BMW xDrive – Autoubik
Na'urar tuƙi mai xDrive biyu ta BMW ta fara gabatar da ita a cikin X3 a cikin 2003, ba da jimawa ba ta zo da X5 wanda aka ɗaga fuska. A hankali, wannan tsarin ci-gaba ya shiga cikin wasu samfuran alamar.
Duk da haka, BMW ya canza zuwa duk abin hawa da yawa a baya. Tarihin mota ta farko mai shuɗi da fari da tuƙi na axles guda biyu ya samo asali ne tun lokacin interwar. Wehrmacht na wancan lokacin ne ya ba da odar ta a cikin 1937 kuma ita ce buɗaɗɗen mota mai kofa huɗu tare da rufin zane. Daga baya, 4x4 drive zauna a kan sidelines na automaker na dogon lokaci, har sai gasa model Audi Quattro ya bayyana, wanda ba zai iya barin automaker BMW rago. A shekarar 1985, E30 duk-dabaran drive model, BMW 325iX, ya shiga cikin taro samar. A shekara ta 1993, ya kuma tanadar da motar motar BMW 525iX babba mai matsakaicin zango tare da ƙarin fasahar zamani, tare da yin mu'amala da tsarin ABS. Bambancin cibiyar sarrafawa ta hanyar lantarki ya sa ya yiwu a rarraba juzu'i a cikin kewayon 0-100%, da bambance-bambancen na baya da aka rarraba karfi zuwa ƙafafun ta hanyar kulle-kulle-hydraulic. Ci gaba da juyin halitta na tsarin tuƙi, sanye take da bambance-bambancen guda uku, ya ƙunshi maye gurbin makullai tare da birki na ƙafafu ɗaya, wanda ke da alhakin tsarin daidaitawar DSC. A lokacin tuƙi na al'ada, an raba juzu'i tsakanin axles ɗaya a cikin rabo na 38:62%. An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin, alal misali, a cikin ƙirar E46 ko samfurin X5 wanda aka rigaya ya tashi. A ci gaba da haɓaka tsarin tuƙi mai lamba 4 × 4, BMW ya dogara da cewa yawancin masu irin waɗannan motocin ba safai suke tafiya akan hanya ba, kuma idan sun yi hakan, yawanci ƙasa ce kawai.
Menene xDrive?
xDrive tsarin tuƙi ne na dindindin wanda ke hulɗa tare da tsarin kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki na DSC, yana ɗauke da clutch mai yawan faranti wanda ya maye gurbin bambance-bambancen cibiyar injina na gargajiya. Burin BMW a lokacin haɓaka sabon tsarin tuƙi shine kiyayewa, ban da haɓaka halayen motsin abin hawa, halayen tuki na yau da kullun na ra'ayi na yau da kullun tare da injin a gaba da gatari na baya.
Rarraba jujjuyawar injin ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar lantarki mai sarrafa nau'in faranti da yawa da ke cikin akwatin kayan rarraba, wanda gabaɗaya yana a mashigar akwatin gear. Ya danganta da yanayin tuƙi na yanzu, yana rarraba juzu'i tsakanin axles na gaba da na baya. An haɗa tsarin xDrive zuwa tsarin daidaitawar DSC. Gudun da clutch ɗin ya cika ko kuma ya rabu da shi bai wuce 100 ms ba. Kwantar da man da ke cike da clutch da yawa ana kiran turawa. Wannan yana nufin cewa murfin waje yana da fins waɗanda ke watsar da zafi mai yawa zuwa cikin iskan da ke kewaye ta hanyar hura iska yayin motsi.
Kamar tsarin Haldex mai gasa, xDrive ana inganta koyaushe. Babban fifiko na yanzu shine inganta ingantaccen tsarin gabaɗaya, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan man fetur na abin hawa. Sabuwar sigar tana da ginanniyar servomotor don sarrafa kamannin faranti da yawa a cikin mahalli na gearbox. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar famfo mai, yana haifar da ƙananan sassa a cikin dukan tsarin. Sabon juyin halitta na tsarin xDrive yana ba da raguwar 30% a cikin asarar rikice-rikice, wanda ke nufin raguwar yawan mai tsakanin 3 da 5% (ya danganta da nau'in abin hawa) idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni na farko. Manufar ita ce samun kusanci kamar yadda zai yiwu ga amfani da mai na ƙirar ƙira tare da tuƙi na baya kawai. A ƙarƙashin yanayin tuƙi na yau da kullun, tsarin yana rarraba juzu'i zuwa ga axle na baya a cikin rabo na 60:40. Tun da yawancin masu sha'awar alamar da farko sun soki samfurin xDrive don kasancewa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan hankali yayin jujjuyawar ƙira, masana'anta sun yi aiki tuƙuru akan kunnawa. Don haka, a cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru, ana ba da fifiko ga gatari na baya gwargwadon yiwuwa, yayin da, ba shakka, kiyaye ƙarfin juzu'i na gabaɗaya da amincin abin hawa yayin tuki. Ana samun tsarin xDrive a nau'i biyu. Don limousines da kekunan tasha, abin da ake kira ƙarin ƙaramin bayani yana nufin cewa watsa wutar lantarki zuwa mashin tuƙi da ke kaiwa ga axle na gaba ana bayar da shi ta kayan aiki. SUVs kamar X1, X3, X5 da kuma X6 suna amfani da sprocket don watsa karfin juyi.
Bayanin yadda tsarin da xDrive ke aiki a aikace
Kamar yadda aka ambata, xDrive yana mayar da martani da sauri ga canza yanayin tuƙi. Ta kwatancen, 100 ms da ake buƙata don cika cikar shiga ko cire clutch ɗin ba shi da ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin abin hawa zai iya yin sauri zuwa canji nan take a matsayin mai saurin hawa. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kimanin 200 millise seconds ke wucewa tsakanin latsa fedal na totur da injin da ke amsawa a cikin nau'i na karuwa a cikin wutar lantarki. Tabbas, muna magana ne game da injin mai da ake so ta dabi'a, a cikin yanayin injunan caja ko dizal, wannan lokacin ya fi tsayi. Don haka, a aikace, tsarin xDrive yana shirye kafin abin da ya faru ga mai matsa lamba. Duk da haka, aikin tsarin ba ya ƙare tare da canza matsayi na hanzari. Tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko kuma yana tsinkayar wasu sigogin tuƙi kuma koyaushe yana lura da yanayin abin hawa don rarraba juzu'in injin tsakanin gatura biyu da kyau sosai gwargwadon yiwuwa. Karkashin na'ura mai kwakwalwa, misali, firikwensin hanzari na gefe yana da alhakin saurin ƙafafu, kusurwar tutiya, ƙarfin tsakiya, tuƙin abin hawa ko juzu'in injin na yanzu.
Dangane da bayanan da aka karɓa daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin daban-daban, tsarin zai iya tantance ko ana buƙatar amsawa idan abin hawa yana ƙoƙarin yin sama da ƙasa ko ƙasa. Lokacin da ƙasa ta karkata - ƙafafun gaba suna nuni zuwa gefen waje na lanƙwasa - clutch mai yawan faranti da aka sarrafa ta hanyar lantarki tana sake rarraba juzu'i daga gaba zuwa gatari na baya a cikin dubun milliseconds. Tare da dabi'ar wuce gona da iri, wato, lokacin da ƙarshen baya yana fuskantar gefen hanya, xDrive yana jujjuya ƙarfin injin daga baya zuwa ga gatari na gaba, da sauransu. yana fitar da motar daga wani tsallen da ba makawa. Ta wannan hanyar, gyare-gyare mai aiki na rarraba wutar lantarki na injin yana hana tsoma baki na tsarin kula da kwanciyar hankali na DSC, wanda kawai ake kunnawa lokacin da yanayin tuki ya buƙaci shi. Godiya ga haɗin tsarin xDrive tare da DSC, aikin injiniya da sarrafa birki za a iya kunna su a cikin yanayi mai laushi. A takaice dai, DSC ba ta tsoma baki idan rarraba wutar lantarki da ta dace kawai tana da ikon kawar da haɗarin oversteer ko ƙasa.
Lokacin tuƙi, nau'in faranti da yawa yana kullewa a cikin gudun kusan kilomita 20 / h, ta yadda abin hawa ya sami matsakaicin juzu'i yayin hanzari. Lokacin da wannan iyaka ya wuce, tsarin yana rarraba ikon injin tsakanin gaba da axles na baya dangane da yanayin tuƙi na yanzu.
A ƙananan gudu, lokacin da ba a buƙatar babban ƙarfin injin kuma abin hawa yana juyawa (alal misali, lokacin juyawa ko filin ajiye motoci), tsarin yana watsar da motar axle na gaba kuma ikon injin yana canzawa kawai zuwa ga axle na baya. Manufar ita ce a rage yawan man fetur da kuma iyakance tasirin dakarun da ba a so a kan motsi.
Ana iya ganin irin wannan dabi'ar tsarin a babban gudu, misali. yayin tuki lafiya a kan babbar hanya. A waɗannan saurin gudu, ba a buƙatar tuƙi na dindindin a kan gatura biyu, saboda wannan zai ƙara lalacewa akan abubuwan da aka gyara tare da haɓaka yawan mai. A cikin sauri sama da 130 km/h, na'urar lantarki mai sarrafawa tana ba da umarnin clutch mai yawan faranti na inter-axle don buɗewa kuma ana watsa wutar injin zuwa ƙafafun baya kawai.
A kan ƙananan filaye (kankara, dusar ƙanƙara, laka), tsarin ya riga ya kulle guntu don mafi kyawun juzu'i. Amma idan ƙafa ɗaya tana da kyau kuma sauran ukun suna kan ƙasa mai santsi fa? Sai kawai samfurin sanye take da tsarin DPC zai iya canja wurin 100% na ƙarfin injin zuwa ƙafa ɗaya. Yin amfani da bambanci da tsarin DPC (Dynamic Performance Control) wanda ke kan gatari na baya, ana sake rarraba juzu'i tsakanin ƙafafun dama da hagu na baya. BMW X6, alal misali, an sanye shi ta wannan hanya. A cikin wasu motocin, 100% na ikon injin ana canjawa wuri zuwa gatari inda motar da ke da mafi kyawun riko take, misali idan akwai ƙafafu uku akan kankara da ɗaya akan kwalta, misali. A wannan yanayin, tsarin ya raba rabon 50:50 na ƙafafu na dama da hagu, tare da dabaran a saman tare da ƙarancin riko da tsarin DSC ke birki don hana wuce gona da iri. A wannan yanayin, tsarin yana rarraba ikon injin kawai tsakanin axles kuma ba ga ƙafafun kowane mutum ba.
Hakanan tsarin xDrive yana da fa'idar ƙarancin buƙatun kulawa. Kamfanin ya ba da shawarar canza mai bayan kimanin kilomita 100 - 000, musamman ga motocin da ake amfani da su a kan tituna marasa kyau ko amfani da tirela. Tsarin xDrive yana ƙara nauyin abin hawa da kusan kilogiram 150-000, kuma yawan man fetur, dangane da sigar da nau'in injin, ya bambanta daga 75 zuwa lita 80 na man fetur idan aka kwatanta da na'urar tuƙi ta baya kawai.
