Filin Jirgin saman Duniya 2019
An gina filin jirgin sama na Hong Kong akan tsibiri na wucin gadi mai fadin kadada 1255, wanda aka kirkira bayan daidaita makwabciyarta biyu: Chek Lap Kok da Lam Chau. Ginin ya dauki shekaru shida kuma an kashe dala biliyan 20.
A bara, filayen jiragen saman duniya sun yi amfani da fasinjoji biliyan 9,1 da kuma tan miliyan 121,6 na kaya, kuma jiragen sadarwa sun yi sama da miliyan 90 na tashi da saukar jiragen sama. Idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, adadin fasinjojin ya karu da kashi 3,4%, yayin da yawan jigilar kayayyaki ya ragu da kashi 2,5%. Manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na fasinja sun rage: Atlanta (ton miliyan 110,5), Beijing (miliyan 100), Los Angeles, Dubai da Tokyo Haneda, da tashar jiragen ruwa: Hong Kong (ton miliyan 4,8), Memphis (ton miliyan 4,3) , Shanghai, Louisville da Seoul. A matsayi na Skytrax a cikin babban filin jirgin sama mafi kyau a duniya, Singapore ta yi nasara, yayin da Tokyo Haneda da Qatari Doha Hamad suka kasance a kan mumbari.
Kasuwar sufurin jiragen sama na daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arzikin duniya. Yana kunna haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa da kasuwanci kuma wani abu ne da ke haifar da ci gaban su. Babban abin da kasuwar ke da shi shine filayen saukar jiragen sama na sadarwa da filayen jirgin saman da ke aiki akan su (PL). Akwai dubu biyu da rabi daga cikinsu, daga mafi girma, da jiragen sama suke gudanar da ayyuka dari da dama a rana, zuwa mafi karami, inda ake yin su ba da dadewa ba. Kayan aikin tashar jiragen ruwa sun bambanta kuma sun dace da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.
Filin jirgin saman dakon kaya mafi girma a duniya shine Hong Kong, wanda ya dauki nauyin ton miliyan 4,81 na kaya. Masu jigilar kaya 40 suna aiki akai-akai, gami da Cathay Pacific Cargo, Cargolux, DHL Aviation da UPS Airlines.
Filayen jiragen sama galibi suna kusa da biranen agglomerations, kuma saboda amincin ayyukan iska, manyan wuraren da aka mamaye da kuma tsangwama amo, galibi suna kasancewa a nesa mai nisa daga cibiyarsu. Ga filayen jirgin saman Turai, matsakaicin nisa daga cibiyar shine kilomita 18,6. Sun fi kusa da cibiyar, ciki har da na Geneva (kilomita 4), Lisbon (kilomita 6), Düsseldorf (kilomita 6) da Warsaw (kilomita 7), yayin da mafi nisa shine Stockholm-Skavsta (kilomita 90) da tashar tashar Sandefjord. Thorp. (100 km), bautar Oslo. Dangane da halaye na aiki da fasaha da kuma yiwuwar yin hidima ga wasu nau'ikan jiragen sama, ana rarraba filayen jirgin sama bisa tsarin ka'idojin ƙididdiga. Ya ƙunshi lamba da harafi, wanda lambobi daga 1 zuwa 4 ke wakiltar tsawon titin jirgin sama, kuma haruffa daga A zuwa F suna ƙayyade ma'aunin fasaha na jirgin. Aerodrome na yau da kullun wanda zai iya ɗaukar, misali, jirgin sama na Airbus A320, yakamata ya kasance yana da ƙaramin lambar 3C (watau titin jirgin sama 1200-1800 m, wingspan 24-36 m). A Poland, Filin jirgin sama na Chopin da Katowice suna da mafi girman lambobin tunani na 4E. Lambobin da ICAO da Ƙungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama ta IATA suka bayar ana amfani da su don zayyana filayen jiragen sama da tashoshin jiragen ruwa. Lambobin ICAO sune lambobin haruffa huɗu kuma suna da tsarin yanki: harafin farko yana nuna wani yanki na duniya, na biyu yana nuna yankin gudanarwa ko ƙasa, biyun ƙarshe kuma suna nuna takamaiman filin jirgin sama (misali, EDDL - Turai, Jamus, Düsseldorf). Lambobin IATA lambobin haruffa uku ne kuma galibi suna komawa zuwa sunan birnin da tashar tashar jiragen ruwa take (misali, BRU - Brussels) ko sunanta (misali, LHR - London Heathrow).
Kudaden kuɗi na filayen jirgin sama daga ayyukan shekara-shekara yana kan matakin dalar Amurka biliyan 160-180. Kudaden da aka samu daga ayyukan jiragen sama an samo su ne daga kudade don: sarrafa fasinjoji da kaya a tashar jiragen ruwa, saukar jiragen sama da tasha na gaggawa, da kuma: cire kankara da kawar da dusar ƙanƙara, kariya ta musamman da sauransu. Su ne kusan kashi 55% na yawan kudaden shiga na tashar jiragen ruwa (misali, a cikin 2018 - dalar Amurka biliyan 99,6). Kudaden da ba na jiragen sama ba sun kai kusan kashi 40% kuma an samo su ne daga: lasisi, filin ajiye motoci da ayyukan haya (misali, a cikin 2018 - $ 69,8 biliyan). Kudin da ke tattare da aikin tashar jiragen ruwa a kowace shekara yana cinye kashi 60% na kudaden shiga, kashi uku na albashin ma'aikata. A kowace shekara, kuɗin faɗaɗawa da kuma zamanantar da ayyukan filin jirgin yana dalar Amurka biliyan 30-40.
Ƙungiyar da ta haɗa filayen jiragen sama a duniya ita ce ACI Airports Council International, wanda aka kafa a 1991. Yana wakiltar su a cikin shawarwari da shawarwari tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa (misali ICAO da IATA), sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da masu ɗaukar kaya, da haɓaka ƙa'idodi don sabis na tashar jiragen ruwa. A cikin Janairu 2020, masu aiki 668 sun shiga ACI, suna aiki da filayen jirgin sama 1979 a cikin ƙasashe 176. 95% na zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na duniya suna wucewa a can, wanda ke ba da damar yin la'akari da kididdigar wannan kungiya a matsayin wakilin duk hanyoyin sadarwa na jirgin sama. Ƙididdiga na yanzu da suka shafi ayyukan tashar jiragen ruwa ACI ne ke buga su a cikin rahotannin kowane wata, kusan kowace shekara a ƙarshen kwata na farko na shekara mai zuwa, kuma ana buga sakamakon ƙarshe bayan 'yan watanni. ACI World yana da hedikwata a Montreal kuma yana goyan bayan kwamitoci na musamman da rundunonin aiki kuma yana da ofisoshin yanki guda biyar: ACI Arewacin Amurka (Washington); ACI Turai (Brussels); ACI-Asiya/Pacific (Hong Kong); ACI-Afirka (Casablanca) da ACI-Amerika ta Kudu/Caribbean (Panama City).
Kididdigar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa 2019
A bara, filayen jiragen saman duniya sun yi amfani da fasinjoji biliyan 9,1 da kuma tan miliyan 121,6 na kaya. Idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, zirga-zirgar fasinja ta karu da kashi 3,4%. A cikin wasu watanni, haɓakar zirga-zirgar fasinja ya kasance daga 1,8% zuwa 3,8%, in ban da Janairu, inda ya kai 4,8%. An yi rikodin babban yanayin zirga-zirgar fasinja a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kudancin Amurka (3,7%), haɓakar ya kasance saboda jigilar cikin gida (4,7%). A cikin manyan kasuwanni a Asiya-Pacific, Turai da Arewacin Amurka, matsakaicin haɓaka ya kai tsakanin 3% da 3,4%.
Harkokin sufurin kaya ya canza sosai, yana nuna yanayin tattalin arzikin duniya. Harkokin filin jirgin sama na duniya ya ragu da -2,5%, tare da rashin aiki a Asiya Pacific (-4,3%), Kudancin Amirka (-3,5%) da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Mafi girman raguwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ya faru a watan Fabrairu (-5,4%) da Yuni (-5,1%), kuma mafi ƙanƙanta - a cikin Janairu da Disamba (-0,1%). A cikin babban kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, raguwar ta yi ƙasa da matsakaicin duniya na -0,5%. Mafi munin sakamako a jigilar kayayyaki a bara shine sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arzikin duniya, wanda ya haifar da raguwar jigilar kayayyaki, da kuma farkon annobar COVID-19 a karshen shekara (an fara wani yanayi mara kyau. ta filayen jirgin saman Asiya).
Ya kamata a lura da cewa, tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Afirka sun nuna mafi girman haɓakar haɓakar zirga-zirgar fasinja da kuma mafi ƙanƙanci na raguwar jigilar kaya, wanda ya kai 6,7% da -0,2%, bi da bi. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin tushe (rabo 2%), wannan ba wani sakamako mai mahimmanci ba ne akan sikelin duniya.
Manyan filayen jiragen sama
Ba a sami wasu manyan canje-canje a matsayin manyan filayen jiragen sama a duniya ba. Atlanta ta Amurka ta kasance jagora (fasfo miliyan 110,5), kuma Babban birnin Beijing yana matsayi na biyu (fis miliyan 100). Sai kuma: Los Angeles (miliyan 88), Dubai (miliyan 86), Tokyo Haneda, Chicago O'Hare, London Heathrow da Shanghai. Hong Kong ta kasance tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma, tana sarrafa tan miliyan 4,8 na kaya, sai Memphis (ton miliyan 4,3), Shanghai (tan miliyan 3,6), Louisville, Seoul, Anchorage da Dubai. Duk da haka, dangane da yawan tashi da saukar jiragen sama, mafi yawan zirga-zirga sune: Chicago O'Hare (920), Atlanta (904), Dallas (720), Los Angeles, Denver, Beijing Capital da Charlotte.
Daga cikin manyan filayen jirgin saman fasinja talatin (23% na zirga-zirga a duniya), goma sha uku suna cikin Asiya, tara a Arewacin Amurka, bakwai a Turai kuma daya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Daga cikin waɗannan, ashirin da uku sun sami karuwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, tare da mafi girman ƙarfin da aka samu: Amurka Dallas-Fort Worth (8,6%) da Denver, da Shenzhen na China. Daga cikin manyan kaya ashirin da ake sarrafa su ta hanyar ton (40% na zirga-zirga), tara suna cikin Asiya, biyar a Arewacin Amurka, hudu a Turai da biyu a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan goma sha bakwai sun sami raguwar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, mafi girman su shine Bangkok na Thailand (-11,2%), Amsterdam da Tokyo Narita. A daya bangaren kuma, daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa guda ashirin da biyar na tashi da saukar jiragen sama, goma sha uku suna Arewacin Amurka, shida a Asiya, biyar a Turai, daya kuma a Kudancin Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan, 19 sun sami karuwar adadin ma'amaloli, tare da mafi ƙarfi kasancewa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Amurka: Phoenix (10%), Dallas-Fort Worth da Denver.
Ƙarfin da ke haifar da haɓakar zirga-zirgar fasinja shine sufuri na ƙasa da ƙasa, yanayin da yake da shi (4,1%) ya kasance 2,8% sama da yanayin zirga-zirgar cikin gida (86,3%). Tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma wajen yawan fasinjojin duniya ita ce Dubai, wadda ta yi amfani da fasinjoji miliyan 76. Tashar jiragen ruwa masu zuwa suna cikin wannan rarrabuwa: London Heathrow (72M), Amsterdam (71M), Hong Kong (12,4M), Seoul, Paris, Singapore da Frankfurt. Daga cikin su, mafi girma kuzarin da aka rubuta ta Qatari Doha (19%), Madrid da Barcelona. Musamman ma, a cikin wannan matsayi, tashar jiragen ruwa na farko na Amurka shine kawai 34,3 (New York-JFK - XNUMX miliyan wucewa.).
Yawancin manyan biranen birni a cikin yanki na agglomeration suna da filayen jirgin sama da yawa na sadarwa. Babban zirga-zirgar fasinja ya kasance a cikin: London (filin jirgin sama: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City da Southend) - hanyoyi miliyan 181; New York (JFK, Newark da La Guardia) - miliyan 140; Tokyo (Haneda da Narita) - miliyan 130; Atlanta (Horstsfield) - miliyan 110; Paris (Charles de Gaulle da Orly) - miliyan 108; Chicago (O'Hare da Midway) - 105 miliyan da Moscow (Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo da Vnukovo) - 102 miliyan.
