Abin hawan batir

A cikin abin hawa na lantarki, baturi, ko kuma fakitin baturi, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Wannan bangaren yana ƙayyade, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, kewayon, lokacin caji, nauyi da farashin abin hawa na lantarki. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu kawo muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da baturi.

Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa motocin lantarki suna amfani da batir lithium-ion. Hakanan ana iya samun batura irin wannan a cikin wayoyin hannu da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Akwai nau'ikan batura lithium-ion iri daban-daban waɗanda ke sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa daban-daban kamar cobalt, manganese ko nickel. Amfanin batirin lithium-ion shine cewa suna da ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari da kuma tsawon rayuwar sabis. Rashin hasara shi ne cewa ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da cikakken iko ba. Yin cajin baturi gaba ɗaya yana da illa. Za a ba da ƙarin kulawa a cikin sakin layi na gaba.

Ba kamar waya ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ba, motocin lantarki suna da baturi mai caji wanda ya ƙunshi sawun sel. Waɗannan sel suna samar da gungu wanda za'a iya haɗa su a jere ko a layi daya. Baturin yana ɗaukar sarari da yawa kuma yayi nauyi mai yawa. Don rarraba nauyi gwargwadon yiwuwa a cikin abin hawa, yawanci ana gina baturi a cikin farantin ƙasa.

Iyawa

Ƙarfin baturi muhimmin abu ne a cikin aikin abin hawan lantarki. An ƙayyade ƙarfin a cikin awoyi na kilowatt (kWh). Misali, Tesla Model 3 Long Range yana da batir 75 kWh, yayin da Volkswagen e-Up yana da baturin 36,8 kWh. Menene ainihin ma'anar wannan lambar?

Watt - don haka kilowatt - yana nufin ikon da baturi zai iya samarwa. Idan baturi ya ba da wutar lantarki kilowatt 1 na awa daya, kilowatt 1 kenan.awa makamashi. Ƙarfi shine adadin kuzarin da baturi zai iya adanawa. Ana ƙididdige watt-hours ta hanyar ninka adadin amp-hours (cajin lantarki) da adadin volts (voltage).

A aikace, ba za ku taɓa samun cikakken ƙarfin baturi a wurinku ba. Baturin da aka cire gaba daya - don haka yana amfani da 100% na karfinsa - yana da illa ga tsawon rayuwarsa. Idan ƙarfin lantarki ya yi ƙasa sosai, abubuwa na iya lalacewa. Don hana wannan, na'urorin lantarki koyaushe suna barin buffer. Cikakkun cajin kuma baya taimakawa baturin. Zai fi kyau a yi cajin baturi daga 20% zuwa 80% ko wani wuri tsakanin. Lokacin da muke magana game da baturi 75kWh, wannan yana da cikakken ƙarfi. Don haka, a aikace, koyaushe dole ne ku yi hulɗa da ƙarancin amfani.

zafin jiki

Zazzabi muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar ƙarfin baturi. Batirin sanyi yana haifar da raguwa mai yawa a iya aiki. Wannan saboda sinadarai a cikin baturi baya aiki sosai a ƙananan zafin jiki. A sakamakon haka, a cikin hunturu dole ne ku yi hulɗa da ƙananan kewayo. Har ila yau, yanayin zafi mai girma yana rinjayar aiki, amma zuwa ƙarami. Zafi yana da babban mummunan tasiri akan rayuwar baturi. Don haka, sanyi yana da tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da zafi yana da tasiri na dogon lokaci.

Yawancin motocin lantarki suna da Tsarin Gudanar da Baturi (BMS) wanda ke lura da yanayin zafi, da sauran abubuwa. Tsarin sau da yawa kuma yana shiga tsakani ta hanyar dumama, sanyaya da / ko samun iska.

tsawon rai

Mutane da yawa suna mamakin menene rayuwar baturin motar lantarki. Tun da har yanzu motocin lantarki suna da ƙanana, har yanzu ba a sami takamaiman amsa ba, musamman idan aka zo ga sabbin batura. Tabbas, wannan kuma ya dogara da motar.

Rayuwar sabis ɗin an ƙayyade ta wani ɓangare ta yawan adadin cajin. A wasu kalmomi: sau nawa ake cajin baturi daga komai zuwa cikakke. Don haka, za a iya raba zagayen caji zuwa caji da yawa. Kamar yadda aka fada a baya, yana da kyau a yi caji tsakanin 20% zuwa 80% kowane lokaci don tsawaita rayuwar baturi.

Yin caji da sauri fiye da kima ba shi da amfani ga tsawaita rayuwar baturi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yayin caji mai sauri, zafin jiki yana tashi sosai. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, matsanancin zafi yana shafar rayuwar baturi mara kyau. A ka'ida, motoci tare da tsarin sanyaya mai aiki na iya tsayayya da wannan. Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar canza caji mai sauri da caji na al'ada. Ba wai caji mai sauri yana da kyau ba.

Motocin lantarki sun jima suna kasuwa yanzu. Don haka, tare da waɗannan motocin, zaku iya ganin nawa ƙarfin baturi ya ragu. Yawan aiki yana raguwa da kusan 2,3% a kowace shekara. Duk da haka, haɓaka fasahar baturi ba ta tsaya cik ba, don haka ƙimar lalacewa yana raguwa kawai.

Tare da motocin lantarki da suka yi tafiyar kilomita da yawa, raguwar wutar ba ta da kyau. Teslas, wanda ya yi tafiyar kilomita 250.000 90, wani lokacin yana da fiye da XNUMX% na ƙarfin baturin su. A gefe guda, akwai kuma Teslas inda aka maye gurbin duka baturi tare da ƙarancin nisan mil.

samarwa

Samar da batura na motocin lantarki kuma yana haifar da tambayoyi: yaya rashin daidaituwar muhalli ke samar da irin waɗannan batura? Shin abubuwan da ba a so suna faruwa a lokacin aikin samarwa? Waɗannan batutuwan suna da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin baturin. Tunda motocin lantarki suna aiki akan batir lithium-ion, lithium shine muhimmin albarkatun ƙasa ta wata hanya. Koyaya, ana kuma amfani da wasu albarkatun ƙasa da yawa. Hakanan ana amfani da Cobalt, nickel, manganese da / ko baƙin ƙarfe phosphate dangane da nau'in baturi.

Muhalli

Cire waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa yana da illa ga muhalli kuma yana lalata yanayin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, ba a amfani da makamashin kore sau da yawa wajen samarwa. Don haka, motocin lantarki kuma suna shafar muhalli. Gaskiya ne cewa albarkatun baturi ana iya sake yin amfani da su sosai. Ana iya amfani da batura da aka jefar daga motocin lantarki don wasu dalilai kuma. Kara karantawa kan wannan batu a cikin labarin kan yadda motocin lantarki ke da alaƙa da muhalli.

Yanayin aiki

Daga ra'ayi na yanayin aiki, cobalt shine mafi matsala albarkatun kasa. Akwai damuwa game da yancin ɗan adam a lokacin da ake hakar ma'adinai a Kongo. Suna magana game da cin zarafi da aikin yara. Af, wannan ba kawai yana da alaƙa da motocin lantarki ba. Wannan batu kuma yana shafar baturan waya da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.

Kudin

Batura sun ƙunshi albarkatun ƙasa masu tsada. Misali, bukatar cobalt, kuma da shi farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi. Nickel kuma ɗanyen abu ne mai tsada. Wannan yana nufin cewa farashin samar da batura ya yi yawa sosai. Wannan na daya daga cikin dalilan da ke sa motocin lantarki suka fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da man fetur ko dizal dinsu. Hakanan yana nufin cewa bambance-bambancen samfurin motar lantarki tare da baturi mafi girma sau da yawa yakan zama tsada sosai nan da nan. Labari mai dadi shine cewa batura sun fi arha tsari.

Zazzagewa

Yawanci

Motar lantarki koyaushe tana nuna adadin adadin cajin baturi. Ana kuma kiransa Jihar caji ake kira. Hanyar auna madaidaicin ita ce Zurfin fitarwa... Wannan yana nuna yadda baturin ya fito, ba yadda ya cika ba. Kamar yadda yake da yawancin motocin mai ko dizal, wannan sau da yawa yana fassarawa zuwa kiyasin sauran nisan mil.

Motar ba za ta taɓa faɗi daidai adadin adadin batirin ba, don haka yana da kyau kar a gwada kaddara. Lokacin da baturi ya kusa yin ƙasa, za a kashe kayan alatu marasa amfani kamar dumama da kwandishan. Idan lamarin ya yi muni sosai, motar za ta iya tafiya a hankali. 0% baya nufin batirin da ya fita gabaɗaya saboda buffer ɗin da aka ambata.

Adarfin iko

Lokacin caji ya dogara da abin hawa da kuma hanyar caji. A cikin motar kanta, ƙarfin baturi da ƙarfin caji suna da mahimmanci. An riga an tattauna ƙarfin baturi a baya. Lokacin da aka bayyana wutar lantarki a cikin awoyi na kilowatt (kWh), ana bayyana ƙarfin caji a cikin kilowatts (kW). Ana ƙididdige shi ta hanyar ninka ƙarfin lantarki (a cikin amperes) da na yanzu (volts). Mafi girman ƙarfin caji, da sauri abin hawa zai yi caji.

Ana cajin tashoshin cajin jama'a na al'ada da ko dai 11 kW ko 22 kW AC. Duk da haka, ba duk motocin lantarki sun dace da cajin 22 kW ba. Ana cajin caja masu sauri tare da na yau da kullun. Wannan yana yiwuwa tare da ƙarfin ɗagawa mafi girma. Tesla Superchargers Cajin 120kW da Saurin Caja 50kW 175kW. Ba duk motocin lantarki sun dace da caji da sauri tare da babban ƙarfin 120 ko 175 kW ba.

Tashoshin cajin jama'a

Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa caji tsari ne wanda ba na layi ba. Yin caji a 20% na ƙarshe yana da hankali sosai. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake yawan kiran lokacin caji da caji zuwa 80%.

Lokacin lodawa ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Abu ɗaya shine ko kuna amfani da caji lokaci ɗaya ko uku. Cajin mataki uku shine mafi sauri, amma ba duk motocin lantarki ne suka dace da wannan ba. Bugu da kari, wasu gidajen suna amfani ne kawai da haɗin kai-ɗaya maimakon mai hawa uku.

Tashoshin caji na jama'a na yau da kullun suna da matakai uku kuma ana samun su a cikin 16 da 32 amps. Cajin (0% zuwa 80%) na motar lantarki tare da baturi 50 kWh yana ɗaukar kimanin sa'o'i 16 a tashoshin caji na 11 A ko 3,6 kW. Zai ɗauki sa'o'i 32 tare da tashoshin caji 22 amp (sandunan 1,8 kW).

Koyaya, ana iya yin shi har ma da sauri: tare da caja mai sauri 50 kW, yana ɗaukar ƙasa da mintuna 50 kawai. A zamanin yau akwai kuma caja masu sauri na 175 kW, wanda za'a iya cajin baturin 50 kWh har zuwa 80% a cikin mintuna XNUMX. Don ƙarin bayani kan tashoshin cajin jama'a, duba labarin mu akan tashoshin caji a cikin Netherlands.

Yin caji a gida

Hakanan yana yiwuwa a yi caji a gida. Ƙananan tsofaffin gidaje sau da yawa ba su da haɗin kai mai matakai uku. Lokacin caji, ba shakka, ya dogara da ƙarfin halin yanzu. A halin yanzu na amperes 16, motar lantarki tare da baturi 50 kWh yana cajin 10,8% a cikin sa'o'i 80. A halin yanzu na amperes 25, wannan shine awanni 6,9, kuma a amperes 35, awanni 5. Labarin kan samun tashar cajin ku yana yin ƙarin dalla-dalla game da caji a gida. Kuna iya tambaya: nawa ne farashin cikakken baturi? Za a amsa wannan tambayar a cikin labarin akan farashin tuƙin lantarki.

Don taƙaita

Baturin shine mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren abin hawan lantarki. Yawancin rashin lahani na abin hawa lantarki suna da alaƙa da wannan bangaren. Batura har yanzu suna da tsada, nauyi, masu kula da yanayin zafi kuma ba su dace da muhalli ba. A gefe guda, ƙasƙanci a kan lokaci ba shi da kyau. Menene ƙari, batura sun riga sun fi arha, sauƙi da inganci fiye da yadda suke a da. Masu kera suna aiki tuƙuru a kan ƙarin haɓaka batura, don haka yanayin zai sami kyau kawai.