ganima na Amurka

V 80 a cikin yankin Hel, yayin gwaji tare da injin turbine na injiniya Walther a 1942. Ana iya lura da kamanni da ma'auni na ƙaramin yanki.

A lokacin tsaka-tsakin lokaci, duk jiragen ruwan yaki sun sami mafi girman matsakaicin saurin haɓakawa, ban da jiragen ruwa, wanda iyaka ya kasance 17 kulli a saman da kuma kullin 9 a ƙarƙashin ruwa - a cikin lokacin iyakance ta ƙarfin baturi zuwa kusan awa ɗaya da rabi ko ƙasa da haka idan A baya, ba a cika cajin batura lokacin nutsewa ba.

Tun farkon 30s, injiniyan Jamus. Helmut Walter. Tunaninsa shi ne ya haifar da rufaffiyar (ba tare da samun iskar yanayi ba) injin zafi ta amfani da man dizal a matsayin tushen makamashi da tururi mai juya turbine. Tun da samar da iskar oxygen yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin konewa, Walther ya yi hasashen yin amfani da hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) tare da maida hankali fiye da 80%, wanda ake kira perhydrol, a matsayin tushen sa a cikin rufaffiyar ɗakin konewa. Matsakaicin abin da ake buƙata don amsawa dole ne ya zama sodium ko alli permanganate.

Bincike yana faɗaɗa cikin sauri

Yuli 1, 1935 - lokacin da jiragen ruwa na Kiel guda biyu na Deutsche Werke AG da Krupp ke gina raka'a 18 na jerin jiragen ruwa na farko na biyu na bakin teku (nau'in II A da II B) don U-Bootwaffe mai sauri - Walter Germaniawerft AG, wanda don shekaru da yawa sun tsunduma cikin ƙirƙirar jirgin ruwa mai sauri tare da zirga-zirgar iska mai zaman kanta, wanda aka shirya a Kiel "Ingenieurbüro Hellmuth Walter GmbH", yana ɗaukar ma'aikaci ɗaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ya kafa wani sabon kamfani, "Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft" (HWK), ya sayi wani tsohon aikin iskar gas kuma ya mayar da shi wurin gwaji, yana ɗaukar mutane 300. A cikin 1939/40, an fadada shuka zuwa yankin da ke kan hanyar Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, kamar yadda ake kira Kiel Canal (Jamus: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal) kafin 1948, aikin ya karu zuwa kusan mutane 1000, kuma bincike an mika shi zuwa jiragen sama da sojojin kasa.

A cikin wannan shekarar, Walther ya kafa wata shuka don samar da injunan torpedo a Arensburg kusa da Hamburg, da kuma shekara ta gaba, a cikin 1941, a Eberswalde kusa da Berlin, wata shuka don injunan jet don jirgin sama; Sa'an nan kuma an canza shuka zuwa Bavorov (tsohon Beerberg) kusa da Lyuban. A cikin 1944, an kafa masana'antar injin roka a Hartmannsdorf. A cikin 1940, cibiyar gwajin torpedo ta TVA (TorpedoVerssuchsanstalt) ta koma Hel kuma wani bangare zuwa Bosau akan tafkin Großer Plehner (gabashin Schleswig-Holstein). Har zuwa karshen yakin, kimanin mutane 5000 ne suka yi aiki a masana'antun Walter, ciki har da kimanin injiniyoyi 300. Wannan labarin game da ayyukan jirgin ruwa ne.

A wancan lokacin, ana amfani da sinadarin hydrogen peroxide maras nauyi, wanda ya kai kashi kaɗan, a cikin masana'antun kwaskwarima, masaku, sinadarai da magunguna, da samun natsuwa sosai (sama da 80%), mai amfani ga binciken Walter, ya kasance babbar matsala ga masana'antunsa. . Haɗaɗɗen hydrogen peroxide da kanta tana aiki a wancan lokacin a cikin Jamus a ƙarƙashin sunaye masu kama da yawa: T-Stoff (Treibshtoff), Aurol, Auxilin da Ingolin, kuma a matsayin ruwa mara launi shi ma an yi masa rina rawaya don kama.

Ka'idar aiki na turbine "sanyi".

Bazuwar perhydrol a cikin iskar oxygen da tururi na ruwa ya faru bayan lamba tare da mai kara kuzari - sodium ko alli permanganate - a cikin ɗakin bazuwar bakin ƙarfe (perhydrol ya kasance mai haɗari, ruwa mai ƙarfi, ya haifar da iskar oxygen da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi kuma ya nuna reactivity na musamman). da mai). A cikin jiragen ruwa na gwaji na gwaji, an sanya perhydrol a cikin buɗaɗɗen bunkers a ƙarƙashin ƙugiya mai ƙarfi, a cikin jakunkuna da aka yi da kayan mipolam mai sassauƙa na roba. An yi wa jakunkunan matsin lamba na ruwa na waje wanda ke tilasta perhydrol cikin famfon matsa lamba ta hanyar bawul ɗin dubawa. Godiya ga wannan bayani, babu manyan hatsarori tare da perhydrol yayin gwaje-gwajen. Wani famfo mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ya ciyar da perhydrol ta hanyar bawul ɗin sarrafawa zuwa ɗakin rugujewa. Bayan tuntuɓar mai haɓakawa, perhydrol ya bazu cikin cakuda iskar oxygen da tururin ruwa, wanda ke tare da haɓakar matsa lamba zuwa madaidaicin ƙimar mashaya 30 da zafin jiki har zuwa 600 ° C. A wannan matsatsin, cakudewar tururin ruwa ya kunna injin turbine, sannan ya taso a cikin na’urar na’ura, ya tsere zuwa waje, ya hade da ruwan teku, yayin da iskar oxygen ya sa ruwan ya dan yi kumfa. Ƙara zurfin nutsewa ya ƙãra juriya ga fitar da tururi daga gefen jirgin kuma, ta haka, ya rage ƙarfin da injin turbine ya haɓaka.

Ka'idar aiki na turbine "zafi".

Wannan na'urar ta kasance mafi rikitarwa a fasaha, gami da. ya zama dole a yi amfani da famfo sau uku da aka tsara sosai don samar da perhydrol, man dizal da ruwa lokaci guda (an yi amfani da man da ake kira "decalin" maimakon man dizal na al'ada). Bayan ɗakin ruɓe akwai ɗakin konewar ain. An zuba "Decalin" a cikin cakuda tururi da oxygen, a zafin jiki na kimanin 600 ° C, yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga ɗakin bazuwa a cikin ɗakin konewa, yana haifar da hawan zafi zuwa 2000-2500 ° C. An kuma yi allurar ruwan zafi a cikin ɗakin konewa mai sanyaya jaket na ruwa, yana ƙara yawan tururin ruwa tare da ƙara rage zafin iskar gas ɗin (85% tururin ruwa da 15% carbon dioxide) zuwa 600 ° C. Wannan cakuda, a ƙarƙashin matsi na mashaya 30, ya saita injin turbin a cikin motsi, sa'an nan kuma an jefa shi daga cikin m jiki. Ruwan ruwa tare da ruwa na teku, kuma dioxide ya narkar da shi a cikin zurfin zurfin zurfin mita 40. Kamar yadda a cikin turbine "sanyi", karuwa a cikin zurfin nutsewa ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ikon turbine. Akwatin gear ne ya kora dunƙule tare da rabon kaya na 20:1. Amfanin Perhydrol don turbin "zafi" ya ragu sau uku fiye da na "sanyi".

A cikin 1936, Walther ya taru a cikin zauren bude filin jirgin ruwa na Germania, injin turbine na farko na "zafi", yana aiki ba tare da iskar yanayi ba, wanda aka tsara don saurin motsi na karkashin ruwa, tare da ikon 4000 hp. (kimanin 2940 kW).