titin jirgin jagora na bindigogi. A cikin farantin sulke na gaba na jiki, akwai hanyar sadarwa na ƙofofi biyu masu sulke waɗanda ke kishingiɗa akan hinges don inganta gani daga taksi. An shirya ramukan kallo kunkuntar a cikin ƙyanƙyashe, waɗanda, bi da bi, an rufe su da bawuloli. Ana yin naɗaɗɗen sassan saman kofofin don inganta gani. An lulluɓe radiator da makafi masu sulke da aka sanya a bangon gaban murfin. Makafi suna jujjuyawa. Serial samar na M2 masu sulke masu sulke ya fara a cikin bazara na 1941 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa karshen 1943. An kera jimillar 11415 M2 masu sulke. White Motors da Autocar, kamfanoni biyu, sun tsunduma cikin kera jerin motocin M2 masu sulke masu sulke. Kamfanin White ya ba da motoci 8423 ga abokin ciniki, kamfanin Autocar - 2992. Da farko dai an shirya yin amfani da motocin na M2 a matsayin tiraktocin harsasai da kuma jigilar alburusai. Iyakar ƙarfin motar - mutane goma - bai ƙyale wani mai sulke guda ɗaya ya ɗauki rundunar sojojin ƙasa baki ɗaya ba. Da zuwan manyan masu sulke, an sami sauye-sauye kan dabarun ayyukan da sojojin Amurka masu sulke ke yi, sai aka fara amfani da motocin M2 wajen jigilar mashinan bindigogi, kuma kafin zuwan motocin masu sulke na M8, a cikin sassan bincike. . M2A1 mai ɗaukar makamai masu sulke Jagororin dogo a ƙarƙashin makamai a cikin yanayin yaƙi sun zama marasa daɗi. A kan samfurin M2E6, maimakon dogo, an sanya turret na M32 annular, wanda aka yi amfani da shi akan manyan motocin soja. An sanya turret a sama da wurin zama na gaba na dama a cikin sashin kulawa. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo da ingantattun injin bindigar zobe na turret M49, wanda a ƙarshe ya kawar da matsalar titin jagora. An shigar da bindigogin injin guda biyu akan turret na M49 lokaci guda - caliber guda 12,7mm da caliber guda 7,62mm. Jirgin ruwan ma'aikata masu sulke tare da turret mai-bindigo an nada shi M2A1. Serial samar na М2А1 inji da aka gudanar daga karshen 1943 zuwa karshen 1944. White da kuma Avtokar kawo 1643 М2А1 rabin-track motoci. A cikin sigar M2A1, kusan 5000 da aka gina M2 a baya an gyara su. Ma'aikatan sulke masu sulke MZ Mai ɗaukar sulke na M3 yayi kama da wanda ya riga shi M2. Ƙarshen gaba na waɗannan injuna, gami da ɗakunan sarrafawa, iri ɗaya ne kawai. M3 ya ɗan fi tsayi fiye da M2. A cikin ɓangarorin jikin M3 babu ƙyanƙyashe ɗakunan kaya, kamar yadda ya faru da M2. A ciki, M3 ya bambanta da M2. A cikin sashin kulawa, wurin zama na tsakiya yana motsawa gaba, daidai da direba da kujerun fasinja. Ana kuma matsawa tankunan man fetur ɗin gaba zuwa inda ɗakunan kaya ke kan M2. Tsakiyar, ya juya baya, an kawar da wurin zama a baya. Madadin wurin zama, an gina matattara don turret-bindigu; an tanadar da turret ɗin don shigar da bindiga guda ɗaya mai girman 12,7 mm ko 7,62 mm caliber. A cikin jiki, a kowane gefe, akwai kujeru biyar, suna fuskantar madaidaicin axis na injin. An shirya ɗakunan kaya a ƙarƙashin kujeru. Tun da farko an ƙera M3 azaman mai ɗaukar kaya, an yi kofa a bangon baya na jiki. Bayan kujerun baya guda uku a kowane gefe akwai wurin ajiyar bindigogi. Don haɓaka ikon ƙetaren ƙasa don ketare ƙasa mai tsananin ƙanƙara, ana haɗa abin nadi a madaidaicin motar sulke na M3. Maimakon abin nadi, yana yiwuwa a ɗaga winch, wanda aka tsara da farko don ɗaukar na'ura. Serial samar na rabin-track MZ da aka gudanar a cikin 1941 -1943 da White, Avtokar da Diamond T. Jimlar 12499 motoci aka gina, wasu daga cikinsu an inganta zuwa M3A1 version. Duk da cewa an yi niyya ne da jigilar sulke mai sulke na M3 don jigilar rundunar sojojin, an yi amfani da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kamar M2, M3s sun kasance a matsayin tararaktocin bindigogi da masu jigilar alburusai, yayin da aka yi amfani da M3 a matsayin motocin daukar marasa lafiya, jami’an tsaro da motocin gyarawa. Bugu da ƙari, bisa tushen asali na M3, an ƙirƙiri wasu zaɓuɓɓukan musamman na musamman. M3A1 Kamar yadda yake tare da M2, tsarin hawan makamin ya tabbatar da cewa bai isa ba. A sakamakon "bukatun gaba", na'urar gwaji ta M2E6 ta bayyana, sanye take da turret M49, daidai da na M2A1. Yana da ma'ana cewa jigilar ma'aikatan M3 masu sulke tare da zobe na M49 an fara sanyawa M3A1. Serial samar ya ci gaba a cikin 1943-1944 ta White, Autocar da Diamond T, jimlar 2862 motoci aka gina. An haɓaka adadi mai yawa na M3s da aka gina a baya zuwa matakin M1A2. M3A2 A farkon shekara ta 1943, Hukumar Kula da Makamai ta yi ƙoƙarin haɗa injinan M2 da M3 zuwa nau'i ɗaya. An tsara samfurin T29. An shirya motar don gwaji a cikin bazara na 1943. A watan Oktoba, an ba da shawarar don samar da serial a ƙarƙashin sunan M3A2. Koyaya, ya zuwa wannan lokacin buƙatar motocin sulke masu sulke da rabi sun rasa gaggawa, don haka ba a taɓa fara kera serial na M3A2 ba. Babban bambanci na waje tsakanin M3A2 da M3A1 shine kasancewar garkuwa mai sulke na turret harsashi na shekara. Yana yiwuwa a hanzarta wargaza kujerun daga jiki. Mota mai sulke ta M9 da kuma M5 mai ɗaukar sulke mai sulke Bayan da Amurka ta shiga yakin, dalilin da ya sa shi ne harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, Washington ta fara aiwatar da shirin "Arsenal of Democracy" don samar wa abokan Amurka makamai da kayan aikin soja. . Kamfanoni uku da ke aikin kera manyan motocin daukar kaya masu sulke ba su iya ba wa duk abokan Amurka kayan aiki irin wannan ba. An yanke shawarar shigar da Kamfanin Harvester na kasa da kasa a cikin samarwa, a lokaci guda kuma an yanke shawarar sassauta buƙatun don "daidaita" na masu ɗaukar makamai masu sulke da kamfanoni daban-daban ke ƙera. Babban canjin ƙira shine maye gurbin farantin sulke masu taurara da aka yi amfani da su akan masu ɗaukar sulke na M2/M3 tare da faranti iri ɗaya. Waɗannan farantin sulke masu kauri 5/16-inch sun sami mafi munin juriyar harsashi fiye da kauri mai kauri na kwata-inch. An ƙyale Kamfanin Girbin Girbi na Ƙasashen Duniya ya yi amfani da abubuwa da yawa na asali da kuma manyan taro, ciki har da injin, a kan injinan gininsa. An yarda da bambance-bambancen guda biyu don samar da serial - M2E5 da M3E2, bi da bi, sun karɓi nadi M9 da M5. Akwai bambance-bambancen waje da yawa tsakanin injinan M9 da M5 daga takwarorinsu na M2 da M3. Na'urar ta M9 ba ta bambanta da tsayin daka da na M3 da M5 masu sulke masu sulke ba kuma ba ta da damar yin ƙyanƙyashe ga ɗakunan kaya a sassan. Dukansu inji M5 da M9 an sanye su a mafi yawan lokuta tare da lebur, kuma ba zagaye ba (nau'in mota), fuka-fuki. Ba kamar M2 ba, M9 yana da kofa a bayan jiki. A waje, M5 da M9 ba a iya bambanta su a zahiri, duk bambance-bambancen suna cikin ciki. Kama da injunan M2 da M3, an daidaita injunan M5 da M9 don shigar da turret na zobe na M49. bayan haka nx ya fara sanyawa a matsayin M5A1 da M9A1. Sakamakon bambance-bambancen ƙira daga motocin M2 da M3 da sojojin Amurka suka ɗauka, an ba da motocin M5 da M9 ga abokan haɗin gwiwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Lend-Lease, kodayake wasu daga cikinsu sun fallasa ga sojojin Amurka. Firm International Harvester Company a cikin 1942-1944 ya kera injuna 11017 M5 da M9, ​​gami da M9 - 2026, M9A1 - 1407, M5 - 4625 da M5A1 - 2959. M5A2 A cikin 1943, Hukumar Kula da Makamai ta yi ƙoƙarin haɗa rundunar sojojin Amurka masu sulke. Samfurin M31, wanda shine nau'in nau'in M5 da M9, ​​an ba da shawarar don samarwa da yawa a ƙarƙashin ƙirar M5A2. Serial kera motocin M5A2 bai fara ba saboda raguwar buƙatun masu ɗaukar sulke masu sulke. Ayyukan aikin Yaƙin nauyi 8,6 T Girma:   Length 6150 mm nisa 2200 mm tsawo 2300 mm Ma'aikata + saukowa 2 + 10 mutane Takaita wuta 1 х 12,7 mm bindiga mashin 1 х 7,62 mm bindiga mashin Harsashi 700 zagaye na 12,7mm 8750 zagaye na 7,62mm Ajiye:   goshin goshi 12,1 mm hasumiya goshin 6,3 mm nau'in injin carburetor "International" Matsakaicin iko 141hp Girma mafi girma 68 km / h Tanadin wuta 36 km Sources: M. Baryatinsky sojojin Amurka masu sulke na yakin duniya na biyu; GL Kholiavsky. Encyclopedia na makamai masu sulke da kayan aiki; Motoci Masu sulke Rabin Sojojin Amurka [Motocin Soja # 091]; Janda, Patryk (2009). Half-Track juzu'i na I; RP Hunnicutt Half-Track: Tarihin Ƙwayoyin Ƙwallon Ƙasar Amirka; Jim Mesko: M3 Half-Track a Action; Steve Zaloga: M3 Infantry Halftrack 1940–1973.