Batura don motocin hawa da lantarki

A cikin labarinmu na baya, mun tattauna batir a matsayin tushen wutan lantarki, wanda ake buƙata da farko don fara mota, da kuma aikin ɗan gajeren aiki na kayan lantarki. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙa'idodi daban -daban akan kaddarorin batir da ake amfani da su a fagen haɓaka manyan na'urori na hannu, a cikin yanayinmu, motocin hawa da motocin lantarki. Ana buƙatar yawan adadin kuzarin da aka adana don sarrafa abin hawa kuma yana buƙatar adana shi a wani wuri. A cikin motar gargajiya tare da injin konewa na ciki, an adana shi a cikin tanki a cikin hanyar mai, dizal ko LPG. Dangane da abin hawa na lantarki ko abin hawa, ana adana shi a cikin batir, wanda za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin babban matsalar motar lantarki.

Masu tarawa na yanzu suna iya adana ɗan ƙaramin kuzari, yayin da suke da ƙima, nauyi, kuma a lokaci guda, yana ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa don caji su zuwa matsakaicin su (yawanci 8 ko fiye). Sabanin haka, motoci na yau da kullun tare da injunan ƙonawa na ciki na iya adana adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da batura a cikin ƙaramin akwati, idan har yana ɗaukar minti ɗaya, wataƙila biyu, don caji. Abin takaici, matsalar adana wutar lantarki ta addabi motocin lantarki tun lokacin da aka fara su, kuma duk da ci gaban da ba za a iya musantawa ba, yawan kuzarin da ake bukata don ba da abin hawa har yanzu yana da karanci sosai. A cikin layuka masu zuwa, ceton imel Za mu tattauna makamashi a cikin daki -daki kuma mu yi ƙoƙarin kusantar da ainihin gaskiyar motoci tare da ingantaccen lantarki ko keɓaɓɓiyar tuƙi. Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa a kusa da waɗannan “motocin lantarki”, don haka ba abin cutarwa bane idan aka yi la’akari da fa'idodi ko rashin amfanin irin waɗannan tuƙin.

Abin takaici, alkalumman da masana'antun suka bayar su ma suna da shakku sosai kuma suna da ka'ida. Misali, Kia Venga yana dauke da injin lantarki mai karfin 80 kW da karfin juyi na Nm 280. Ana ba da wutar lantarki ta batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfin 24 kWh, ƙimar Kia Vengy EV bisa ga masana'anta shine kilomita 180. Ƙarfin batura ya gaya mana cewa, cikakken caji, za su iya samar da amfani da injin na 24 kW, ko kuma ciyar da 48 kW a cikin rabin sa'a, da dai sauransu. . Idan muna so mu yi tunani game da irin wannan kewayon, to, dole ne mu fitar da matsakaita na 180 km / h na kimanin sa'o'i 60, kuma ƙarfin injin zai kasance kawai kashi goma na ƙimar ƙima, watau 3 kW. A wasu kalmomi, tare da taka tsantsan (a hankali) tafiya, inda kusan za ku yi amfani da birki a cikin aiki, irin wannan hawan yana yiwuwa a fahimta. Tabbas, ba ma la'akari da haɗa nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki daban-daban. Kowane mutum na iya riga tunanin abin da ƙaryar kai idan aka kwatanta da motar gargajiya. A lokaci guda, kuna zuba lita 8 na man dizal a cikin classic Venga kuma ku kwashe ɗaruruwan da ɗaruruwan kilomita ba tare da hani ba. Me yasa haka? Bari mu yi ƙoƙari mu kwatanta yawan ƙarfin wannan makamashi da nawa nauyin motar gargajiya za ta iya ɗauka a cikin tanki, da nawa motar lantarki za ta iya ɗauka a cikin batura - karanta ƙarin anan NAN.

Ƙananan bayanai daga sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi

• ƙimar gas ɗin mai: 42,7 MJ / kg,
• ƙima mai ƙima na man diesel: 41,9 MJ / kg,
• Yawan man fetur: 725 kg / m3,
• Yawan mai: 840 kg / m3,
• Joule (J) = [kg * m2 / s2],
• Watt (W) = [J / s],
• 1 MJ = 0,2778 kWh.

Makamashi shine ikon yin aiki, aunawa a cikin joules (J), sa'o'in kilowatt (kWh). Aiki (masu aikin injiniya) yana nunawa ta hanyar canjin makamashi yayin motsi na jiki, yana da raka'a iri ɗaya kamar makamashi. Ƙarfin yana bayyana adadin aikin da aka yi kowace raka'a na lokaci, sashin tushe shine watt (W).

Ƙarfin wutar lantarki

Albarkatun makamashi	Ƙimar ƙima / kilo	Ƙimar ƙima / l Makamashi / l	Makamashi / kg
Gasoline	42,7 MJ / kg 725 kg / m3	30,96 MJ / l 8,60 kWh / l	11,86 kWh / kg
Mai	41,9 MJ / kg 840 kg / m3	35,20 MJ / l 9,78 kWh / l	11,64 kWh / kg
Batirin Li-ion (Audi R8 e-tron)	42 kWh 470 kg		0,0893 kWh / kg

Daga abin da ke sama ya bayyana a sarari cewa, alal misali, tare da ƙima mai ƙima na 42,7 MJ / kg da yawa na 725 kg / m3, man fetur yana ba da kuzarin 8,60 kWh a kowace lita ko 11,86 kWh a kilogram. Idan muka gina batir na yanzu wanda yanzu aka sanya shi a cikin motocin lantarki, misali, lithium-ion, ƙarfin su bai wuce 0,1 kWh da kilogram ba (don sauƙi, za mu yi la'akari da 0,1 kWh). Man fetur na al'ada yana ba da makamashi fiye da sau ɗari don nauyi ɗaya. Za ku fahimci cewa wannan babban bambanci ne. Idan muka raba shi zuwa kanana, alal misali, Chevrolet Cruze tare da batir 31 kWh yana ɗauke da makamashin da zai iya dacewa da ƙasa da kilogram 2,6 na man fetur ko, idan kuna so, kimanin lita 3,5 na mai.

Kuna iya faɗin yadda mai yiyuwa ne motar lantarki za ta fara kwata -kwata, kuma ba wai har yanzu tana da ƙarfi fiye da kilomita 100 ba. Dalilin yana da sauki. Motar lantarki tana da inganci sosai dangane da sauya kuzarin da aka adana zuwa makamashi na inji. Yawanci, yakamata ya sami ingantaccen 90%, yayin da ingancin injin konewa na ciki kusan 30% don injin mai da 35% don injin dizal. Sabili da haka, don samar da wutar lantarki iri ɗaya ga injin lantarki, ya isa tare da ajiyar kuzarin ƙasa da yawa.

Sauƙin amfani da tuƙin mutum

Bayan kimanta sauƙaƙan lissafin, ana ɗauka cewa za mu iya samun kusan 2,58 kWh na makamashin inji daga lita ɗaya na man fetur, 3,42 kWh daga lita ɗaya na man dizal, da 0,09 kWh daga kilogram na baturin lithium-ion. Don haka bambancin bai wuce ninki ɗari ba, sai dai kusan sau talatin. Wannan shine mafi kyawun lamba, amma har yanzu ba ruwan hoda da gaske bane. Alal misali, la'akari da wasanni Audi R8. Cikakkun baturansa masu nauyin kilogiram 470, suna da makamashi daidai da lita 16,3 na man fetur ko kuma lita 12,3 na man dizal kawai. Ko kuma, idan muna da Audi A4 3,0 TDI mai tanki mai nauyin lita 62 na man dizal kuma muna son samun wannan kewayon akan tukin baturi mai tsabta, muna buƙatar kusan kilogiram 2350 na batura. Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan gaskiyar ba ta ba motar lantarki kyakkyawar makoma mai haske ba. Duk da haka, babu buƙatar jefa bindiga a hatsin rai, saboda matsin lamba don haɓaka irin waɗannan "motocin e-motoci" za a cire su ta hanyar zauren kore marasa tausayi, don haka ko masu kera motoci suna so ko ba su so, dole ne su samar da wani abu "kore" . “. Tabbataccen maye gurbin injin lantarki zalla shine abin da ake kira hybrids, wanda ke haɗa injin konewa na ciki tare da injin lantarki. A halin yanzu mafi sanannun sune, alal misali, Toyota Prius (Auris HSD tare da fasaha iri ɗaya) ko Honda Inside. Koyaya, kewayon wutar lantarki kawai har yanzu abin dariya ne. A cikin akwati na farko, kimanin kilomita 2 (a cikin sabuwar sigar Plug A cikinta yana ƙaruwa "zuwa" 20 km), kuma a cikin na biyu, Honda ba ya ko da bugun wutar lantarki kawai. Ya zuwa yanzu, sakamakon da aka samu a aikace ba abin al'ajabi bane kamar yadda tallan tallace-tallace ya nuna. Gaskiyar ta nuna cewa za su iya canza su da kowane motsi na shuɗi (tattalin arziki) galibi tare da fasaha na al'ada. Amfanin masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ya ta'allaka ne akan tattalin arzikin man fetur yayin tuki a cikin birni. Audi kwanan nan ya ce a halin yanzu ya zama dole ne kawai don rage nauyin jiki don cimma, a matsakaita, tattalin arzikin mai guda ɗaya wanda wasu samfuran ke samu ta hanyar shigar da tsarin matasan a cikin mota. Sabbin ƙirar wasu motoci kuma sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ba kururuwa ba ne a cikin duhu. Misali, Volkswagen Golf na ƙarni na bakwai da aka ƙaddamar kwanan nan yana amfani da abubuwa masu sauƙi don koyo daga aiki kuma a zahiri yana amfani da ƙarancin mai fiye da da. Kamfanin kera motoci na kasar Japan Mazda ya dauki irin wannan alkibla. Duk da wadannan ikirari, ci gaban "tsawon dogon zango" matasan tuki yana ci gaba. A matsayin misali, zan ambaci Opel Ampera da kuma, paradoxically, samfurin daga Audi A1 e-tron.

Sauƙin amfani da tuƙin mutum

Albarkatun makamashi	Injin inganci	Ingantaccen makamashi / l	Ingantaccen makamashi / kg
Gasoline	0,30	2,58 kWh / l	3,56 kWh / kg
Mai	0,35	3,42 kWh / l	4,07 kWh / kg
Batirin Lithium-ion	0,90	-	KO. 0,1 kWh / kg

Vauxhall Ampera

Kodayake ana gabatar da Opel Ampera azaman abin hawa na lantarki, a zahiri abin hawa ne. Baya ga injin lantarki, Ampere kuma yana amfani da injin konewa na cikin gida mai lita 1,4 lita 63 kW. Duk da haka, wannan injin ɗin ba ya fitar da ƙafafun kai tsaye, amma yana aiki azaman janareto idan batir ya ƙare. makamashi. Sashin wutar lantarki yana wakiltar motar lantarki tare da fitowar 111 kW (150 hp) da karfin wuta na 370 Nm. Ana samar da wutan lantarkin da lithium mai siffar T 220. Suna da jimillar karfin 16 kWh da nauyin kilo 180. Wannan motar lantarki tana iya tafiya kilomita 40-80 a kan tuƙi na lantarki zalla. Wannan tazara sau da yawa yana isa ga tuƙin birni na yau da kullun kuma yana rage farashin aiki sosai kamar yadda zirga-zirgar birni ke buƙatar babban amfani da mai a yanayin injunan konewa. Hakanan ana iya cajin batir daga madaidaicin tashar, kuma idan aka haɗa shi da injin ƙonawa na ciki, kewayon Ampera ya kai tsawon kilomita ɗari biyar.

Audi da lantarki A1

Audi, wanda ya fi son ingantacciyar tuƙi tare da ƙarin fasahar ci gaba fiye da ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar fasaha, ta gabatar da motar matasan A1 e-tron mai ban sha'awa fiye da shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Injin Wankel ne ke cajin batirin Lithium-ion mai karfin 12 kWh da nauyin kilogiram 150 a matsayin wani bangare na injin janareta da ke amfani da makamashin a matsayin man fetur da aka adana a cikin tanki mai nauyin lita 254. Injin yana da girma na mita 15 cubic. cm kuma yana haifar da 45 kW / h el. makamashi. Motar lantarki tana da ƙarfin 75 kW kuma tana iya samar da wutar lantarki har zuwa 0 kW cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Acceleration daga 100 zuwa 10 yana da kusan daƙiƙa 130 kuma babban gudun kusan kilomita 50 / h. Motar na iya tafiya kusan kilomita 12 a kewayen birni a kan tuƙin lantarki zalla. Bayan karewa e. Injin konewa na cikin gida na jujjuya yana kunna wutar da hankali kuma yana sake cajin wutar lantarki. makamashi don batura. Jimlar kewayon da ke da cikakken cajin batura da lita 250 na man fetur kusan kilomita 1,9 ne tare da matsakaicin amfani da lita 100 a kowace kilomita 1450. Nauyin aiki na abin hawa shine 12 kg. Bari mu kalli juzu'i mai sauƙi don ganin kwatancin kai tsaye nawa makamashin da ke ɓoye a cikin tankin lita 30. Idan aka yi la'akari da ingancin injin Wankel na zamani na kashi 70%, sannan kilogiram 9 nasa, tare da kilogiram 12 (31) na fetur, daidai yake da 79 kWh na makamashi da aka adana a cikin batura. Don haka 387,5 kilogiram na injin da tanki = 1 kg na batura (ƙididdige su a cikin ma'aunin Audi A9 e-Tron). Idan muna son ƙara tankin mai da lita 62, da mun riga mun sami XNUMX kWh na makamashi don samar da wutar lantarki. Don haka za mu iya ci gaba. Amma dole ne ya sami kama daya. Ba za ta ƙara zama motar "kore" ba. Don haka ko a nan ana ganin karara cewa injin lantarki yana da iyaka da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin da aka adana a cikin batura.

Musamman, farashin mafi girma, da kuma nauyin nauyi, sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa motar matasan a Audi ya ragu a hankali a baya. Duk da haka, wannan ba yana nufin cewa ci gaban motoci masu haɗaka da motocin lantarki a Audi ya ragu gaba ɗaya ba. Bayani game da sabon sigar samfurin e-tron A1 ya bayyana kwanan nan. Idan aka kwatanta da na baya, injin rotary / janareta an maye gurbinsa da injin turbocharged mai nauyin 1,5 kW 94-lita uku. Amfani da classic ciki konewa naúrar aka tilasta Audi, yafi saboda da matsaloli hade da wannan watsa, da kuma sabon uku-Silinda engine da aka tsara ba kawai don cajin batura, amma kuma aiki kai tsaye tare da drive ƙafafun. Batir na Sanyo yana da irin ƙarfin aiki na 12kWh, kuma an ƙara yawan kewayon injin ɗin lantarki zalla zuwa kusan 80km. Audi ya ce e-tron A1 da aka inganta ya kamata ya zama matsakaicin lita daya a kowace kilomita dari. Abin baƙin ciki, wannan kudin yana da guda ɗaya. Ga matasan motocin da ke da tsantsar kewayon lantarki mai tsafta. tuƙi yana amfani da dabara mai ban sha'awa don ƙididdige ƙimar kwararar ƙarshe. An yi watsi da abin da ake kira amfani. mai daga cibiyar sadarwar cajin baturi, da kuma amfani na ƙarshe l / 100 km, kawai yana la'akari da amfani da man fetur don 20 kilomita na karshe na tuki, lokacin da akwai wutar lantarki. cajin baturi. Ta hanyar ƙididdigewa mai sauƙi, za mu iya ƙididdige wannan idan an fitar da batura yadda ya kamata. mun tuka bayan wutar lantarkin ta mutu. makamashi daga baturan fetur zalla, a sakamakon haka, amfani zai karu sau biyar, wato, 5 lita na fetur a kowace 100 km.

Audi A1 e-tron II. tsara

Matsalolin ajiyar wutar lantarki

Batun ajiyar makamashi ya tsufa kamar injinin lantarki da kansa. Tushen farko na wutar lantarki sune ƙwayoyin galvanic. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, an gano yuwuwar tsarin juzu'i na tara wutar lantarki a cikin sel na biyu na galvanic - an gano batura. Batura na farko da aka yi amfani da su sune baturan gubar, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci nickel-iron da nickel-cadmium kaɗan, kuma amfani da su ya wuce shekaru ɗari. Har ila yau, ya kamata a kara da cewa, duk da bincike mai zurfi a duniya a wannan yanki, ainihin tsarin su bai canza ba. Yin amfani da sabbin fasahohin masana'antu, haɓaka kaddarorin kayan tushe da yin amfani da sabbin kayan don masu rarraba tantanin halitta da na ruwa, yana yiwuwa a ɗan rage ƙayyadaddun nauyi, rage fitar da kai na sel, da haɓaka ta'aziyya da amincin mai aiki, amma game da shi ke nan. Babban koma baya, watau. Rago mara kyau na adadin kuzarin da aka adana zuwa nauyi da ƙarar batura ya rage. Don haka, an yi amfani da waɗannan batura galibi a aikace-aikace na tsaye (samar da wutar lantarki idan babban wutar lantarki ta gaza, da sauransu). An yi amfani da batura a matsayin tushen kuzari don tsarin tarkace, musamman akan titin jirgin ƙasa (kulan jigilar kaya), inda nauyi mai nauyi da girma kuma ba su tsoma baki da yawa ba.

Ci gaban ajiyar makamashi

Koyaya, buƙatar haɓaka sel tare da ƙananan ƙarfi da girma a cikin awanni ampere ya ƙaru. Don haka, an samar da sel na alkaline na farko da sigogin nickel-cadmium (NiCd) sannan kuma nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Don encapsulation na sel, an zaɓi siffofi da girman hannayen riga iri ɗaya kamar na sel na chlorine na yau da kullun. Musamman, sigogin da aka cimma na batura na hydride na nickel-ƙarfe suna ba da damar amfani da su, musamman, a cikin wayoyin hannu, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka, kayan aikin hannu, da dai sauransu Fasahar kera waɗannan sel ta bambanta da fasahar da ake amfani da sel tare da babban iya aiki a cikin ampere-hours. An maye gurbin tsarin lamellar babban tsarin lantarki na wayar salula ta hanyar canza tsarin lantarki, gami da masu rarrabewa, zuwa cikin silinda mai jujjuyawar, wanda aka saka shi cikin kuma tuntuɓar sel masu siffa na yau da kullun a cikin girman AAA, AA, C da D, resp. ninkin girmansu. Don wasu aikace -aikace na musamman, ana samar da sel masu lebur na musamman.

Amfanin sel hermetic tare da na'urorin lantarki na karkace shine sau da yawa mafi girma ikon caji da fitarwa tare da manyan igiyoyin ruwa da rabon ƙarfin kuzari zuwa nauyin tantanin halitta da girma idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar manyan tantanin halitta na gargajiya. Rashin lahani shine ƙarin fitar da kai da ƙarancin zagayowar aiki. Matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙwayar NiMH guda ɗaya shine kusan 10 Ah. Amma, kamar yadda yake tare da sauran manyan diamita na Silinda, ba sa ƙyale cajin magudanar ruwa mai yawa saboda matsalar ɓarkewar zafi, wanda ke rage yawan amfani da motocin lantarki, sabili da haka ana amfani da wannan tushen kawai azaman ƙarin baturi a cikin tsarin matasan (Toyota Prius). 1,3 kWh).

Wani muhimmin ci gaba a fagen ajiyar makamashi shine haɓaka batir lithium amintattu. Lithium wani sinadari ne mai kima mai kima na electrochemical, amma kuma yana da matuƙar amsawa a ma'anar oxidative, wanda kuma yana haifar da matsala yayin amfani da ƙarfe na lithium a aikace. Lokacin da lithium ya shiga cikin hulɗa da oxygen na yanayi, konewa yana faruwa, wanda, dangane da kaddarorin yanayi, zai iya samun yanayin fashewa. Ana iya kawar da wannan kadarar mara daɗi ko dai ta hanyar kiyaye saman a hankali, ko kuma ta amfani da mahaɗan lithium marasa aiki. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan baturan lithium-ion da lithium-polymer da ke da damar 2 zuwa 4 Ah a cikin ampere-hours. Amfaninsu yayi kama da na NiMh, kuma a matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na 3,2 V, 6 zuwa 13 Wh na makamashi yana samuwa. Idan aka kwatanta da baturan hydride na nickel-metal, baturan lithium na iya adana makamashi sau biyu zuwa hudu don girma iri ɗaya. Batura lithium-ion (polymer) suna da electrolyte a cikin gel ko sifa mai ƙarfi kuma ana iya kera su a cikin lebur sel kamar sirara kamar ƴan kashi goma na millimeter a kusan kowace siffa don dacewa da bukatun aikace-aikacen daban-daban.

Za a iya yin tuƙin lantarki a cikin motar fasinja a matsayin babba kuma ɗaya ɗaya kawai (motar lantarki) ko a haɗa, inda injin ɗin lantarki zai iya zama duka tushen maɗaukaki da maɗaukaki (hybrid drive). Dangane da bambance-bambancen da aka yi amfani da su, buƙatun makamashi don aikin abin hawa don haka ƙarfin batura ya bambanta. A cikin motocin lantarki, ƙarfin baturi yana tsakanin 25 zuwa 50 kWh, kuma tare da injin ɗin matasan, yana da ƙasa da ƙasa kuma yana daga 1 zuwa 10 kWh. Daga darajar da aka ba da za a iya gani cewa a wani irin ƙarfin lantarki na daya (lithium) cell na 3,6 V, shi wajibi ne don haɗa sel a cikin jerin. Don rage hasara a cikin masu rarraba rarrabawa, masu juyawa da windings na mota, ana bada shawara don zaɓar ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin hanyar sadarwa na kan jirgi (12 V) don tafiyarwa - ƙimar da aka saba amfani da su daga 250 zuwa 500 V. Daga a yau, ƙwayoyin lithium a fili sune mafi dacewa nau'in. Tabbas, har yanzu suna da tsada sosai, musamman idan aka kwatanta da batirin gubar-acid. Duk da haka, sun fi wuya.

Matsakaicin ƙarancin ƙarfin batirin lithium na al'ada shine 3,6 V. Wannan ƙimar ya bambanta da ƙwayoyin hydride na nickel-metal na al'ada, bi da bi. NiCd, wanda ke da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki na 1,2 V (ko gubar - 2V), wanda, idan aka yi amfani da shi a aikace, ba ya ba da damar musanyawa na nau'ikan biyu. Cajin waɗannan batir lithium yana da alaƙa da buƙatar kiyaye ƙimar matsakaicin ƙarfin caji, wanda ke buƙatar nau'in caja na musamman kuma, musamman, baya ba da izinin amfani da tsarin caji da aka tsara don sauran nau'ikan sel.

Babban halayen batirin lithium

Babban halayen batura don motocin lantarki da na’urori masu ƙarfi za a iya ɗaukar su cajin cajin da fitowar su.

Halayen caji 

Tsarin caji yana buƙatar ƙa'idar caji na yanzu, ikon sarrafa ƙarfin sel da sarrafa zafin jiki na yanzu ba za a iya tsallake shi ba. Don ƙwayoyin lithium da ake amfani da su a yau waɗanda ke amfani da LiCoO2 azaman lantarki na cathode, matsakaicin iyakar ƙarfin wutar lantarki shine 4,20 zuwa 4,22 V a kowace sel. Wucewa wannan ƙimar yana haifar da lalacewar kaddarorin tantanin halitta kuma, akasin haka, rashin isa ga wannan ƙimar yana nufin rashin amfani da ƙarfin tantanin halitta. Don caji, ana amfani da sifar IU da aka saba amfani da ita, wato, a matakin farko ana cajin ta da mitar har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ƙarfin lantarki na 4,20 V / cell. Yanayin cajin yana iyakance zuwa ƙimar halattacciyar ƙimar da mai ƙera tantanin halitta ya kayyade, bi da bi. zaɓuɓɓukan caja. Lokacin cajin a matakin farko ya bambanta daga mintuna goma da yawa zuwa sa'o'i da yawa, gwargwadon girman cajin yanzu. Siginar salula a hankali yana ƙaruwa har zuwa max. dabi'u na 4,2 V. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, bai kamata a wuce wannan ƙarfin lantarki ba saboda haɗarin lalacewar tantanin halitta. A kashi na farko na caji, kashi 70 zuwa 80% na kuzarin yana adanawa a cikin sel, a kashi na biyu sauran. A kashi na biyu, ana kiyaye ƙarfin cajin a matsakaicin ƙimar halatta, kuma cajin cajin yana raguwa a hankali. Cajin ya cika lokacin da halin yanzu ya ragu zuwa kusan 2-3% na ƙimar fitar da tantanin halitta. Tun da mafi girman ƙimar cajin cajin a cikin ƙaramin sel shima sau da yawa ya fi yadda ake fitarwa yanzu, ana iya adana babban ɓangaren wutar lantarki a farkon caji na farko. makamashi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (kusan ½ da awa 1). Don haka, idan akwai gaggawa, yana yiwuwa a cajin batirin motar lantarki zuwa isasshen ƙarfin cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ko da a cikin ƙwayoyin lithium, wutar lantarki da aka tara tana raguwa bayan wani lokacin ajiya. Koyaya, wannan yana faruwa ne kawai bayan kusan watanni 3 na raguwa.

Halayen fitarwa

Ƙarfin wutar lantarki da farko yana raguwa cikin sauri zuwa 3,6-3,0 V (ya danganta da girman halin da ake fitarwa yanzu) kuma ya kasance yana da ɗaci a duk faɗin fitowar. Bayan gajiyar samar da imel. makamashin kuma yana rage ƙarfin wutan lantarki da sauri. Sabili da haka, dole ne a kammala fitar da fitowar ba tare da ƙayyadadden ƙarfin fitarwa na masana'anta na 2,7 zuwa 3,0 V.

In ba haka ba, tsarin samfurin na iya lalacewa. Tsarin saukarwa yana da sauƙin sarrafawa. An iyakance shi kawai ta ƙimar halin yanzu kuma yana tsayawa lokacin da aka kai ƙimar ƙarfin fitowar ƙarshe. Matsalar kawai ita ce kaddarorin sel guda ɗaya a cikin jerin jeri ba ɗaya bane. Sabili da haka, dole ne a kula don tabbatar da cewa ƙarfin kowane sel ba ya faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin fitarwa na ƙarshe, saboda wannan na iya lalata shi kuma don haka ya sa gaba ɗaya batirin ya lalace. Hakanan yakamata ayi la’akari da lokacin cajin baturi.

Nau'in nau'in lithium da aka ambata tare da kayan cathode daban-daban, wanda aka maye gurbin oxide na cobalt, nickel ko manganese da phosphide Li3V2 (PO4) 3, yana kawar da haɗarin da aka ambata na lalacewar sel saboda rashin bin doka. mafi girma iya aiki. Hakanan an ayyana rayuwar hidimarsu da aka ayyana na kusan cajin cajin 2 (a 000% fitarwa) kuma musamman kasancewar lokacin da aka saki sel gaba ɗaya, ba zai lalace ba. Hakanan fa'idar ita ce babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kusan 80 lokacin caji har zuwa 4,2 V.

Daga bayanin da ke sama, ana iya nuna a sarari cewa batirin lithium a halin yanzu shine kawai madadin kamar adana makamashi don tuka mota idan aka kwatanta da makamashin da aka adana a cikin burbushin mai a cikin tankin mai. Duk wani ƙaruwa da keɓaɓɓen ƙarfin baturi zai haɓaka fa'idar wannan fa'ida ta muhalli. Za mu iya fatan kawai cewa ci gaban ba zai ragu ba, amma, akasin haka, ci gaba da mil da yawa.

Misalai na motoci ta amfani da matasan batura da lantarki

Toyota Prius tsoffin matasan da ke da ƙarancin wutar lantarki akan ingantaccen lantarki. tuki

Toyota Prius yana amfani da batirin NiMH na 1,3 kWh, wanda aka fi amfani da shi azaman tushen wutar lantarki don hanzartawa kuma yana ba da damar amfani da kebul na lantarki daban don nisan kusan kilomita 2 a max. saurin 50 km / h. Sigar Plug-In ta riga tana amfani da batirin lithium-ion tare da ƙarfin 5,4 kWh, wanda ke ba ku damar tuƙi na musamman akan injin lantarki don nisan 14-20 kilomita a matsakaicin gudu. gudun 100 km / h.

Opel Ampere-hybrid tare da ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki akan ingantaccen imel. tuki

Motar lantarki tare da madaidaicin kewayo (40-80 km), kamar yadda Opel ya kira Amper mai kujeru hudu mai kujeru hudu, yana amfani da injin lantarki tare da 111 kW (150 hp) da 370 Nm na karfin juyi. Ana samar da wutan lantarkin da lithium mai siffar T 220. Suna da jimillar karfin 16 kWh da nauyin kilo 180. Injin janareto injin injin mai lita 1,4 tare da fitar da kW 63.

Mitsubishi da MiEV, Citroën C-Zero, Peugeot iOn-clean el. motoci

Lithium-ion batir mai karfin 16 kWh yana ba da damar abin hawa ya yi tafiya har zuwa kilomita 150 ba tare da caji ba, kamar yadda aka auna daidai da ma'aunin NEDC (Sabuwar Turawar Turawa ta Turai). Manyan batura masu ƙarfin lantarki (330 V) suna cikin cikin bene kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar shimfiɗar jariri daga lalacewa idan akwai tasiri. Samfurin Lithium Energy Japan ne, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Mitsubishi da GS Yuasa Corporation. Akwai labaran guda 88 a duka. Ana ba da wutar lantarki don tuƙi ta batirin lithium-ion 330 V, wanda ya ƙunshi sel 88 50 Ah tare da jimlar ƙarfin 16 kWh. Za a yi cajin baturi daga tashar gida a cikin sa'o'i shida, ta amfani da caja mai sauri na waje (125 A, 400 V), za a caje baturin zuwa kashi 80% cikin rabin sa'a.

Ni kaina babban mai sha'awar motocin lantarki ne kuma koyaushe ina lura da abubuwan da ke faruwa a wannan yanki, amma gaskiyar a halin yanzu ba ta da kyakkyawan fata. Wannan kuma bayanan da ke sama sun tabbatar da hakan, wanda ke nuni da cewa rayuwar motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki da na hadaddun ba su da sauki, kuma sau da yawa wasan lambobi ne kawai ke yin kamar. Samuwar su har yanzu yana da matukar wahala kuma yana da tsada, kuma ana iya yin muhawara akai-akai akan tasirin su. Babban rashin lahani na motocin lantarki (hybrids) shine ƙarancin takamaiman ƙarfin makamashin da aka adana a cikin batura idan aka kwatanta da makamashin da aka adana a cikin man fetur na al'ada (dizal, man fetur, iskar gas mai ruwa, iskar gas mai matsewa). Don da gaske kusantar da ƙarfin motocin lantarki kusa da motoci na yau da kullun, batir dole ne su rage nauyinsu da akalla kashi goma. Wannan yana nufin cewa Audi R8 e-tron da aka ambata ya adana 42 kWh ba a cikin 470 kg ba, amma a cikin 47 kg. Bugu da kari, za a rage lokacin caji sosai. Kimanin sa'a daya a 70-80% iya aiki har yanzu yana da yawa, kuma ba na magana game da sa'o'i 6-8 akan matsakaici akan cikakken cajin. Babu buƙatar yin imani da ɓacin rai game da samar da motocin lantarki na CO2 ko dai. Nan da nan mu lura da gaskiyar cewa Har ila yau, makamashin da ke cikin kwasfanmu yana samar da shi ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta thermal, kuma ba kawai suna samar da isasshen CO2 ba. Ba a ma maganar samar da ƙarin hadaddun irin wannan motar ba, inda buƙatar CO2 don samarwa ya fi girma fiye da na gargajiya. Kada mu manta game da adadin abubuwan da ke ɗauke da abubuwa masu nauyi da masu guba da matsalar zubar da su ta gaba.

Tare da duk minuses da aka ambata kuma ba a ambata ba, motar lantarki (matasan) ita ma tana da fa'idodi da ba za a iya musantawa ba. A cikin zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar birane ko a kan ɗan gajeren nisa, aikinsu na tattalin arziƙi ba zai iya musantawa ba, kawai saboda ka'idar ajiyar makamashi (farfadowa) yayin birki, lokacin da a cikin motocin al'ada an cire shi yayin birki a cikin yanayin sharar gida a cikin iska, ba don ambaci yuwuwar 'yan kilomita kaɗan zagayawa cikin birni don yin caji mai arha daga imel ɗin jama'a. net. Idan muka kwatanta motar lantarki mai tsabta da motar gargajiya, to, a cikin mota ta al'ada akwai injin konewa na ciki, wanda a cikin kanta shine wani nau'in inji mai rikitarwa. Dole ne a canza ƙarfinsa zuwa ƙafafun ta wata hanya, kuma ana yin wannan galibi ta hanyar hannu ko watsawa ta atomatik. Har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance guda ɗaya ko fiye a cikin hanyar, wani lokacin kuma ma'aunin tuƙi da jerin mashinan axle. Tabbas, motar kuma tana buƙatar rage gudu, injin yana buƙatar yin sanyi, kuma wannan makamashin thermal yana ɓacewa mara amfani ga muhalli kamar sauran zafi. Motar lantarki ta fi dacewa da sauƙi - (ba ta amfani da motar matasan, wanda yake da rikitarwa). Motar lantarki ba ta ƙunshi akwatunan gear, akwatunan gear, cardan da rabin raƙuman ruwa ba, manta da injin gaba, baya ko a tsakiya. Ba ya ƙunshi radiyo, watau coolant da Starter. Amfanin motar lantarki shine cewa tana iya shigar da injina kai tsaye cikin ƙafafun. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani kuna da cikakken ATV wanda zai iya sarrafa kowace dabara ba tare da sauran ba. Sabili da haka, tare da motar lantarki, ba zai zama da wahala a sarrafa ƙafa ɗaya kawai ba, kuma yana yiwuwa a zaɓa da sarrafa mafi kyawun rarraba wutar lantarki don kusurwa. Kowannen injinan kuma yana iya zama birki, kuma gaba ɗaya mai zaman kansa daga sauran ƙafafun, waɗanda ke juyar da aƙalla wasu makamashin motsa jiki zuwa makamashin lantarki. A sakamakon haka, birki na al'ada za a fuskanci ƙarancin damuwa. Injin ɗin na iya samar da mafi girman ƙarfin da ake samu a kusan kowane lokaci kuma ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Ingancinsu wajen juyar da makamashin da aka adana a cikin batura zuwa makamashin motsa jiki ya kai kusan kashi 90%, wanda ya ninka na injinan na yau da kullun sau uku. Saboda haka, ba sa haifar da zafi mai yawa kuma ba sa buƙatar yin wahalar sanyi. Duk abin da kuke buƙata don wannan shine kayan aiki mai kyau, na'ura mai sarrafawa da kuma mai tsara shirye-shirye.

Suma summarum. Idan motocin lantarki ko Hybrids sun fi kusa da motoci na gargajiya tare da injunan ingantaccen mai, har yanzu suna da hanya mai wahala da wahala a gabansu. Ina fatan wannan ba a tabbatar da shi ba ta adadin lambobin ɓatarwa ko. karin matsin lamba daga jami'ai. Amma kada mu yanke kauna. Haɓaka fasahar nanotechnology da gaske yana motsawa ta hanyar tsalle -tsalle, kuma, wataƙila, mu'ujizai suna nan a shirye don mu nan gaba.

A ƙarshe, zan ƙara wani abu mai ban sha'awa. Tuni akwai tashar mai da hasken rana.

Kamfanin Toyota Industries Corp (TIC) ya haɓaka tashar caji na hasken rana don motocin lantarki da naura. Hakanan tashar tana da alaƙa da tashar wutar lantarki, don haka fannonin hasken rana na 1,9 kW sun fi yiwuwa ƙarin ƙarfin kuzari. Yin amfani da tushen wutan lantarki (hasken rana), tashar caji na iya samar da madaidaicin ƙarfin 110 VAC / 1,5 kW, lokacin da aka haɗa shi zuwa mains, yana ba da iyakar 220 VAC / 3,2 kW.

Ana adana wutar da ba a amfani da ita daga hasken rana a cikin batir, wanda zai iya adana 8,4 kWh don amfani daga baya. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a samar da wutar lantarki ga cibiyar rarraba ko kayan haɗin tashar. Wuraren cajin da ake amfani da su a tashar suna da fasahar sadarwa mai ginawa da ke iya tantance motoci daidai gwargwado. masu su ta amfani da katunan wayo.

Sharuɗɗa masu mahimmanci don batura

• Ikon - yana nuna adadin cajin lantarki (yawan kuzari) da aka adana a cikin baturi. An ƙayyade shi a cikin awoyi na ampere (Ah) ko, a cikin yanayin ƙananan na'urori, a cikin milliamp hours (mAh). Batir A 1 Ah (= 1000 mAh) yana da ikon iya isar da amp 1 na awa daya.
• Juriya na ciki - yana nuna ikon baturin don samar da ƙarin ko žasa da fitarwa na halin yanzu. Don misali, ana iya amfani da gwangwani guda biyu, ɗaya tare da ƙarami (ƙananan juriya na ciki) ɗayan kuma mafi girma (ƙananan juriya na ciki). Idan muka yanke shawarar zubar da su, gwangwani mai ƙaramin rami na magudanar ruwa zai fi komai a hankali.
• Ƙimar ƙarfin baturi - don batirin nickel-cadmium da nickel-metal hydride baturi, yana da 1,2 V, gubar 2 V da lithium daga 3,6 zuwa 4,2 V. A lokacin aiki, wannan ƙarfin lantarki ya bambanta tsakanin 0,8 - 1,5 V don nickel -cadmium da nickel-metal hydride batura, 1,7 - 2,3 V na gubar da 3-4,2 da 3,5-4,9 don lithium.
• Cajin halin yanzu, fitarwa na yanzu - an bayyana a cikin ampere (A) ko milliamps (mA). Wannan muhimmin bayani ne don amfani mai amfani na baturin da ake tambaya ga wata na'ura. Hakanan yana ƙayyade sharuɗɗan daidaitaccen caji da cajin baturi don a yi amfani da ƙarfinsa zuwa matsakaicin kuma a lokaci guda ba a lalata ba.
• Cajin acc. kwana mai lankwasa - a hoto yana nuna canjin wutar lantarki dangane da lokacin caji ko fitar da baturi. Lokacin da baturi ya cika, yawanci ana samun ƙaramin canji a ƙarfin lantarki na kusan kashi 90% na lokacin fitarwa. Saboda haka, yana da matukar wahala a iya tantance yanayin baturin yanzu daga ma'aunin ƙarfin lantarki.
• Fitar da kai, fitar da kai – Baturi ba zai iya kula da wutar lantarki koyaushe. makamashi, tun lokacin da abin da aka yi a na'urorin lantarki abu ne mai juyawa. Batirin da aka caje a hankali yana fitarwa da kansa. Wannan tsari na iya ɗaukar makonni da yawa zuwa watanni. A cikin baturan gubar-acid, wannan shine 5-20% a kowane wata, na baturan nickel-cadmium - kusan kashi 1% na cajin wutar lantarki a kowace rana, a yanayin baturin hydride na nickel-metal - kusan 15-20% kowace rana. wata, kuma lithium yana asarar kusan 60%. iya aiki na watanni uku. Fitar da kai ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da juriya na ciki (batura tare da mafi girman juriya na ciki ƙasa) kuma ba shakka ƙira, kayan da aka yi amfani da su da kuma aikin suna da mahimmanci.
•  Baturi (kaya) – A cikin yanayi na musamman kawai ana amfani da batura daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa su a cikin saiti, kusan koyaushe ana haɗa su a cikin jerin. Matsakaicin halin yanzu na irin wannan saitin daidai yake da matsakaicin halin yanzu na tantanin halitta ɗaya, madaidaicin ƙarfin lantarki shine jimlar ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na ɗayan sel.
•  Tattara batura.  Sabon baturi ko wanda ba a amfani da shi yakamata a yiwa ɗaya amma zai fi dacewa da yawa (3-5) jinkirin cikakken cajin da jinkirin juyawa. Wannan jinkirin tsari yana saita ma'aunin batir zuwa matakin da ake so.
•  Tasirin ƙwaƙwalwa - Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da baturi ya yi caji da kuma fitar da shi zuwa matakin guda tare da kusan akai-akai, ba mai yawa ba, kuma kada a sami cikakken caji ko zurfafawa na tantanin halitta. Wannan sakamako na gefen ya shafi NiCd (mafi ƙarancin NiMH).