Bristol Beaufort a cikin sashin sabis na RAF 1
Beauforty Mk I daga 22 Squadron a North Coates a gabashin gabar tekun Ingila; lokacin rani 1940
Daga cikin jiragen sama na Royal Air Force (RAF) da yawa waɗanda aka mayar da su zuwa iyakar tarihi, Beaufort ya mamaye wani wuri mai mahimmanci. Squadrons sanye take da shi, yin hidima tare da kayan aiki marasa aminci da yin ayyukan yaƙi a cikin yanayi mara kyau, kusan kowace nasara (ciki har da na ban mamaki da yawa) tana da tsada tare da asara mai yawa.
A cikin shekaru nan da nan kafin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, mafi yawan kudaden da aka samu na RAF shine Dokar Coastal, ba tare da dalili ba Cinderella na Royal Air Force. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal tana da nata sojojin sama (Fleet Air Arm), yayin da fifikon RAF shine Fighter Command (mayaka) da Bomber Command (masu kai hare-hare). A sakamakon haka, a jajibirin yakin, babban jirgin saman RAF mai fashewar bama-bamai har yanzu shi ne babban Vickers Vildebeest - wani jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu mai budaddiyar jirgi da kayan saukarwa.
L4445 da aka nuna a cikin hoton shine "samfurin" Beaufort na biyar kuma na biyar a lokaci guda.
serial kwafin.
Bayyanar da ci gaban tsarin
Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta sanar da neman magajin Vildebeest a cikin 1935. Ƙididdigar M.15/35 ta ƙayyadaddun buƙatun don kujeru uku, mai fashewar injin tagwaye tare da rukunin fuselage torpedo. Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Handley Page da Vickers ne suka shiga cikin tayin. A cikin wannan shekarar, an buga ƙayyadaddun bayanai na G.24/35 don jirgin sama mai leƙen asiri na injuna gabaɗaya. Wannan lokacin ya haɗa da Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Gloster da Westland. Bristol ba ita ce aka fi so ba a cikin ɗayan waɗannan takaddun. Koyaya, a wancan lokacin an haɗa duk takaddun biyu, ana buga takamaiman 10/36. Bristol ta ƙaddamar da aikin tare da ƙirar masana'anta Nau'in 152. Jirgin da aka tsara, wanda ya dogara da ƙirar Blenheim haske mai fashewa, an tsara shi daga farko don ya zama mai dacewa sosai. Wannan yanzu ya zama muhimmiyar fa'ida kamar yadda kamfanoni biyu kawai - Bristol da Blackburn - suka shiga cikin sabon tayin dangane da ƙayyadaddun 10/36.
Hasashen yakin da ke zuwa da matsi na lokaci ya tilasta ma'aikatar Air ta ba da odar duka jiragen sama - Bristol Type 152 da Blackburn Bota - kuma kawai a kan tsarin gine-gine, ba tare da jiran samfurin ya tashi ba. Ba da da ewa ba ya bayyana a fili cewa Botha yana da nakasu mai tsanani, gami da rashin kwanciyar hankali a gefe da kuma, don binciken jirgin sama, ganuwa daga kokfit. Don haka, bayan ɗan gajeren aikin yaƙi, an aika duk kwafin da aka bayar zuwa ayyukan horo. Bristol ya tsira daga wannan wulakanci saboda Nau'insa na 152 - Beaufort na gaba - ya kasance ɗan ƙara girma kuma an inganta shi na riga mai tashi (kuma mai nasara) Blenheim. Ma'aikatan jirgin na Beaufort sun ƙunshi mutane huɗu (ba uku ba, kamar a cikin Blenheim): matukin jirgi, mai tuƙi, ma'aikacin rediyo da mai harbi. Matsakaicin gudun jirgin ya kasance kusan kilomita 435 / h, saurin tafiya tare da cikakken kaya ya kai kusan kilomita 265 a cikin sa'o'i, iyakar ya kai kilomita 2500, kuma tsawon lokacin jirgin ya kasance sa'o'i shida da rabi.
Saboda Beaufort ya fi wanda ya riga shi nauyi, an maye gurbin injinan Mercury Blenheim mai nauyin 840 da injin Taurus 1130 hp. Duk da haka, riga a lokacin filin gwaje-gwaje na prototype (wanda shi ne na farko samar model), ya bayyana a fili cewa Tavruses - halitta a babban shuka a Bristol da kuma sanya a cikin samar da jimawa kafin a fara yakin - a fili overheated. A lokacin aiki na gaba, ya kuma bayyana a fili cewa ƙarfinsu bai isa ba ga Beaufort a cikin tsarin yaƙi. Kusan ba zai yiwu a tashi da sauka akan injin daya ba. Rashin nasarar da daya daga cikin injinan ya yi a yayin tashinsa ya kai ga cewa jirgin ya juye kan rufin sa kuma babu makawa ya fado, don haka a irin wannan yanayi an ba da shawarar a kashe injinan biyu nan take a yi kokarin yin saukar gaggawa ta "gaba". . Hatta dogon jirgi a kan injin guda daya ba zai yiwu ba, tun da a rage saurin iskan bai isa ya kwantar da injin daya da ke aiki cikin sauri ba, wanda ke barazanar kama wuta.
Matsalar Taurus ta juya ta zama mai tsanani cewa Beaufort ya yi jirgin farko a tsakiyar Oktoba 1938, kuma an fara samar da taro "cikin ci gaba" shekara guda bayan haka. Yawancin nau'ikan injunan Taurus (har zuwa Mk XVI) ba su warware matsalar ba, kuma ikonsu bai ƙãra iota ɗaya ba. Duk da haka, fiye da 1000 Beauforts an sanye su da su. Halin ya inganta ne kawai ta maye gurbin Taurus tare da injunan Pratt & Whitney R-1830 na Twin Wasp masu kyau tare da ikon 1200 hp, wanda ya kori, da sauransu, B-24 Liberator Bomb mai nauyi, C-47 jirgin sama, PBY Catalina ya tashi. jiragen ruwa da mayakan F4F. Wildcat. An riga an yi la'akari da wannan gyara a cikin bazara na 1940. Amma sai Bristol ta dage cewa hakan bai zama dole ba, tunda za ta inganta injin nata ne. Sakamakon haka, an rasa ƙarin ma'aikatan Beaufort saboda gazawar jirgin nasu fiye da wutan abokan gaba. Ba a shigar da injinan Amurka ba sai Agusta 1941. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba saboda matsaloli tare da isar da su daga ƙasashen waje (jiragen da ke ɗauke da su sun fada cikin jirgin ruwa na Jamus), bayan gina Beaufort na 165, sun koma Taurus. Jirgin da injinan su an sanya shi Mk I, da kuma wadanda ke da injinan Amurka - Mk II. Matsakaicin jirgin na sabon nau'in jirgin, saboda yawan man da ake amfani da shi na Twin Wasps, ya ragu daga 2500 zuwa kusan kilomita 2330, amma Mk II zai iya tashi a kan injin guda cikin sauƙi.
Makamin farko na Beauforts, aƙalla a ka'idar, shine 18-pound (kimanin 450 kg) 1610-inch (730 mm) Mark XII jirgin sama torpedoes. Duk da haka, yana da tsada da wuyar samun makami - a farkon shekarar yaƙi a Birtaniya, samar da kowane nau'i na torpedoes ya kasance kawai 80 a kowane wata. Saboda wannan dalili, na dogon lokaci daidaitattun makaman Beauforts sun kasance bama-bamai - bama-bamai 500 lb (227 kg) a cikin bam din bam da bama-bamai 250 lb guda hudu akan pylons a ƙarƙashin fuka-fuki - mai yiwuwa guda ɗaya, 1650 lb (748 kg) magnetic sojojin ruwa. ma'adinai Na ƙarshe, saboda siffar cylindrical, ana kiran su "cucumbers," kuma ma'adinai, mai yiwuwa ta hanyar kwatance, sun sami lambar sunan "horticulture."
Zama
Tawagar Rundunar Coastal Command na farko da aka tanadar da Beauforts ita ce Squadron No. 22, wacce a baya ta yi amfani da Vildebeests don nemo jiragen ruwa a cikin tashar Turanci. Beauforts fara samu a watan Nuwamba 1939, amma na farko fama manufa a kan sabon jirgin da aka yi ne kawai a cikin dare Afrilu 15/16, 1940, a lokacin da Mined hanyoyin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Wilhelmshaven. A lokacin yana cikin North Coates a gabar Tekun Arewa.
An katse ayyukan yau da kullun daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ta "ayyuka na musamman." A lokacin da bayanan sirri suka bayar da rahoton cewa wani jirgin ruwa na Jamus na Nuremberg ya makale a gabar tekun tsibirin Norderney, da yammacin ranar 7 ga watan Mayu aka aike da Beauforts daga Squadron mai lamba 22 shida domin su kai mata hari, musamman domin bikin daukar aure mara aure. 2000 lb (907 lb) bama-bamai. kg). A kan hanyar ne daya daga cikin jiragen ya juyo saboda wata matsala. Radar Frey ya bi sawun sauran, kuma Bf 109s shida ne suka katse balaguron daga II.(J)/Tr.Gr. 1861. Ufa. Herbert Kaiser ya harbe Stuart Woollatt F/O, wanda aka kashe tare da dukkan ma'aikatansa. Ita kuwa Beaufort ta biyu Jamusawa ta yi mugun lahani har ta yi hatsari a lokacin da take ƙoƙarin sauka, amma ma'aikatanta ba su ji rauni ba; Kwamanda (Laftanar Kanar) Harry Mellor ne ya tuka jirgin.
squadron kwamandan.
A cikin makonni masu zuwa, Squadron na 22, baya ga hanyoyin jigilar ma'adanai, sun kuma kai hari (yawanci da dare tare da jiragen sama da yawa) a kan gabar teku, gami da. A daren 18/19 ga Mayu, matatun mai a Bremen da Hamburg, da kuma Mayu 20/21, tankunan mai a Rotterdam. Ɗaya daga cikin ƴan tafiye-tafiye na rana a wannan lokacin an yi shi ne a ranar 25 ga Mayu, ana farauta a yankin IJmuiden akan kwale-kwalen torpedo na Kriegsmarine. A daren Mayu 25-26, ya rasa kwamandansa - sashin soja Harry Mellor da ma'aikatansa ba su dawo daga hakar ma'adinai kusa da Wilhelmshaven ba; jirginsu ya bace.
A halin yanzu, a cikin Afrilu, Beauforti ya karɓi No. 42 Squadron, wani rundunar 'yan sandan Coastal Command, wanda aka sake sanye da Vildebeest. An fara yin muhawara kan sabon jirgin a ranar 5 ga Yuni. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, yakin Norway ya ƙare. Duk da cewa duk kasar ta riga ta kasance a hannun Jamus, har yanzu jiragen saman Birtaniyya suna aiki a bakin tekun nasa. A safiyar ranar 13 ga Yuni, Beauforts hudu na Squadron na 22 da Blenheims shida sun kai hari filin jirgin Vaernes kusa da Trondheim. Hare-haren nasu an yi niyya ne don kawar da tsaron Jamus daga zuwan 'yan kunar bakin wake na Skua, suna tashi daga jirgin HMS Ark Royal (maƙasudinsu shi ne lalatawar jirgin yaƙi Scharnhorst) 2. Sakamakon ya kasance akasin haka - Bf 109 da Bf 110 da aka zaɓa a baya. Ba su da lokacin da za su tsallaka Beauforts da Blenheims.
Bayan mako guda, Scharnhorst ya yi ƙoƙari ya isa Kiel. A safiyar ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, washegarin tafiya teku, an hango shi daga tudun binciken Hudson. Jirgin yakin ya samu rakiyar maharan Z7 Hermann Schoemann da Z10 Hans Lody da Z15 Erich Steinbrinck da kuma jiragen ruwan Jaguar da bakin ciki da Falke da kuma Kondor da ke da karfin kakkabo jiragen yaki. Da yammacin rana, wasu 'yan tsiraru na dozin ko makamancin haka sun fara kai musu hari a cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa - Swordfish biplanes, Hudson light bombers da tara Beauforts daga 42 Squadron. A karshen ya tashi daga Wic a arewacin titin Scotland, dauke da makamai 500-labaran bama-bamai (biyu a kowace jirgin sama).
Makasudin ya fi karfin mayakan Burtaniya na lokacin, don haka balaguron ya tashi ba tare da wani rakiya ba. Bayan tafiyar sa'o'i 2 da mintuna 20, tsarin Beaufort ya isa gabar tekun Norway kudu maso yammacin Bergen. A nan ta juya kudu kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta yi karo da jiragen ruwa na Kriegsmarine da ke tsibirin Utsire. Sun kasance tare da mayakan Bf 109. Sa'a daya kafin haka, Jamusawa sun dakile wani hari da Swordfish guda shida (da aka tashi daga filin jirgin saman Orkney Islands), inda suka harbe biyu, sannan Hudsons hudu, suka harbe daya. Ba a rasa duk wani tashin hankali da bama-bamai.
Da ganin wani guguwar jiragen sama, Jamusawan sun bude wuta daga nesa mai nisan kilomita da dama. Duk da haka, duk Beauforts (maɓallai uku, jiragen sama uku kowanne) sun fadi a kan jirgin yakin. A nutse a wani kusurwa na kusan 40 °, sun jefa bama-bamai daga tsayin kusan 450. Da zarar sun wuce iyakar makaman kare dangi. Messerschmitts ne suka kai wa jiragen ruwan hari, wadanda suke da sauki, kusan ganima ba tare da kariya ba - a ranar ne mashinan Vickers na duka Beaufort suka makale a cikin tarurruka na baya-bayan nan saboda harsashi a cikin injinan da ba su da kyau. An yi sa'a ga Birtaniya, Bf 109 guda uku ne kawai ke sintiri a kusa da jiragen ruwa a lokacin. Laftanar K. Horst Karganiko, na. Anton Hakl da Fw. Robert Menge na II./JG 77, wanda ya harbe Beaufort daya kafin sauran su bace cikin gajimare. P/O Alan Rigg, F/O Herbert Seagrim da F/O William Barry-Smith da ma'aikatansu an kashe su.
