Shekaru 50 na helikofta Gazelle
Rundunar Sojan Biritaniya Air Corps ita ce farkon mai amfani da Gazelle na soja. An yi amfani da fiye da kwafi 200 a matsayin horo, sadarwa da kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu; za su ci gaba da aiki har zuwa tsakiyar shekaru goma na uku na karni na ashirin da daya. Hoton Milos Rusecki
A bara, an yi bikin cika shekaru 60 na jirgin helikwafta na Gazelle. A cikin ƙarshen XNUMXs kuma cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ya kasance ɗayan mafi zamani, har ma da ƙirar avant-garde a cikin aji. Sabbin hanyoyin fasaha na fasaha sun saita yanayin ƙira na shekaru masu zuwa. A yau an maye gurbinsa da sababbin nau'ikan jirage masu saukar ungulu, amma har yanzu abin kallo ne kuma yana da magoya baya da yawa.
A cikin tsakiyar 60s, damuwar Faransa Sud Aviation ya riga ya zama sanannen masana'anta na helikwafta. A cikin 1965, an fara aiki a can akan magajin SA.318 Alouette II. A sa'i daya kuma, sojojin sun gabatar da bukatu don sa ido kan haske da helikwaftan sadarwa. Sabon aikin, wanda aka ba da lambar farko ta X-300, zai kasance sakamakon haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, musamman tare da Birtaniya, wanda dakarunsa ke da sha'awar sayen jirage masu saukar ungulu na wannan rukuni. Babban mai tsara kamfanin René Muyet ne ke kula da aikin. Da farko, ya kamata ya zama helikofta mai kujeru 4 tare da nauyin tashi ba fiye da 1200 kg ba. Daga ƙarshe, an ƙara ɗakin ɗakin zuwa kujeru biyar, a madadin tare da yiwuwar jigilar wadanda suka jikkata a kan shimfiɗa, kuma yawan jirgin helikwafta da ke shirye don tashi ya karu zuwa 1800 kg. An zaɓi mafi ƙarfi fiye da ƙirar injin da aka tsara na asali na samar da gida Turbomeca Astazou azaman tuƙi. A cikin watan Yuni 1964, kamfanin Jamus Bölkow (MBB) ya ba da izini don haɓaka babban na'ura mai juyi na avant-garde tare da kai mai ƙarfi da ruwan wukake. Jamusawa sun riga sun shirya irin wannan na'ura don sabon helikwafta Bö-105. Nau'in nau'in kai mai tsauri ya kasance mai sauƙin ƙira da amfani, kuma filayen gilashin lanƙwasa suna da ƙarfi sosai. Ba kamar babban rotor mai ruwa huɗu na Jamus ba, sigar Faransanci, mai gajeriyar MIR, za a kasance mai launi uku. An gwada na'urar rotor a kan samfurin masana'anta SA.3180-02 Alouette II, wanda ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1966.
Magani na juyin juya hali na biyu shine maye gurbin na'urar rotor na wutsiya mai ban sha'awa tare da fan mai yawan ruwa mai suna Fenestron (daga fenêtre na Faransa - taga). An ɗauka cewa fan ɗin zai zama mafi inganci kuma tare da ƙarancin ja, rage ƙarfin injin akan haɓakar wutsiya, da kuma rage matakin ƙara. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne ya kasance mafi aminci don aiki - ƙasa da lalacewa ta inji kuma ba ta da barazana ga mutanen da ke kusa da helikwafta. Har ma an yi la'akari da cewa a cikin jirgin a cikin saurin tafiya, ba za a kori fan ba, kuma karfin juzu'i na babban na'ura za a daidaita shi kawai ta hanyar stabilizer na tsaye. Duk da haka, ya nuna cewa ci gaban Fenestron ya kasance mai hankali fiye da aikin da aka yi a kan jirgin saman kanta. Saboda haka, samfurin farko na sabon helikwafta, wanda aka keɓe SA.340, na ɗan lokaci ya karɓi rotor wutsiya na al'ada uku wanda aka daidaita daga Alouette III.
Haihuwar wahala
Misali mai lamba 001 da lambar rajista F-WOFH ya yi jirginsa na farko a filin jirgin saman Marignane a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1967. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun hada da fitaccen matukin jirgi Jean Boulet da injiniya André Ganivet. An yi amfani da samfurin da injin Astazou IIN2 mai karfin 441 kW (600 hp). A watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, ya fara halartan taronsa na farko a Baje kolin Jiragen Sama na kasa da kasa a Le Bourget. Sai kawai samfur na biyu (002, F-ZWRA) ya sami babban fenestron a tsaye stabilizer da T-dimbin tsaye a kwance stabilizer kuma an gwada shi a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1968. Abin baƙin ciki, helikwafta ya kasance wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi ba kuma ya kasance marar ƙarfi a lokacin jirgin sama mai sauri. . Kawar da waɗannan lahani ya ɗauki kusan shekara ta gaba. Ya juya cewa Fenestron ya kamata, duk da haka, ya yi aiki a duk matakai na jirgin, rarraba iska yana gudana a kusa da wutsiya. Ba da da ewa ba, samfurin da aka sake ginawa No. 001, riga tare da Fenestron, tare da F-ZWRF rajista ya sake canza, ya shiga shirin gwajin. Yin la'akari da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu guda biyu, an sake fasalin mai daidaitawa a tsaye kuma an canja wurin taron wutsiya a kwance zuwa girman wutsiya, wanda ya ba da damar inganta ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali. Koyaya, madaidaicin shugaban rotor, wanda ya dace don daidaitawa mai raɗaɗi huɗu, ya kasance mai saurin jujjuyawa a cikin nau'in mai kauri uku. Lokacin da ya wuce 210 km / h yayin gwajin don iyakar gudu, rotor ya tsaya. Sai dai godiyar da ya samu ne matukin jirgin ya guje wa bala'in. An yi ƙoƙari don gyara hakan ta hanyar ƙara taurin wulakanci, wanda, duk da haka, bai inganta yanayin ba. A farkon 1969, an yanke shawarar ɗaukar mataki mai ma'ana a baya ta hanyar maye gurbin daɗaɗɗen shugaban rotor tare da ƙira mai tsauri tare da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya da axial hinges kuma ba a tsaye ba. An shigar da ingantaccen babban rotor akan ingantaccen samfurin farko na 001, kuma akan sigar samarwa ta farko SA.341 No. 01 (F-ZWRH). Ya juya daga cewa sabon, m avant-garde warhead, haɗe da m composite ruwan wukake, ba kawai muhimmanci matukin jirgi da maneuvering halaye na helikwafta, amma kuma rage vibration matakin na helikwafta. Na farko, haɗarin rotor jamming yana raguwa.
A halin da ake ciki, an warware batun hadin gwiwa tsakanin Franco da Burtaniya a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1968, Sud Aviation ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin Burtaniya na Westland don haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da samar da sabbin nau'ikan jirage masu saukar ungulu guda uku. The matsakaici kai helikofta da aka da za a sa a cikin serial samar da SA.330 Puma, da iska helikofta ga sojojin ruwa sojojin da anti-tanki helikofta ga sojojin - Birtaniya Lynx, da haske Multi-manufa helikwafta - da serial version. na Faransa SA.340 aikin, wanda sunan da aka zaba a kan harsunan kasashen biyu Gazelle. Bangarorin biyu za su ɗauki nauyin samarwa a cikin rabin.
A lokaci guda, ana samar da samfuran samfuri don motocin samarwa a cikin bambance-bambancen SA.341. Helicopters No. 02 (F-ZWRL) da No. 04 (F-ZWRK) sun kasance a Faransa. Bi da bi, lamba 03, asali rajista a matsayin F-ZWRI, an canjawa wuri a cikin watan Agusta 1969 zuwa Birtaniya, inda ya kasance a matsayin samar da samfurin Gazelle AH Mk.1 version na Birtaniya Army a Westland factory a Yeovil. An ba shi lambar serial XW 276 kuma ya yi jirginsa na farko a Ingila a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1970.
